nukleat_asam

7/23/2019 NUKLEAT_ASAM

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nukleatasam 1/55

08/17/1508/17/15 stysty 11

ASAM NUKLEATASAM NUKLEAT

Dr. Hi. Sutyarso, M.BiomeDr. Hi. Sutyarso, M.Biome

Ba!ia" #$mu Biomei%Ba!ia" #$mu Biomei%

&ro!ram Stui Keo%tera"&ro!ram Stui Keo%tera"

U"i'ersitas Lam(u"!U"i'ersitas Lam(u"!



08/17/1508/17/15 stysty ))

ASAM NUKLEATASAM NUKLEAT

1. Deo*yri+o"u$ei ai -DNA1. Deo*yri+o"u$ei ai -DNA). i+o"u$ei ai -NA). i+o"u$ei ai -NA

Stru%tur DNA Basa2u$a3os4atStru%tur DNA Basa2u$a3os4at

Basa Nu%$eotia &uri" -Ae"i"e a"Basa Nu%$eotia &uri" -Ae"i"e a"

2ua"i"e6 &irimii" -ytosi"e a"2ua"i"e6 &irimii" -ytosi"e a" Tymi"e Tymi"e

2u$a -eo*yri+osa2u$a -eo*yri+osa



stysty 9908/17/1508/17/15

DNA MATE# :AN2 DA&AT D#TANS3;MAS#DNA MATE# :AN2 DA&AT D#TANS3;MAS#



stysty <<08/17/1508/17/15

Basa &irimii" a" &uri"Basa &irimii" a" &uri"



stysty 5508/17/1508/17/15

2u$a a" 3os4at2u$a a" 3os4at



stysty ==08/17/1508/17/15

DNA D;BEL HEL#K DNA D;BEL HEL#K



stysty 7708/17/1508/17/15

E&L#KAS# DNAE&L#KAS# DNA



stysty 8808/17/1508/17/15

DNA D;BEL HEL#K DNA D;BEL HEL#K

Moe$ i"i itemu%a" o$e > ?atso"Moe$ i"i itemu%a" o$e > ?atso"

a" H.. ri% -No+$e &ri@e t.1=)a" H.. ri% -No+$e &ri@e t.1=)

DNA o+e$ e$i% e"!a" tu$a"!DNA o+e$ e$i% e"!a" tu$a"!

(u"!!u"! !u$a4os4at i $uar a"(u"!!u"! !u$a4os4at i $uar a"

(asa"!a" +asa i a$am(asa"!a" +asa i a$am

#%ata" om($eme"tary +ase (airi"!C#%ata" om($eme"tary +ase (airi"!C

A a" T ua i%ata" iro!e" $ema6A a" T ua i%ata" iro!e" $ema6

a" 2 ti!a i%ata" iro!e" $ema a" 2 ti!a i%ata" iro!e" $ema



stysty 08/17/1508/17/15

3UN2S# DNA DALAM S#NTES#S3UN2S# DNA DALAM S#NTES#S

&;TE#N,&;TE#N, TAHA& TANSK#&S# TAHA& TANSK#&S# Tra"s%ri(si DNA mNA Tra"s%ri(si DNA mNANA meru(a%a" "u%$eotia, $i"ier -uruta"NA meru(a%a" "u%$eotia, $i"ier -uruta"

tu"!!a$, !u$a"ya ri+osa, +asa urasi$tu"!!a$, !u$a"ya ri+osa, +asa urasi$me"!!a"ti%a" tymi"me"!!a"ti%a" tymi"

Tra"s%ri(si DNA, a"ya me"!%o(i se+a!ia" Tra"s%ri(si DNA, a"ya me"!%o(i se+a!ia"ari DNA -satu !e" saa e"!a" e"@imari DNA -satu !e" saa e"!a" e"@imNA(o$imeraseNA(o$imerase

NA(o$imerase a%a" me"!e"a$i titi%NA(o$imerase a%a" me"!e"a$i titi%

(romoter -seue"e DNA s(esiF(romoter -seue"e DNA s(esiFDNA o+e$ e$i* a%a" ter+u%a mem+e"tu%DNA o+e$ e$i* a%a" ter+u%a mem+e"tu%

DNA si"!$e stra"eDNA si"!$e stra"e



stysty 101008/17/1508/17/15

TANSK#&S# TANSK#&S#



stysty 111108/17/1508/17/15



stysty 1)1)08/17/1508/17/15

NA (o$ymerase memu$ai (rosesNA (o$ymerase memu$ai (roses

tra"s%ri(si sete$a +eri%ata" e"!a"tra"s%ri(si sete$a +eri%ata" e"!a"

(romoter(romoterSe+a!ai" DNA e$i* a%a" ter+u%a,Se+a!ai" DNA e$i* a%a" ter+u%a,

mem+"etu% si"!$e stra"e DNAmem+"etu% si"!$e stra"e DNA

sDNA se+a!ai tem($ate a%a" +er(asDNA se+a!ai tem($ate a%a" +er(a

sa"!a" mem+"tu% NA +arusa"!a" mem+"tu% NA +aru

NA tra"s%ri( a%a" imoiF%asiNA tra"s%ri( a%a" imoiF%asi

se+e$um %e$uar ari "u%$eusse+e$um %e$uar ari "u%$eus

&aa uu"! 5G i+eri a(C a" uu"!&aa uu"! 5G i+eri a(C a" uu"!

