6

I Facts and Figures

3. Work

■ Number of Employees by Industry and SexData show that the number of female employees in the “Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries” was bigger than in other industries until 1965. Since then, the share of other industries, especially the “Financing and Insurance, Real estate and Services” and the “Wholesale and Retail trade, Eating and Drinking places” had increased significantly, to account for 49.3% and 26.8%, respectively, in 2016 of all female employees. Similar trends are seen in the data for males, although the share of the “Construction,” “Manufacturing,” “Electricity/Gas/Heat supply and Water, Transport and Communications” industries is larger among male workers than among female workers.

Source: “Labour Force Survey (Basic Tabulation),” the Ministry of Internal Affairs and CommunicationsNote:1. Attention should be paid to the time-line of the data, as, with revision of the Japan Standard Industry Classification, the data of 2008 and onward were

counted in accordance with the revised industry classification.Example: Data of the “Electricity/gas/heat supply and water, transport and communications” after 2008 was the counting of the classifications of “Electricity/

gas/heat supply and water,” “Information and communications” and “Transport and postal activities.”Example: Data of the “Wholesale and retail trade, eating and drinking places” after 2008 was the counting of the classifications of “Wholesale and retail

trade,” “Accommodations” and “Eating and drinking places.”Example:Data of the “Financing and insurance, real estate, services” after 2008 was the counting of the classifications of “Finance and insurance,” “Real

estate and goods rental and leasing,” “Scientific research, professional and technical services,” “Food take out and delivery services,” “Living-related and personal services and amusement services,” “Education, learning support,” “Medical, health care and welfare,” “Compound services” and “Services(those not with other classifications).”

2. Data of 1975, 1985 and 1995 of the “Electricity/gas/heat supply and water, transport and communications” was the counting of the classifications of “Electricity/gas/heat supply and water,” and “transport and communications.” “Wholesale and retail trade, eating and drinking places” was the counting of the classifications of “Wholesale and retail trade, eating and drinking places.” “Financing and insurance, real estate, services” was the counting of the classifications of “Financing and insurance, real estate” and “Services.”

3. Data of 1955 and 1965 of the “Electricity/gas/heat supply and water, transport and communications” was the counting of the classifications of “transport and communications, Electricity/gas/ water and heat supply.” “Wholesale and retail trade, eating and drinking places” was the counting of the classifications of “Wholesale and retail trade, Financing and Insurance, Real estate.” “Financing and insurance, real estate, services” was the counting of the classifications of “Services.”

0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,0004,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0

1955

1965

1975

1985

1995

2005

2015

2016

MenWomen

Agriculture, Forestry and FisheriesMiningConstructionManufacturing

Electricity/Gas/Heat supply and Water, Transport and CommunicationsWholesale and Retail trade, Eating and Drinking placesFinancing and Insurance, Real estate, ServicesGovernment

10,000persons

Source: “Labour Force Survey,” the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications

Note: Attention should be paid to the time-line of the data, as, with revision of the Japan Standard Industry Classification, the data of 2008 and onward were counted in accordance with the revised industry classification.

Example: Data of 2014 of the “Electricity/gas/heat supply and water, transport and communications” was the counting of the classifications of “Electricity/gas/heat supply and water,” “Information and communications” and “Transport and postal activities.”

Example: Data of 2014 of the “Wholesale and retail trade, eating and drinking places” was the counting of the classifications of “Wholesale and retail trade” and “Accommodations” and “Eating and drinking places.”

Example: Data of 2014 of the “Financing and insurance, real estate, services” was the counting of the classifications of “Finance and insurance,” “Real estate and goods rental and leasing,” “Scientific research, professional and technical services,” “Food take out and delivery services,” “Living-related and personal services and amusement services,” “Education, learning support,” “Medical, health care and welfare,” “Compound services” and “Services(those not with other classifications).”

