numerical simulation of rhône's glacier from 1874 to 2100sma.epfl.ch/~picasso/grenoble.pdf ·...
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Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier from1874 to 2100
G. Jouvet 1 M. Picasso 1 J. Rappaz1
H. Blatter 2 M. Funk 3 M. Huss3
1Mathematics Intitute of Computational Science and EngineeringEPF Lausanne, Switzerland
2Institute for Atmospheric and Climate ScienceETH Zurich, Switzerland
3Laboratory of Hydraulics, Hydrology and GlaciologyETH Zurich, Switzerland
Seminaire MODANT, LJK, Grenoble, 10 nov. 2010
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier 20 000 years ago (Wurm ice age)
Source: geologie-montblanc.fr
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier in 1850
Source: unifr.ch/geosciences/geographie/glaciers
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier in 1870
Source: unifr.ch/geosciences/geographie/glaciers
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier in 1900
Source: unifr.ch/geosciences/geographie/glaciers
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier in 1914
Source: unifr.ch/geosciences/geographie/glaciers
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier in 1925
Source: unifr.ch/geosciences/geographie/glaciers
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier in 1985
Source: unifr.ch/geosciences/geographie/glaciers
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier: comparison at 2000 m
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier in 1860 (M. Funk’s reconstruction)
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier in 1970 (M. Funk’s reconstruction)
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Rhone’s glacier in 2050 (M. Funk’s prediction)
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Mathematical model: ice flows in glaciers
For long time scales, ice behaves as a fluid: Trift glacier, onepicture a day in 2003, Animation. Free surface flow.Climatic input: meters of ice per year, model based on 150years of measurements.
Cold year 1913 Warm year 2003
Eq. line Acc.
Accumulation
Ablation
Eq. line Acc.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Numerical validation: 1900
Only one parameter to tune: sliding coefficient along the bedrock.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Numerical validation: 1932
Only one parameter to tune: sliding coefficient along the bedrock.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Numerical validation: 1960
Only one parameter to tune: sliding coefficient along the bedrock.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Numerical validation: 1985
Only one parameter to tune: sliding coefficient along the bedrock.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Numerical simulation from 2008 to 2100
1874 2008 2050 2075 2100
Median climatic scenario (occh.ch, Organe Consultatif pourles Changements Climatiques), temperature trend +3.8oC ,precipitation trend −6%: Animation.
Cold-wet scenario: Animation.
Warm-dry scenario: Animation.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Numerical simulation of Aletsch’s glacier
Largest alpine glacier, 25% of Swiss ice, 23 km long, max.depth 900 m:
Three scenario: Animation.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
The mathematical model: 3D fluid flows with complex freesurfaces
Newtonian flows: Maronnier Picasso Rappaz (JCP 1999,IJNMF 2003).
Broken damMould filling
Newtonian flows and compressible gas and surface tension:Caboussat Picasso Rappaz (JCP 2005).
Mould filling
Viscoelastic flows: Bonito Picasso Laso (JCP 2006).
Jet buckling.Fingering instabilities: experiment, G. McKinley, MITFingering instabilities: simulation
Dynamics of glaciers: Jouvet Huss Blatter Picasso Rappaz(JCP 2009).
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
The model (Volume of Fluid)
Climatic input : b.
Unknowns :velocity u and pressure p,volume fraction of ice ϕ.
Ice accumulation
Melting
ρ∂u
∂t+ ρ(u · ∇)u − div
(2µε(u)
)+∇p = ρg ,
div u = 0,
∂ϕ
∂t+ u · ∇ϕ = bδΓ,
on the ice/air interface Γ : (2µε(u)− pI )n = 0,
along the bedrock : slip or no-slip.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Ice rheology
Glen’s law: viscosity µ(|ε(u)|) = O
(1
(1 + |ε(u)|)1− 1m
).
