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Morphology By
Fromkin, Rodney,Nina ,Yule and Finnegan Adopted By
Syeedah Sajidah Tabassum
In the name of ‘Allah’ who is Omniscient
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Key point: Morphology Morpheme Bound Morphemes Derivational Morphemes Inflectional Morphemes Free Morphemes Content word and Function words Affixes
Morphology
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Morph from ancient Greek word ‘Morphos’ ,means shape or change and ‘ology’ from Logos ,referes to knowledge or the study of something
Morphology is the study of shape of the word OR Morphology is the study of the internal structure of
word.(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 98-99)) Morphology is the study of Morphemes
What is morphology?
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Morpheme is a smallest unit of meaning that can not be divided further into smaller units ,for example ‘girl’ and orange can not be divided into more unit so each one is single morpheme (Finnegan [2011] )
Morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of the word which makes a sense ,e.g. boys (sense of number),walked, (sense of grammar or tense),taller(sense of comparative degree), goodness , uncontrolably.
Being the unit of meaning morpheme is abstract as meanings are abstract.
What is morpheme?
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Recap
We learn that morpheme is a unit of meaning ,e.g. important by attaching with a morpheme unimportant (means not important ). We learn morpheme is not divisible, e.g. Un is a morpheme by
dividing it further as u n we get two sounds /u/ , /n/ We learn morpheme is abstract ,only mental representation as
meaning of meaning is abstract.
What is morpheme?
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Morpheme
Bound Roots Free
Derivational Inflectional Lexical Functional
Affixes Suffixes
Classification of morphemes
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Root is a morpheme around which affixes are attached to
form new wordsRoot is a morpheme that may or may not stand as a word for example paint and ceive in Painter and ReceiveBase linguists sometimes use the word base to mean
any root to which an affix is attachedStem is a point when further affixation is not possible e.g. receiver ( re ceive r)
Roots
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Characteristics of Bound Morphemes Bound morphemes can not stand by themselves. Bound morphemes are not words by themselves and
must combine with other morphemes to be a word Can not stand alone to convey meaning Bound morpheme can have one or more syllablesFor example: ,lect,dis, rupt , ceive,peat,pre,un,s,es,ing,ed,er,est,ly.
Bound Morpheme
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Bound Morpheme
Characteristics of Bound Morphemes Bound morphemes can not stand by themselves. Bound morphemes are not words by themselves and
must combine with other morphemes to be a word Can not stand alone to convey meaning Bound morpheme can have one or more syllablesFor example: lect,dis, rupt , ceive,peat,pre,un,s,es,ing,ed,er,est,ly.
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Bound Morphemes
Derivational Inflectional
Affixes only suffixes
Prefixe /Suffixes/ infixes/circomfixes
Classification of Bound Morphemes
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Derivational morphemes all affixes are derivational morphemes s. These are added to the base to makenew words. Derivational morphemes may or may not change the grammatical category for example ‘good’ is an adjective and by attaching with a derivational suffix ness it makes a noun goodness but friend is a noun and by attaching with a derivational suffix ship it becomes a noun friendship .
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Class maintaining bound morphemes1. Noun to noun: friendship ,kingdom ,American2. Verb to verb : undo , recover ,believes 3. Adjective to adjective :pinkish, illegal ,unhappyClass changing bound morphemes4. Noun to verb: moralize ,Vaccinate , hasten5. Verb to noun: acquittal, clearance,singer6. Adjective to noun: tallness, goodness, freedom7. Verb to adjective: readable , creative
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Derivational morphemes may cause a change in the pronunciation of consonant sounds. For example when we add –ity to specific(pronounce /specifik / a / k/ sound) we get specificity(pronounced specifisity with /s/ soundSpecific ..adjectiveSpecifically …adverbSpecificity …. noun
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Derivational morphemes may cause a change in the pronunciation of vowel sounds, For example, sane
/sein/ to Sanity /saenty/ by attaching ity
Derivational morphemes are added both at the beginning or at the end of the base for example desire is a base we can add suffix desirable or we can add a prefix undesirable .
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Derivational morphemes have clear semantic content –means when a derivational morpheme is added to a base it adds meanings for example addition of ify to pure,purify means “to make pure” and the addition of cation Purification means “the process of making pure”
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Recape Derivational morphemes are bound to attach with other
morpheme for the clarity of their meanings , e.g. s , es , ly ,ed un , im ,er , est , dis , re and so on , have no meanings ;
Derivational morphemes are class maintaining , e.g. teach is a verb and teaches is a verb too;
Derivational morphemes are class changing , e.g. teach is a verb and teacher is a noun ;
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Recape Derivational morphemes may cause a change in the
sound of the word , e.g. specific(pronounce /specifik / a / k/ sound) and specificity(pronounced specifisity with /s/ sound and sane /sein/ to Sanity /saenty/ by attaching ity
Derivational morphemes add to the meanings , e.g. addition of ify to pure, purify means “to make pure”
Classification of bound morpheme cony….