7

2324

76229133523919

3

4534

5734204473312525

1

594433147550850131

1

7648

24457462569235

169

1

106

73

54272694442

1

119

81

106

81

104

368769111249

38

172172

169

774 466 426 233 112

26

540 283 730 260 561 318 133133

15

330 420 871 319 619 524 165

7

265 454 879 328 693 697 164

5

198 557 915 371 723 883 176176

163

3

487 774 425 696 951 180

(Year)

138

2

418 727 449 652 1030 168

140

3

425 723 450 649 1009 16862 1317 731

122

3135454

87

1

62 1358 738

125

3137474

84

1

Source: “Labour Force Survey (Detailed Tabulation)” (averages for 2016) the Ministry of Internal Affairs and CommunicationsNote:Potential labour force participation rate by age group = the labour force (by age group) + the number of people, from among the non-working population, who want to become employed (by age group) / the number of people aged 15 or older (by age group)

7

I Facts and Figures

■ Number of Dual-Income HouseholdsLooking at the employment of wives in households in which their husbands are employed (as salaried workers), in 1980 the number of single-income households (man was employed) was nearly double the number of dual-income households, however in the 1990s the number of dual-income households surpassed the number of those in which only the man was employed, and it continues to be on an upward trend in their number today.

Source:“Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey” from 1980 to 2001, the Management and Coordination Agency(conducted in February, except for the years 1980 to 1982, when it was conducted in March), “Labour Force Survey (Detailed Tabulation)” (annual average) since 2002, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and CommunicationsNote:1. “Households consisting of an employed husband and a non working wife” refers to households in which the husband is employed in a non-agriculture and forestry

sector and the wife is not employed (Not in Labour force and completely unemployed).2. “Dual-income households” refers to households in which both the husband and the wife are employees in non-agriculture and forestry sectors.3. Actual numbers in brackets for 2010 and 2011 are national wide results that exclude Iwate Prefecture, Miyagi Prefecture, and Fukushima Prefecture.

■ Women’s Potential Labour Force Participation Rate by Age GroupWomen who wish to work but not currently working or doing job seeking are 2.74 million. This is the biggest potential power.

■ Women’s Labour Force Participation Rate by Age GroupThe labour force participation rates of women in Japan by age group illustrates an “M-shaped curve” due to the burdens in the labour force participation of women around their thirties.The Women’s labour participation rates in most of other developed countries no longer shows M-shape.

700

900

1100

600

800

1000

1200(10,000 households)

(Year)

1980

1981

1982

1983

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

Households consisting of an employed husband and a non working wifeDual-income households

823

897

942

916

1,077

720

1,065

745

[987]

[771] [773]

[973]

1,114

687

1,129

664

823

897

942

916

1,077

720

1,065

745

[987]

[771] [773]

[973]

1,114

687

1,129

664

2.74 million women wishing but not working

Women's labour force participation rate Women's potential labour force participation rate

%

0

20

40

60

80

100

(Age)15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-

18.1

74.2

81.8

73.4 71.975.9 77.178.3

71.3

52.0

33.5

18.5

5.8

27.4

80.2

89.283.2 82.4 83.3 83.9 82.2

75.3

55.1

35.6

19.8

6.1

(%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

10

30

50

70

90

(Age)15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65 and Over

Sweden　　　 France　　　　 Germany　　　 United States　　　 Japan

81.7

73.2 71.8

78.579.7

79.5

87.5

73.6

81.7

73.2 71.8

78.579.7

79.5

87.5

73.6

Source:Japan: Data from “Labour Force Survey 2016 (Basic Tabulation)” the Ministry of Internal Affairs and CommunicationsOther Countries: Data from “LABORSTA” and “ILOSTAT,” International Labour Organization (Data as of 2016)Note:1. “Labour force participation rate” = Proportion of labour force

participation (Employed persons + Unemployed persons) in total population 15 years and over

2. “15-19 years old” of United States means the 16-19 years old

8

I Facts and Figures

■ Female Employment Rate from Age 15 to 64 The female employment rate in Japan is 15th among 34 OECD countries.

Source: Created from “Employment Outlook 2017,” OECD Note: “female employment rate” = the number of female employed persons / female population

■ Work History of Wives before and after Giving Birth to Their First Child, by Year of Child’s BirthThe percentage of women who continue working before and after giving birth to their first child had hovered around 40% but increased to 53.1% in 2010–2014.

