null constituents.ppt
DESCRIPTION
Syntax for M philTRANSCRIPT
Null ConstituentsAn introduction to SyntaxPresented by: Innovative Group
Liaqat Ali MohsinYasir SubhaniTahir NadeemM. ShahbazFaisal Mehmood
•Called empty categories•Null categories have no overt phonetic features•They have semantic and grammatical functions in the sentence
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•Subjects have no overt phonetic features•They have semantic and grammatical functions in the sentence
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Null Subject1. Nonfinite Null Subject
e.g. She would like (you) to stay
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TP
T’PRNshe
VPT
wouldTPV
like
T’PRNPRO/You/θ
VTto stay
Null Subject1. Imperative Null Subject (2nd person is
conceived)1. (You) don’t lose your nerve2. Don’t lose your nerve
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TP
T’PRNYou/ᵠ
VPT
don’tDPV
lose
Dyour
Nnerve
Null Subject1. Truncated Null Subject. (informal use of
English)1. I can find my pen2. Can find my pen
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TP
T’PRNI/ᵠ
VPT
Can DPVfind
Npen
DMy
Null Subject1. Finite Null Subject (some languages)
1. Found in Italian Language▫speaker a: Maria e` tornata?▫Maria is returned? (‘Has Maria returned?’)▫speaker b: Sı`, pro e` tornata▫Yes, pro is returned (‘Yes, she has returned’)
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• No auxiliary with finite clauses•They have semantic and grammatical functions in the sentence•Auxiliary is left because of Gapping process (Head of phrase is null spell out)•Have Cliticisation is not possible because of null auxiliary•Have Cliticisation is test for null auxiliary
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Null Auxiliary1. Null Auxiliary in finite clauses
1. She could have helped him2. She have helped him
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TP
T’PRNShe
AUXPT
Could/ᵠVPAux
have
PRNhim
Vhelped
TP
T’PRNShe
VPT
hasDPV
left
Nhome
Dher
• All finite clauses are TPs headed by an overt or null T constituent,
• It is the locus of the tense properties of a clause.• The T head plays role in determining the
meaning of the overall structure
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NULL T IN INDICATIVE MOOD
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TP
T’PRNshe
VPTᵠ
NPsyntax
Venjoys
1. She enjoys syntax2. She enjoyed syntax3. Did/does have tense affixes, ed/s
TP
T’PRNshe
VPTᵠ
NPsyntax
Venjoyed
NULL T
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TP
T’PRNshe
VPTdoes
NPsyntax
Venjoy
TP
T’PRNshe
VPTdo+Af3sPres/Af3sPres
NPsyntax
Venjoy
1. She does enjoy syntax. She enjoys syntax2. Second sentence has no auxiliary but it determines
mood and tense
TP
T’PRNshe
VPT
NPsyntax
Venjoys
AFFIX HOPPING▫ In PF components, many morphological operations apply▫ One of them is Affix Hopping▫ At PF, an unattached affix Af is lowered onto the head of
the complement of the constituent that contains Af. ▫ He enjoys syntax and has learned a lot (coordination is
only of similar things)
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TP
T’PRNshe
VPTdoes
NPsyntax
Venjoy
TP
T’PRNshe
VPTAf3sPres
NPsyntax
Venjoy
TP
T’PRNshe
VPT
NPsyntax
Venjoys
• All finite clauses are TPs headed by an overt or null T constituent
• Subjunctive clause is also a type of infinite clause• In it, subjunctive modal can optionally have a null
spell out
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• She wanted that he (should)have a chance
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TP
VPPRNshe
CPV
wantedTPC
that
T’PRNhe
VPTShould/ᵠ
DPVhave
Da
AP
Asecond
Nchance
NULL T IN SUBJUNCTIVE CLAUSES
T’
Tᵠ/Af
• All Infinite clauses are TPs headed by an overt or null T constituent with V or VP complement
• The head of an infinitive clause is null spell out
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• I can let you (to) have my password
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TP
T’PRNI
VPT
canTPV
let
T’PRNyou
VPTto
DPVhave
Dmy
Npassword
NULL T IN INFINITIVE CLAUSES
• All finite & infinite clauses are TPs headed by an overt or null T constituent.