9G i+eri (o$y A se+a!ai tai$9G i+eri (o$y A se+a!ai tai$



stysty 1919

08/17/1508/17/15

a(C meru(a%a" "u%$eotia ya"!a(C meru(a%a" "u%$eotia ya"!mem+a"tu ri+osom me"e"tu%a"mem+a"tu ri+osom me"e"tu%a"

tem(at mu$ai tra"s$asi a" (o$i Atem(at mu$ai tra"s$asi a" (o$i A-tai$, me"e!a e!raasi mNA-tai$, me"e!a e!raasi mNAmNA u!a me"!a$ami (emoto"!a"mNA u!a me"!a$ami (emoto"!a"

-s($ii"! o$e s($ieosome-s($ii"! o$e s($ieosomeNA tra"s%ri( teriri ari e%so"NA tra"s%ri( teriri ari e%so"

-oi"! seue"e a" i"tro"-oi"! seue"e a" i"tro"-u"oi"! seue"e-u"oi"! seue"e

#"tro" a%a" ii$a"!%a" mem+e"tu%#"tro" a%a" ii$a"!%a" mem+e"tu%mNA (e"e% ya"! a%a" i%e$uar%a"mNA (e"e% ya"! a%a" i%e$uar%a"a$am yto($asma. Se$ai" mNA u!aa$am yto($asma. Se$ai" mNA u!a

i+e"tu% tNA a" rNAi+e"tu% tNA a" rNA



08/17/1508/17/15

stysty 1<1<

tNA +er4u"!si me"tra"s4er asam ami"o %e ri+osomtNA +er4u"!si me"tra"s4er asam ami"o %e ri+osom

rNA +ersamasama e"!a" (rotei" $ai" mem+e"tu%rNA +ersamasama e"!a" (rotei" $ai" mem+e"tu%

ri+osomri+osom



stysty 1515

08/17/1508/17/15

Koe 2e"eti%aKoe 2e"eti%a



stysty 1=1=

08/17/1508/17/15

Koe !e"eti%a ut% masi"!) asam ami"o -)0Koe !e"eti%a ut% masi"!) asam ami"o -)0maam ise+ut oo", teriri ari 9 +asamaam ise+ut oo", teriri ari 9 +asa

Ke+a"ya%a" asam ami"o -aa $e+i ari 1Ke+a"ya%a" asam ami"o -aa $e+i ari 1oo" s(t $eui"e, i"i (t me$i"u"!i t e4e%oo" s(t $eui"e, i"i (t me$i"u"!i t e4e%meru!i%a" ari mutasimeru!i%a" ari mutasi

Tia( tri($et oo" a"ya mem(u"yai satu arti Tia( tri($et oo" a"ya mem(u"yai satu artiKoe !e"eti%a mem(u"yai start a" sto(Koe !e"eti%a mem(u"yai start a" sto(

si!"a$. Ha"ya satu start si!"a$ ta(i aa ti!asi!"a$. Ha"ya satu start si!"a$ ta(i aa ti!asto( si!"a$sto( si!"a$

Semua oo" me"!%oe aa %eua$i sto(Semua oo" me"!%oe aa %eua$i sto(oo"oo" Tia( oo" teriri ari ti!a DNA "u$eotie, Tia( oo" teriri ari ti!a DNA "u$eotie,

!e"eti oe aa$a tri($et.!e"eti oe aa$a tri($et.



stysty 1717

08/17/1508/17/15

#B;S;MAL NA -rNA#B;S;MAL NA -rNA



stysty 181808/17/1508/17/15

Diasi$%a" o$e DNA tem($ate $m "u%$eusDiasi$%a" o$e DNA tem($ate $m "u%$eus

rNA e"!a" (rotei" isusu" me"ai su+u"itrNA e"!a" (rotei" isusu" me"ai su+u"it

ri+osom +esar %ei$ri+osom +esar %ei$

Masi"!masi"! su+u"it %e$uar me$a$ui (ori(oriMasi"!masi"! su+u"it %e$uar me$a$ui (ori(ori(aa "u%$eus, me"uu sito($asma a" a%a"(aa "u%$eus, me"uu sito($asma a" a%a"