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Affixes
Prefixes Suffixes Infixes Cicumfixes
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Prefixes are morphemes added at the beginning of root and add to the meaning of the base word.e.g. re, pre un, im ,de, in the following words
Repeate PrepositionUneducated Impossible DegradeInsufficient Injustice and so on.
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Suffixes are added at the end of root to indicate the number, tense or part of speech (grammatical category of speech)Noun + s (Plural as sisters)Noun + ’s ( possessive as jim’s)Verb +s (3rd person present singular as likes)Verb + ing (present participle as laughing)Verb +ed (past tense liked)Verb +en (Past participle as taken)Adjective +est (superlative as loudest )Adjective +er (comparative as quieter)
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Circumfixes :Morphemes that are attached to a base morpheme , both initially and finally are called circumfixes. For example in Chickasaw , the negative is formed with both a prefix ik and suffix o Chokma means “ he is good” and ikchokmo means “he is not good”
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Infixes : Morphemes that are inserted into root morphemes are called Infixes for example in Bontoc, spoken in Philipines , the noun fusul is a noun means enemy becomes verb by inserting an infix mu as fumusul means “to be an enemy” Note: Word affix is used to refer prefixes, suffixes infixes
and circumfixes
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Inflectional morphemes Class maintaining Add to the meaning of the word ,e.g. possession ,
number ,time , degree . Only eight in numbers in English These are only suffixes
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Inflectional morphemes examples Let me tell you about Jim's two sisters One likes to have fun and is always laughingThe other liked to study and has always taken things
seriously One is the loudest person in the house and the other is
quieter than a mouseNote: All inflectional morphemes are Suffixes
Classification of Bound Morphemes cont…….
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Inflectional Grammatical function No word class change Small or no meaning change Often required by rules of
grammar Follow derivational
morphemes in a word productive
Derivational Lexical function May cause word class
change Some meaning change Never required by the rules
of grammar Precede inflectional
morphemes in a word Some productive many
nonproductive
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Characteristics Free Morphemes: • can be used alone as word;• do not depend on any other segment to be a word.e.g
nouns, adjectives ,verbs, adverbs;• can stand all alone to convey meanings. Can have one or more syllables Compound words, which are made of two free
morphemes that keep their meanings .e.g. sailboat, whiteboard ,armchair,
Free morpheme
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Open class words: content or lexical words which are most meaningful in the sentence for example• Noun –person ,place, thing or idea• Adjectives-attribute of the noun• Verbs –action or state of being• Adverbs—add description to the verb
Free Morpheme cont…….
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Close class words: functions words serve as a grammatical function :
Conjunctions: or, and ,but ,so Prepositions : in ,on ,at ,to Pronouns : his, her ,them Expletives : there , it
Free Morpheme cont…….
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Open class wirdsThe Content Words carry real-world meaning.
Close class wordThe Function words carry only grammatical
meaning.(Fromkin Rodman Hyams [2011] 78-80)
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Auxiliaries : has , have definite articles : the a an Compound words: made up of two free morpheems .e.g.
sailboat, whiteboard ,armchair,Practice:Underline the free morpheme in the following words: Refill,
misunderstand hopefulness , masterful , unhappy , childhood , adventurous ,Antidisestablishmentarianism,
Free Morpheme cont…….
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Morphological awareness complements and extends phonological awareness. How:
Students learn the grammatical category of words; Students learn that some syllables are meaningful word
units; Students learn that common prefixes and suffixes have
meanings; Students are able to use morphemes to spell and read
words.
Advantages of Morphological Analysis
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Morphological awareness is the understanding that words are made up of meaningful units /bits/segments/elements such as : prefix-- root/stem ---infix—suffix
Segmenting words into morphemes for example: Projector : • pro ject tor Undivided : • un divide ed Autobiography: • auto bio graphy Misplaced :• mis place ed
Advantages of Morphological Analysis
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Best strategy for teaching vocabulary Segmenting word into morphemes to teach
grammatical category of speech
Advantages of Morphological Analysis
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Antidisestablishmentarianism
STEM: stable or establish
Suffixes: -ment, -arian, -ism
Prefixes: dis-, anti-
Analyze the following word
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Thankyou