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TP
T’PRNshe
VPT
Af3sPres/ᵠTPV
want
T’PRNhim
VPT
to/ ᵠNP
syntaxV
enjoy
NULL T IN FINITE AND INFINITE CLAUSES
• The complementizer (if, that)in finite clause is omitted
• That makes declarative force while if makes interrogative force
• It helps to determine uniform characterization of all finite clauses that they manifest force feature
• Complementizer is obligatory in subjunctive clause
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•She said (that) she was tired
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TP
VP
PRNshe
CPVsaid
TPCThat/ᵠ
T’PRNshe
Vtired
Twas
•NULL C IN FINITE CLAUSES
T’
Tᵠ
•I wonder where (that)she has gone
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TP
VP
PRNI
TPVwonder
CPPRNwhere
TPCThat/ᵠ
T’PRNshe
•NULL C IN FINITE CLAUSES
Thas
Vgone
T’
Tᵠ/Af
• All constituents of the same type belong to the same category
• All the clauses with the same force belong to same category
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CP
TPCᵠ
T’PRNI
VPTam
Vfeeling
•CATEGORY UNIFORMITY PRINCIPLE
Athirsty
• The clause is interpreted as force it has• There can be declarative, interrogative, exclamative
and imperative force
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CP
TPCᵠ
T’PRNyou
VPTare
Vhiding
•FORCE INTERPRETATION CONDITION
Nnuts
VP
Vknow
TP
PRNI
CP
TPCᵠ
T’PRNyou
VPTare
Vhiding
VPV
wonderPRN
I
TP
TP
PRNwhere
Nnuts
T’
Tᵠ/Af
T’
Tᵠ/Af
• The complementizer (for)in infinite clause is omitted
• That makes declarative force while if makes interrogative force
• Complementizer is found with the help of coordination test of clauses
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•She wanted (for) him to visit a doctor
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TP
VP
PRNshe
CPVwanted
TPCfor/ᵠ
T’PRNhim
VPTto
•NULL C IN INFINITE CLAUSES
V visit
DP
D a
Ndoctor
• This example indicates Null C (for)
• I want (for)[Mary to come to Japan] and [for her to see my parents]
T’
Tᵠ/Af
• Nouns and pronouns have specific morphological cases
• Cases are nominative (he), accusative (him)and genitive(his)
• Null complementizer determine the case of pronouns• C command (the effect on immediate following
constituents) plays important role in all operations especially case marking
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• A transitive head assigns accusative case to noun or pronoun which is C commanded
• Nominative case if C commanded by intransitive finite C (that, if) or Null C
• Null case if C commanded by null intransitive infinite C
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TP
T’PRNI
VPTwould
CPVprefer
TPCFor/ᵠ
T’PRNhim
• NULL C AND CASE MAKING AND STRUCTURAL CASE ASSIGNMENT
T to
VP
V meet
PRNthem
• I would prefer for/ᵠ him to meet them (Null C & Trans V)
• Every one knows that, If/ᵠ he is crazy (Null finite C)
• I will arrange for[PRO to see a specialist](C commanded by Null Intransitive infinite C)
• Operations apply as early in a derivation as possible
• Derivation is the accusative case which is C commanded by transitive verb
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TP
T’PRNI
VPTwould
CPVprefer
TPCFor/ᵠ
T’PRNhim
•EARLINESS PRINCIPLE
T to
VP
V meet
PRNthem
• The exceptional or incomplete clauses because it lacks CP layer
• They are different from complete clauses which have CP layer
• They have infinitive complement clauses• They are called Exceptional Case-Marking
Clauses or ECM clauses• They can’t be coordinated with for-infinitives
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• They believe him to be innocent
• There is no CP in this TP• This complement clause can’t
be coordinated with “for him to hurt you”
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TP
VPPRNThey
TPVbelieve
T’PRNhim
Tto
•DEFECTIVE CLAUSES
VP
Vbe A
innocent
T’
Tᵠ
• A constituent in the domain of (i.e. c-commanded by) a complementiser is impenetrable to (and so cannot be attracted by) a higher head c-commanding the complementiser
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•IMPENETRABILITY CONDITION
[CP [C Ø] [TP You [Tweren’t] intended [CP [Cfor] [TP you [Tto] hurt anyone]]]]
• Nominals are noun expressions• Bare nominals are headed by overt determiner or
quantifier• The null determiners indicate the definite nouns• Bare nominals are coordinated with DP’s
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• The assumption that all definite noun expressions are DP’s (including null determiners) is known as DP Hypothesis
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CP
TPCᵠ
T’DP
VPTAf
DPVadmire
MaryDᵠ
•BARE NOMINALS AND DP HYPOTHESIS
• John admires Mary• John and [the chairman] are attending a
meeting (test for Null D)• Eggs and many dairy products cause
cholesterol• I’d like toasts and some coffee please
Dᵠ
NJohn
QP
Qᵠ
NEggs/toasts
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