+er!a+u"! +i$a mu$ai tra"s$asi+er!a+u"! +i$a mu$ai tra"s$asi

i+osom mem(u"yai +ia"! siteC t( tNAi+osom mem(u"yai +ia"! siteC t( tNAa" mNAa" mNA

i+osom me"em(e$ %e mNA i a$ami+osom me"em(e$ %e mNA i a$am

sito($asma, tNA ata"!, asam ami"osito($asma, tNA ata"!, asam ami"o

+er!a+u"! mem+e"tu% (o$i(e(tia+er!a+u"! mem+e"tu% (o$i(e(tia &aa termi"asi, ri+osom terurai me"ai )&aa termi"asi, ri+osom terurai me"ai )

su+u"it +esar a" %ei$, mNA ter$e(as %em+a$isu+u"it +esar a" %ei$, mNA ter$e(as %em+a$i



stysty 1108/17/1508/17/15

T#2A LAN2KAH TANSLAS# T#2A LAN2KAH TANSLAS#

Si"tesa (rotei" tr ti!a ste( -#"itiatio",Si"tesa (rotei" tr ti!a ste( -#"itiatio",E$o"!atio", a" Termi"atio"E$o"!atio", a" Termi"atio"

#"isiasi6 ri+osom su+u"it %ei$ me$e%at#"isiasi6 ri+osom su+u"it %ei$ me$e%at

(aa mNA (aa start oo" -AU2.(aa mNA (aa start oo" -AU2.

#"itiator tNA +er(asa"!a" e"!a"#"itiator tNA +er(asa"!a" e"!a"

%oo" ts+, a" su+u"it +esar%oo" ts+, a" su+u"it +esar

+er!a+u"!.+er!a+u"!.

i+osom mem(u"yai ) +i"i"! sitei+osom mem(u"yai ) +i"i"! siteu"tu% tNA6 & site a" A site, tNA (tu"tu% tNA6 & site a" A site, tNA (t

+eri%ata" (aa & site mem+aa aa+eri%ata" (aa & site mem+aa aa

metio"i"e. A site ut% tNA +eri%ut"yametio"i"e. A site ut% tNA +eri%ut"ya



stysty )0)008/17/1508/17/15

& i - ii$ NA +i i i A i



stysty )1)108/17/1508/17/15

& site -(e(tii$tNA +i"i"! site6 A site& site -(e(tii$tNA +i"i"! site6 A site-ami"oay$tNA +i"i"! site.-ami"oay$tNA +i"i"! site.

EL;N2AS# tNA $ai" mem+aa aa y!EL;N2AS# tNA $ai" mem+aa aa y!

sesuai (aa oo" A sitesesuai (aa oo" A siteE$o"!asi 4a%tor mem4asi$itasiE$o"!asi 4a%tor mem4asi$itasi

%om($eme" +asa +er(asa"!a" a"tara%om($eme" +asa +er(asa"!a" a"taraa"ti%oo" tNA e"!a" %oo" mNAa"ti%oo" tNA e"!a" %oo" mNA

&o$i(e(tia iu+u"!%a" o$e i%ata"&o$i(e(tia iu+u"!%a" o$e i%ata"(e(tia (aa asam ami"o +eri%ut"ya(e(tia (aa asam ami"o +eri%ut"ya

&roses i"i i+a"tu% e"!a" e"@im&roses i"i i+a"tu% e"!a" e"@im

ri+o@im a" e"er!iri+o@im a" e"er!itNA &site $e(as, tNA ari AsitetNA &site $e(as, tNA ari Asite

(i"a %e &site y! sua %oso"!I. st(i"a %e &site y! sua %oso"!I. st



stysty ))))08/17/1508/17/15

Termi"asi Termi"asi

Termi"asi terai sete$a mem+aa Termi"asi terai sete$a mem+aa%oo" sto( -UAA, UA2, U2A%oo" sto( -UAA, UA2, U2A

&o$i(e(tia i$e(as seara e"@imati%&o$i(e(tia i$e(as seara e"@imati%

ari tNA tera%ir o$e re$ease 4atorCari tNA tera%ir o$e re$ease 4atorCtNA, (o$i(e(tia me"i"!!a$%a"tNA, (o$i(e(tia me"i"!!a$%a"

ri+osom, a" ri+osom terisosiasiri+osom, a" ri+osom terisosiasi

me"ai ) su+ u"it %em+a$ime"ai ) su+ u"it %em+a$i

&rotei" ya"! ter+e"tu%, i(roses&rotei" ya"! ter+e"tu%, i(rosesme"ai (rotei" stru%tura$ atau (rotei"me"ai (rotei" stru%tura$ atau (rotei"4u"!sio"a$, ya"! (e"ti"! a$am se$4u"!sio"a$, ya"! (e"ti"! a$am se$



stysty )9)908/17/1508/17/15



stysty )<)<08/17/1508/17/15



stysty )5)508/17/1508/17/15

&aa +a%teri mNA (o$isistro"i%&aa +a%teri mNA (o$isistro"i%-$e+i ari 1 e"is (rotei", (aa-$e+i ari 1 e"is (rotei", (aa

eu%ariota mNA mo"osistro"i%eu%ariota mNA mo"osistro"i%-a"ya 1 e"is (rotei".-a"ya 1 e"is (rotei".