Sliding law u · n = 0 and (2µε(u)n) · ti = −αu · ti , i = 1, 2with
α(|u|) = O
(1
(1 + |u|)1− 1m
)Following Barrett Liu 1994, the nonlinear Stokes problem withsliding in a given domain has a solution in W 1,1+1/m
(minimum of a strictly convex functional), Jouvet Rappaz2010.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Climatic input : b (m of ice per year)
Cold year 1913 Warm year 2003
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Climatic input : b (m of ice per year)
Based on 150 years of measurements.
b = P −M.
P : solid precipitations (snow)
P(x , y , z , t) = Pws(t)
(1 +
dP
dz(z − zws)
)CprecDIST (x , y , z).
M : ice melting
M(x , y , z , t) =
{(FM + rice/snow I (x , y , z)T (z , t) if T (z , t) > 0,
0 else.
T (z , t) = Tws(t)− 0.006(z − zws).
The coefficients FM , rice , rsnow , Cprec , dP/dz are tuned sothat ∫ 2007
1874
∫ice
(b − bmeas)2dVdt
is minimum.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Time discretization : a splitting scheme
Time tn−1 Time tn
ϕn−1(x) = 1
un−1(x) in the ice
ϕn−1(x) = 0
ϕn(x) = 1
ϕn(x) = 0
un(x) in the ice
Shape computation : solve between t = tn−1 and t = tn
∂u
∂t+ (u · ∇)u = 0,
∂ϕ
∂t+ u · ∇ϕ = bδΓ.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Time discretization : a splitting scheme
Time tn−1 Time tn
ϕn−1(x) = 1
un−1(x) in the ice
ϕn−1(x) = 0
ϕn(x) = 1
ϕn(x) = 0
un(x) in the ice
Velocity computation : solve
ρ∂u
∂t− div
(2µε(u)
)+∇p = ρg ,
div u = 0,
on the ice/air interface Γ : (2µε(u)− pI )n = 0,
on the bedrock : no-slip or sliding.Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Space discretization : structured cells and finite elements
Bedrock
Ice
Air
Shape computation (transport + ice accumulation/melting) :small structured cells
Velocity computation (nonlinear Stokes) : unstructured finiteelements
To avoid numerical diffusion : FE spacingcells spacing ' 5.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Diffusion step: the 3D finite element mesh
1874 2008 2050 2075 2100
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Diffusion step: the 3D finite element mesh
1874 2008 2050 2075 2100
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Shape computation : transport + iceaccumulation/melting (1/3)
Solve between t = tn−1 and t = tn
∂ϕ
∂t+ u · ∇ϕ = 0.
Forward characteristics method :
ϕn(x + ∆t un−1(x)) = ϕn−1(x).
index j
index i
ϕn−1ij = 1
∆t un−1ij
116
316
916
316
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Shape computation : transport + iceaccumulation/melting (2/3)
SLIC Postprocessing (Simple Line Interface Calculation), seefor instance Scardovelli Zaleski Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1999.
Without SLIC.
With SLIC.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Shape computation : transport + iceaccumulation/melting (3/3)
Solve between t = tn−1 and t = tn
∂ϕ
∂t= bδΓ.
Before
After
ELA
Filling
Emptying
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Conclusions and perspectives
Accurate model to reproduce the dynamics of alpine glaciers.
Data: bedrock, accumulation or ablation (meters of ice peryear).
Tuning: sliding coefficient along the bedrock.
Can be used to predict the glacier shape during the next 100years, given several climatic scenario.
Useful for hydro-electric companies (water captation fordams).
Inverse modelling: bedrock optimization.
Free surface problems with anisotropic finite elements: T.Coupez (Mines Sophia), F. Alauzet (INRIA Rocquencourt).
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Free surfaces with anisotropic finite elements
Jet buckling of a viscoelastic fluid.
Navier-Stokes with level set, finite elements.
Anisotropic adaptive remeshing, criterion: distance tointerface.
Coupez 2010.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier
Free surfaces with anisotropic finite elements
Free surface Mesh
Navier-Stokes with level set, finite volumes.Anisotropic adaptive remeshing, criterion: distance tointerface.Alain Guegan Alauzet 2009.
Jouvet Picasso Rappaz Blatter Funk Huss Numerical simulation of Rhone’s glacier