%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2016　　　　2016 OECD average

Turk

eyG

reek

Mex

ico Italy

Chili

Spai

nHu

ngar

ySl

ovak

iaPo

land

Kore

aIre

land

Belg

ium

Portu

gal

Luxe

mbo

urg

Slov

enia

Czec

h Re

publ

icFr

ance

Unite

d St

ates

Japa

nIs

rael

Esto

nia

Aust

ralia

Unite

d Ki

ngdo

mAu

stria

Finl

and

New

Zeal

and

Ger

man

yCa

nada

Neth

erla

nds

Denm

ark

Swed

enNo

rway

Switz

erla

ndIc

elan

d

66.1

83.4

Source: Created from "Employment Outlook 2017," OECDNote: "female employment rate" = the number of female employees / female population

59.4 2016 OECDaverage

0

20

40

60

80

100

10

30

50

70

90

1985-1989 1990-1994 1995-1999 2000-2004 2010-20142005-2009

(%)

Not StatedUnemployed since before becoming pregnantCessation of employment upon becoming pregnantContinuous employment (not taking child care leave)Continuous employment (taking child care leave)

Employment status before and after giving birth of first child

Unemployed 46.9%

Employed 53.1%

(Year of the child's birth)

Working beforethe childbirth 72.2%

Working beforethe childbirth 72.2%

3.1

35.5

37.3

18.4

5.7

3.4

34.6

37.7

16.3

8.1

3.8

32.8

39.3

13.0

11.2

3.8

28.4

40.3

12.2

15.3

4.1

24.0

42.9

9.5

19.4

4.2

23.6

33.9

10.0

28.3

Source:Data from the "The 14th National Fertility Survey (Survey of Married Couples)," the National Institute of Population and Social Security Research

Notes:1. Survey target: First marriage couples whose first child is 1 to under 15 years old2. Work history before and after giving birth

Continuous employment (taking child care leave): Employed when finding out about pregnancy, took child care leave, and employed when the child was 1 year oldContinuous employment (not taking child care leave): Employed when finding out about pregnancy, employed at the time the child was 1 year old , without taking child care leaveCessation of employment upon becoming pregnant: Employed when finding out about pregnancy and unemployed at the time the child was 1 year oldUnemployed since before becoming pregnant: Unemployed when finding out about pregnancy and unemployed at the time the child was 1 year old

Source:Data from “The 15th National Fertility Survey,” the National Institute of Population and Social Security ResearchNote:1. Survey target: First marriage couples whose first child is 1 to under 15 years old2. Work history before and after giving birth Continuous employment (taking child care leave): Employed when finding out about pregnancy, took child care leave, and employed when the child was 1 year oldContinuous employment (not taking child care leave): Employed when finding out about pregnancy, employed at the time the child was 1 year old, without taking child care leaveCessation of employment upon becoming pregnant: Employed when finding out about pregnancy and unemployed at the time the child was 1 year oldUnemployed since before becoming pregnant: Unemployed when finding out about pregnancy and unemployed at the time the child was 1 year old.

9

I Facts and Figures

■ Employee Composition Ratio by Employment Status excluding Company ExecutivesThe graph indicates the declining proportion of regular staffs in recent years. Particularly, female regular staffs have been declining since 1985, less than half of the female labor force, but in 2016 it has turned to 44.1%, which has turned upward.

Source:Data of 1985 and 1995 come from “Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey” (every February) by the Management and Coordination Agency, while data of 2005 and after come from the “Labour Force Survey (Detailed Tabulation)” (annual average) by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications. Caution is necessary for making chronological comparisons, because survey methods and survey months, etc. differ between the “Special Survey of the Labour Force Survey” and the “Labour Force Survey (Detailed Tabulation).”

■ Wage for WorkersThe wage gap between male ordinary workers and female ordinary workers has been decreasing. The wage gap between ordinary workers and part-time workers also has been decreasing.

MenWomen

0 20 40 60 80 100100 80 60 40 20 0

1985

1995

2005

2012

2014

2015

2016

( )( )

Regular staffPart-time workers and Arbeit (temporary worker)Other statuses (e. g. Dispatched worker from temporary labor agency, Contact employees, and entruted employee)

67.928.53.6

60.935.53.7

47.540.711.8

45.542.412.2

43.344.312.3

43.644.112.3

4.1

3.392.6

3.75.291.1

9.18.682.3

10.39.580.3

11.310.578.2

11.110.878.1

44.143.912.0 11.111.177.8(Year)

(%)

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75Wage of male ordinary workers = 100

Wage of ordinary workers = 100

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016 (Year)

Level of wages for female ordinary workersLevel of wages for part-time workers

72.2 73.0

57.158.0

65.3

49.9

Source: Taken from “Basic Survey on Wage Structure,” the Ministry of Health, Labour and WelfareNote: 1. ”Wage” is calculated from the scheduled cash earnings in June of each year2. In regard to part-time workers, regarding average hourly wage of ordinary workers as 100, a level of average

hourly wage was calculated.