Terai"ya mutasi (aa !e"e, Terai"ya mutasi (aa !e"e,

me"ye+a+%a" %e$ai"a" (rotei"me"ye+a+%a" %e$ai"a" (rotei"%e$ai"a" meta+o$isme %e$ai"a" meta+o$isme

&rotei" ya"! ter+e"tu% aa$a&rotei" ya"! ter+e"tu% aa$a

(rotei" STUKTUAL a"(rotei" STUKTUAL a"(rotei" 3UN2S#;NAL(rotei" 3UN2S#;NAL



stysty )=)=08/17/1508/17/15

&e"em(ata" &rotei"&e"em(ata" &rotei"



stysty )7)708/17/1508/17/15



stysty )8)808/17/1508/17/15

E&L#KAS# DNAE&L#KAS# DNA

e($i%asi DNA a$ (roses (eme+"tu%a"e($i%asi DNA a$ (roses (eme+"tu%a"

o(y -re($i%a mo$e%u$ DNAo(y -re($i%a mo$e%u$ DNA

&aa or!a"isme iu(, se+e$um se$&aa or!a"isme iu(, se+e$um se$

mem+e$a, iaa$i u($i%asi DNA "yamem+e$a, iaa$i u($i%asi DNA "ya

&roses u($i%asi DNA ise+ut re($i%asi&roses u($i%asi DNA ise+ut re($i%asi

DNA. DNA stra" s+! eta%a"DNA. DNA stra" s+! eta%a"

-tem($ate i%o(i me"ai au!ter-tem($ate i%o(i me"ai au!terDNADNA



stysty ))08/17/1508/17/15

La"!%a$a"!%a e($i%asiLa"!%a$a"!%a e($i%asi

1.1. U"a"i"! e"!a" e"@im e$iaseU"a"i"! e"!a" e"@im e$iase

me"ye+a+%a" i%ata" e$i* DNAme"ye+a+%a" i%ata" e$i* DNA

me"ai ter+u%ame"ai ter+u%a

).). om($eme"tary +ase (airi"!om($eme"tary +ase (airi"!"u%$eotia +aru a%a" +er(asa"!a""u%$eotia +aru a%a" +er(asa"!a"

e"!a" +asa $ama -(are"t se+a!aie"!a" +asa $ama -(are"t se+a!ai

tem($atetem($ate9.9. >oi"i"! om($mtary "u$eotia >oi"i"! om($mtary "u$eotia

+er!a+u"! me"ai au!ter DNA+er!a+u"! me"ai au!ter DNA



stysty 909008/17/1508/17/15



stysty 919108/17/1508/17/15



stysty 9)9)08/17/1508/17/15

La"!%a ) a" 9 i(era"tarai o$eLa"!%a ) a" 9 i(era"tarai o$e

e"@ym DNA(o$imerasee"@ym DNA(o$imerase

Keua stra" DNA meru(a%a" a"tiKeua stra" DNA meru(a%a" a"ti(ara$e$ u"tu% terai"ya om($ime"tary(ara$e$ u"tu% terai"ya om($ime"tary

+ase (airi"!.+ase (airi"!.

Satu stra" DNA +era$a" ari 9G %e 5G,Satu stra" DNA +era$a" ari 9G %e 5G,a" $ai""ya ari 9G %e 5G (aa araa" $ai""ya ari 9G %e 5G (aa ara

+er$aa"a"+er$aa"a"

Se$ama re($i%asi, DNA(o$imeraseSe$ama re($i%asi, DNA(o$imerase

me"si"tesa au!ter stra" ari 5G %e 9Gme"si"tesa au!ter stra" ari 5G %e 9G

DNA (o$imerase a"ya +isa me"!!a+u"!DNA (o$imerase a"ya +isa me"!!a+u"!

%a" "u%$eotia (aa 9G +e+as, u!a tia%%a" "u%$eotia (aa 9G +e+as, u!a tia%

a(at memu$ai si"tesa ra"tai DNAa(at memu$ai si"tesa ra"tai DNA



stysty 999908/17/1508/17/15

E"@im e$iase mem+u%a DNA satuE"@im e$iase mem+u%a DNA satu(are"ta$ stra" +era$a" ari 9G %e 5G(are"ta$ stra" +era$a" ari 9G %e 5G

U"tu% au!ter stra" y! i+e"tu%U"tu% au!ter stra" y! i+e"tu%ari 5G %e 9G ise+utari 5G %e 9G ise+ut leading strandleading strand y!y!isi"tesa seara %o"ti"yu %e araisi"tesa seara %o"ti"yu %e ara4or%C4or%C

&are"ta$ stra" satu $a!i ari 9G %e 5G&are"ta$ stra" satu $a!i ari 9G %e 5Gme"aui 4or%. Dau!ter stra" arusme"aui 4or%. Dau!ter stra" arusmu$ai (aa 4or%, sei"!!a tia% a(atmu$ai (aa 4or%, sei"!!a tia% a(at

%o"ti"yu a$am +e"tu% 4ra!me"%o"ti"yu a$am +e"tu% 4ra!me"4ra!me" ise+ut ;%a@a%iC.4ra!me" ise+ut ;%a@a%iC.

;$e e"@im DNA$i!ase, 4ra!me" i"i;$e e"@im DNA$i!ase, 4ra!me" i"iisam+u"! satu e"!a" $ai""yaisam+u"! satu e"!a" $ai""ya



stysty 9<9<08/17/1508/17/15

e($i%asi (aa &ro%ariotae($i%asi (aa &ro%ariota

Ba%teri mem(u"yai si"!$e DNA $oo(Ba%teri mem(u"yai si"!$e DNA $oo(

atau iru$aratau iru$ar

e($i%asi +er!era% se%e$i$i"! mo$e%u$e($i%asi +er!era% se%e$i$i"! mo$e%u$

DNA a$am satu ara a(at u!a ariDNA a$am satu ara a(at u!a ari

ua ara se%a$i!us -ara ari 5G %e 9Gua ara se%a$i!us -ara ari 5G %e 9G

e($i%asi DNA +era$a" e(at se%a$ie($i%asi DNA +era$a" e(at se%a$i

se%itar 10 uta +(/me"itse%itar 10 uta +(/me"ite($i%asi se$uru %romosom se$esaie($i%asi se$uru %romosom se$esai

a$am <0 me"ita$am <0 me"it



stysty 959508/17/1508/17/15

&em+e$aa" se$ +a%teri terai a$am <0&em+e$aa" se$ +a%teri terai a$am <0

me"itme"it

&em+e$aa" se$ +a%teri terai a$am )0&em+e$aa" se$ +a%teri terai a$am )0me"it, iu!a DNAsir%u$er +aru suame"it, iu!a DNAsir%u$er +aru sua

mu$ai mem+e$a se+e$um re($i%asi s$esaimu$ai mem+e$a se+e$um re($i%asi s$esai

e($i%asi (aa (ro%ariota a(at teraie($i%asi (aa (ro%ariota a(at teraia$am ua ara se%a$i!us %are"aa$am ua ara se%a$i!us %are"a

%romosom sir%u$er, +a%a"%romosom sir%u$er, +a%a"

&aa eu%ariota terai (aa +e+era(a&aa eu%ariota terai (aa +e+era(are($iatio" 4or%, %emuia" sa$i"!re($iatio" 4or%, %emuia" sa$i"!

+ertemu+ertemu



stysty 9=9=08/17/1508/17/15

e($i%asi (aa Eu%ariotae($i%asi (aa Eu%ariota

e($i%asi DNA a(at imu$ai (aae($i%asi DNA a(at imu$ai (aa+a!ia" +a!ia" se(a"a"! %romosom+a!ia" +a!ia" se(a"a"! %romosoma" ise+ut re($iatio" +u++$esCa" ise+ut re($iatio" +u++$esC

Bu++$es i"i a%a" sa$i"! +ertemuBu++$es i"i a%a" sa$i"! +ertemue($i%asi imu$ai (aa +e"tu J y!e($i%asi imu$ai (aa +e"tu J y!

ise+ut re($iatio" 4or%Cise+ut re($iatio" 4or%C

Kee(ata" re($i%asi DNA re$ati4Kee(ata" re($i%asi DNA re$ati4$am+at a"tara 500 5000 +(/me"it$am+at a"tara 500 5000 +(/me"it

Se$ eu%ariota me"ye$esai%a" re($i%asiSe$ eu%ariota me"ye$esai%a" re($i%asiDNA a$am +e+era(a amDNA a$am +e+era(a am



stysty 979708/17/1508/17/15



stysty 989808/17/1508/17/15

Kesa$aa" e($i%asiKesa$aa" e($i%asi

2e" meru(a%a" +a!ia" terte"tu ari DNA2e" meru(a%a" +a!ia" terte"tu ari DNA

e"!a" ra"!%aia" +asa terte"tu (u$ae"!a" ra"!%aia" +asa terte"tu (u$a

Mutasi me"ye+a+%a" (eru+aa" (aaMutasi me"ye+a+%a" (eru+aa" (aa

ra"!%aia" +asara"!%aia" +asaMutasi +isa terai (aa %esa$aa" se$amaMutasi +isa terai (aa %esa$aa" se$ama

re($i%asi DNAre($i%asi DNA

Kesa$aa" mismateC me"ye+a+%a"Kesa$aa" mismateC me"ye+a+%a"

re($i%asi +ere"ti -(ause, se$a"ut"ya a%a"re($i%asi +ere"ti -(ause, se$a"ut"ya a%a"

terai (emoto"!a" (aa au!ter stra"terai (emoto"!a" (aa au!ter stra"

a" i!a"ti e"!a" "u$eotia ya"!+e"ara" i!a"ti e"!a" "u$eotia ya"!+e"ar



stysty 9908/17/1508/17/15

Mutasi (t u!a ise+a+%a" %are"aMutasi (t u!a ise+a+%a" %are"a

terai (eru+aa" s(o"ta" me$a$uiterai (eru+aa" s(o"ta" me$a$uieami"asi (aa ytosi"e me"aieami"asi (aa ytosi"e me"ai

uray$uray$

Mutasi u!a %are"a %erusa%a" DNAMutasi u!a %are"a %erusa%a" DNAo$e 4a%tor $i"!%u"!a" a"tio%sia",o$e 4a%tor $i"!%u"!a" a"tio%sia",

UJ, @at %imia a$am tem+a%au,UJ, @at %imia a$am tem+a%au,

(estisia, (o$uta", u%tuasi suu, $$(estisia, (o$uta", u%tuasi suu, $$

Mutasi tia% se$a$u mem(u"yai e4e%Mutasi tia% se$a$u mem(u"yai e4e%

meru!i%a"meru!i%a"



stysty <0<008/17/1508/17/15

DNA e(airDNA e(airMutasi DNA (aa se$ ma"usia setia( ari ,Mutasi DNA (aa se$ ma"usia setia( ari ,

a"ya +e+era(a (eru+aa" saa ya"! sta+i$a"ya +e+era(a (eru+aa" saa ya"! sta+i$

a$am satu tau"a$am satu tau"

Aa"ya, DNA re(air seue"eAa"ya, DNA re(air seue"e

me"!e$imi"asi atau mem(er+ai%ime"!e$imi"asi atau mem(er+ai%i(eru+aa" terse+ut(eru+aa" terse+ut

&em+ua"!a" seue"e ya"! sa$a a"&em+ua"!a" seue"e ya"! sa$a a"

i!a"ti%a" e"!a" ya"! +e"ar.i!a"ti%a" e"!a" ya"! +e"ar.

DNA(o$imerase mem+e"tu% seue"e +aruDNA(o$imerase mem+e"tu% seue"e +arusete$a mem+ua"! seue"e ya"! sa$asete$a mem+ua"! seue"e ya"! sa$a

o$e e"@im "u%$easeo$e e"@im "u%$ease

DNA$i!ase +er4u"!si me"em(e$%a"DNA$i!ase +er4u"!si me"em(e$%a"



stysty <1<108/17/1508/17/15

&a$i"! seri"! terai (aa DNA a$ e(uri"asi&a$i"! seri"! terai (aa DNA a$ e(uri"asi

-i$a"!"ya +asa (uri" seara s(o"ta"-i$a"!"ya +asa (uri" seara s(o"ta"

&roses re(air u!a (e"ti"! me"ya"!%ut e"@im&roses re(air u!a (e"ti"! me"ya"!%ut e"@imDNA!$yosi$ase uray$ DNA !$yosy$aseDNA!$yosi$ase uray$ DNA !$yosy$ase

UDNA!$yosi$ase memoto"! +asa ya"!UDNA!$yosi$ase memoto"! +asa ya"!

sa$asa$a

E"@im "u$ease $ai""ya memoto"! +a!ia"E"@im "u$ease $ai""ya memoto"! +a!ia"ya"! me"!a"u"! +asa ya"! sa$aya"! me"!a"u"! +asa ya"! sa$a

DNA(o$imerase a" DNA$i!ase, mem+e"tu%DNA(o$imerase a" DNA$i!ase, mem+e"tu%

seue"e DNA ya"!+e"ar a"seue"e DNA ya"!+e"ar a"

me"em(e$%a""ya %em+a$ime"em(e$%a""ya %em+a$iDNA re(air te$a mem(er+ai%i mutasiDNA re(air te$a mem(er+ai%i mutasi



stysty <)<)08/17/1508/17/15

DELET#;NDELET#;N

1 +ase e$etio"1 +ase e$etio"

oo!e" TToo!e" TT AT2 22A 2T AAT2 22A 2T Aoo" AA2 UA Uoo" AA2 UA U 2A U2A U

Ami"o ai $ys tyr ar! a$a Ami"o ai $ys tyr ar! a$a

De$etio" o4 +ase o4 Frst oo"De$etio" o4 +ase o4 Frst oo"oo!e" TToo!e" TT

3ramesi4t are ourre ere3ramesi4t are ourre ere →→ missmissse"se, a" (rotei" 4orme are isti"t$yse"se, a" (rotei" 4orme are isti"t$yiere"t 4rom te ori!i"a$iere"t 4rom te ori!i"a$

A T22 2A 2TAA T22 2A 2TA

oo"oo" AAU A U2 AUAAU A U2 AU

Ami"o ai as" tr 'a$ isAmi"o ai as" tr 'a$ is



stysty <9<908/17/1508/17/15

1 oo" De$etio"1 oo" De$etio"oo!e"oo!e" TTA TTA TA2 TA2 TA TAGG GAGAAA AA AAAA

oo"oo" AAU AUAAU AU AUAU UUUU 22U22U 2UU2UUAmi"o ai as" i$e i$e $eu !$y 'a$Ami"o ai as" i$e i$e $eu !$y 'a$

Mutatio" o" +ase seue"e 22AMutatio" o" +ase seue"e 22A

oo!e"oo!e" TTA TTA TA2 TA2 TA TAoo"oo" AAU AUAAU AU AUAU

Ami"o ai as" i$e Ami"o ai as" i$e

AA 77A77A 7AA7AA

UU 22U22U2UU2UU i$e !$y 'a$i$e !$y 'a$

3ramesi4t are ourre ere, a" (rot3ramesi4t are ourre ere, a" (rot4orme are isti"t$y iere"t 4rom te4orme are isti"t$y iere"t 4rom te

ori!i"a$ori!i"a$

SUBST#TUT#;NSUBST#TUT#;N



stysty <<<<08/17/1508/17/15

SUBST#TUT#;NSUBST#TUT#;N

1.1. A si"!$e+ase su+stitutio"A si"!$e+ase su+stitutio"

Originalcodon

Originalam. acid

Newcodon

Newam. acid

UU AGAU Leu Asp UUGGA A LeuGlu

SILENT MUTATION

MIS-SENSE MUTATION



stysty <5<508/17/1508/17/15

E*am($eE*am($e Muta"t emo!$o+i"sMuta"t emo!$o+i"s

Hemoglobin

Hb AHb SHb C

Amino acidchanges

GluGlu→ val

Glu→ lys

Ami"oAmi"o

aiai

(ositio"(ositio"==

==

==



stysty <=<=08/17/1508/17/15

).). Su+stitutio" +y a" +asea"a$oSu+stitutio" +y a" +asea"a$o!!

?it a"!es o4 4u"tio"?it a"!es o4 4u"tio"

ause +y emia$

muta!e" 5+romourai$ -BU

)ami"o(uri"e

BU tymi"ea"a$o!BU tymi"ea"a$o!



stysty <7<708/17/1508/17/15

DNA D;UBLEDNA D;UBLE

HEL#OHEL#OTT TT AA CC CC GG

AA AA TT GG GG CC

TT BUBU AA CC CC

GG

AA AA TT GG GG CC(Subst.(Subst.

TT forfor

BU)BU)REPLICATION

TT BUBU AACC C GC GAA GG TT GG GG

CCTT TT AA CC CC GGAA AA TT GG GG CC

DNAt

DNAc

RNAtr

DNA polymerase

#NSET#;N#NSET#;N



#NSET#;N#NSET#;N

HEM#ALS as muta!e"i a!e"t, suHEM#ALS as muta!e"i a!e"t, su

as (i!me"tas (i!me"t acridinacridin, tat reat it, tat reat itDNA.DNA. Acridin Acridin most$y use 4or stai"i"!.most$y use 4or stai"i"!.

DNA double-hel!"

ATG AAA GGG CCC TTTet#.

TAC T TT CCC GGG AAAet#.

ATG AAA CGG GCC CTT T et#.

TAC T TT GCC CGG GAA A et#.

CG

$RNA"AUG AAA GGG CCC UUUet#.

AUG AAA CGG GCC

CUU U et#.

Pol%&e&tde"

'et- L%s- Gl%- Pro- Phe-et#.

'et- L%s- Ar- Al-Leu-et#.



<<

D#ME#PAT#;ND#ME#PAT#;N

U$tra'io$et rays -UJ (e"etrate teU$tra'io$et rays -UJ (e"etrate te

sur4ae $ayer o4 te s%i"sur4ae $ayer o4 te s%i"

A+sor+e +y (uri"es a" (yrimii"es,A+sor+e +y (uri"es a" (yrimii"es,i ma%e u( te !e"esi ma%e u( te !e"es

Te ma*imum a+sor(tio" o4 UJ +y DNA Te ma*imum a+sor(tio" o4 UJ +y DNA

is at a'e$e"!t o4 )5< "mis at a'e$e"!t o4 )5< "m

Ma*imum muta!e"iity a$so ours atMa*imum muta!e"iity a$so ours at

)5< "m)5< "m UJi"ue mutatio" (roessUJi"ue mutatio" (roess

is meiate iret$y +y te a+sor(tio" o4is meiate iret$y +y te a+sor(tio" o4

UJ +y (uri"es a" (yrimii"esUJ +y (uri"es a" (yrimii"es



stysty 505008/17/1508/17/15

Te (yrimii"es, i" (artiu$ar, a+sor+ Te (yrimii"es, i" (artiu$ar, a+sor+

stro"!$y at )5< "m a", as a resu$t, teystro"!$y at )5< "m a", as a resu$t, tey+eome 'ery reati'e+eome 'ery reati'e

Te ) maor (routs o4 UJ a+sor(tio" +y Te ) maor (routs o4 UJ a+sor(tio" +y

(yrimii"es(yrimii"esaa (yrimii"e yrates resu$ti"! 4rom(yrimii"e yrates resu$ti"! 4rom

yro$ysisyro$ysis

++ (yrimii"e imers resu$ti"! 4rom(yrimii"e imers resu$ti"! 4rom+o"i"! o4+o"i"! o4 to aase"t tymi"eto aase"t tymi"e

mo$eu$esmo$eu$es



stysty 515108/17/1508/17/15

NH

C H

N C

C C

O N H

H

NH

C H

N C OH

C CH

O N

H

U! " HOU! " HO

Cytosine Cytosine hydrate

P%r$d*e &hoto&rodu#ts U+P%r$d*e &hoto&rodu#ts U+

rrdto*" (,)rrdto*" (,) %drol%ss of #%tos*e%drol%ss of #%tos*eto h%drte for$to h%drte for$ tht $%tht $%

#use $s&r* of bses dur-#use $s&r* of bses dur- **

re&l#to*re&l#to*



stysty 5)5)08/17/1508/17/15

O

H C CH3

N C

C C

O N H

H

O

H C CH3

N C C C

O N H

H

++

H O CH3 CH3 O

C C H

N C C N

C C C C

O N H H N O

H H

Thymine Thymine

Thymine dimer

UU

VV

(b) Bo*d* of(b) Bo*d* of

d#e*td#e*t

th%$*eth%$*e$ole#ules to$ole#ules to

for$ th%$*efor$ th%$*e

d$ers/ 0h#hd$ers/ 0h#h

blo#1blo#1

re l#to*re&l#to*



stysty 595908/17/1508/17/15

Th%$*e d$ers &&er toTh%$*e d$ers &&er to

#use#use $utto*s *dre#tl% *$utto*s *dre#tl% *

2 0%s"2 0%s"11imers a((are"t$y (ertur+ teimers a((are"t$y (ertur+ te

DNA ou+$e e$i* a" i"ter4ereDNA ou+$e e$i* a" i"ter4ere

it aurate DNA re($iatio"it aurate DNA re($iatio"

))oasio"a$ errors are mae uri"!oasio"a$ errors are mae uri"!

te (roesses 4or te re(air o4te (roesses 4or te re(air o4

Cama!eC DNA, su as DNACama!eC DNA, su as DNAo"tai"i"! tymi"e imerso"tai"i"! tymi"e imers

; ; S 2MUTAT#;N ;N S&L##N2



stysty 5<5<08/17/1508/17/15

MUTAT#;N ;N S&L##N2MUTAT#;N ;N S&L##N2 &rotei" Sy"tesis&rotei" Sy"tesis

Tra"sri(tio" Tra"sri(tio" Tem($ate DNA -tDNA Tem($ate DNA -tDNA→→ tra"sri(t NA -trNAtra"sri(t NA -trNA→ oo!e" seue"es o4 tDNA tra"sri+eoo!e" seue"es o4 tDNA tra"sri+e

oo" oo"oo" oo" seue"es o4 trNAseue"es o4 trNA

Maturatio"Maturatio"Maturatio" ste( o4 trNA to +eome mNAMaturatio" ste( o4 trNA to +eome mNA Terai s($ii"! Terai s($ii"!

Tra"s$atio" Tra"s$atio" Te (roess trou! i !e"eti Te (roess trou! i !e"etii"4ormatio" store i" te seue"e o4i"4ormatio" store i" te seue"e o4"u$eoties i" a" mNA mo$eu$e is tra"s$ate"u$eoties i" a" mNA mo$eu$e is tra"s$atei"to a seue"e o4 ami"o aisi"to a seue"e o4 ami"o ais



stysty 555508/17/1508/17/15

Ge*et# 'e#h*s$Inheritation of genetic character from parens to

the children.

Process:•Gametogenesis•Fertilization

•Embryogenesis•Mitosis•Meiosis

mitosis

meiosis

nukleat_asam

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