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    NUCLEIC ACIDS (DNA and RNA)

    DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid

    •DNA controls all living processes including

     production of new cells – cell division

    •DNA carries the genetic code – stores and

    transmits genetic information from one

    generation to the next•Chromosomes are made of DNA

    •DNA is located in the nucleus of the cell

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    !e distribution o" nucleic acids

    in t!e eu#aryotic cell

    • DNA is found in the nucleus$it! small amounts in mitoc!ondria and c!loro%lasts

    • RNA is found throughout the cell

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    Model of DNA:

    •The model was developed !&atson and Cric#  in "#$%&

    •The! received a nobel %ri'e in "#'(for their wor)&

    •The model loo)s li)e a twisted

    ladder – double !elix& 

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    Died in *

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    *il)ins + ,ran)lin -"#$(.: /0ra!

    cr!stallograph!

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    1ntwisted it

    loo)s li)e

    this:

    • The sides of the ladder are:

    2 3 %!os%!ate

    4 3 sugar molecule

    • The ste%s of the ladder are C5 65 T5 A 3

    nitrogenous bases

    -Nitrogenous means containing the

    element nitrogen&.

    A 3 Adenine

    T 3 !ymine

    A alwa!s pairs with T in DNA

    C 3 Cytosine

    6 3 +uanine

    C alwa!s pairs with 6 in DNA Nucleotide

    (A%%les are asty)

     (Coo#ies are +ood)

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    • 7t is the order of these base %airs that determines

    genetic ma#eu%

    • 8ne %!os%!ate 9 one sugar 9 one base 3 one nucleotide

    • Nucleotides are the building bloc#s of DNA –

    thus5 each strand of DNA is a string ofnucleotides  

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    NUCLEIC ACID SRUCURE

    •  Nucleic acids are %olynucleotides

    • Their uilding loc)s are nucleotides

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     N1C;8T7D; 4TR1CT1R;

    ,-.S,AE SU+AR 

    Riose or

    Deox!riose

    NUCLE.IDE

    BASE

    PURINES PYRIMIDINES

    Adenine (A)Guanine(G)

    Cytocine (C)Thymine (T)

    Uracil (U)

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    Riose is a pentose

    C1

    C5

    C4

    C3 C2

    O

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    RI/.SE DE.01RI/.SE

    C-.-

    -

    .-

    C

    C

    .- .-

    C

    .

    - --

    C

    C-.-

    -

    .-

    C

    C

    .- -

    C

    .

    - --

    C

    4pot the difference

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    -E SU+AR2,-.S,-AE

    /AC3/.NE

    • The nucleotides are all orientated in

    the same direction

    • The phosphate group

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    ADDIN+ IN -E /ASES

    • The ases are attached

    to the "st Caron

    • Their order isimportant

    7t determines the

    genetic information ofthe molecule

    ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    ,

    +

    C

    C

    A

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    DNA IS MADE OF

    TWO STRANDS OF

    POLYNUCLEOTIDE

    P

    P

    P

    P

    P

    P

    C

    G

    G

    T

    A

    A

    P

    P

    P

    P

    P

    P

    G

    C

    C

    A

    T

    T

    Hydroge !od"

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    2urines + 2!rimidines

    ,urines ,yrimidines

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    *atson + Cric) =ase pairing

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    DNA Replication

    •Cell division involving mitosis produces 2

    daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and genetically identical to theparent cell

    •Remember that for this to happen, DNA inthe parent cell must be replicated (copied)before the cell divides this process occursduring Interphase in the cell cycle

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    -ydrogen bonds etween

     ase pairs are bro#en ! theen>!me -elicase and DNA

    molecule un'i%s

    DNA molecule

    separates intocom%lementary !alves

     4T;2 " 

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    Nucleotides match up with

    complementar! ases

    ,ree nucleotides aundant in nucleus

    4T;2 ( 

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    Ne$ 4trand

    .riginal 4trand

     Nucleotides are lin)ed into ( new strands of DNA !

    the en>!me5 %olymerase ?DNA pol!merase also

    %roo"reads for cop!ing errors

    4T;2 %

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    Diagram Exam%les o" DNA Re%lication4

    -@ou could see DNA replication represented different wa!s&.

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    RNA ? Ribonucleic Acid

    •RNA is a messenger that allows the instruction o"

    DNA to e delivered to the rest o" t!e cell

    •RNA is different than DNA:

    "&The sugar in RNA is ribose the sugar in DNA is

    deoxyribose(&RNA is a single strand of nucleotides DNA is a

    double strand of nucleotides

    %&RNA has Uracil -1. instead of !ymine -T.which is in DNA

    B&RNA is found inside and outside of the nucleus

    DNA is found only inside the nucleus

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    Complete the chart by reading each term or phrase and placing a chec" in theappropriate column#

    DNA RNA $oth

    Deo%yribose  

    Ribose   double stranded  

    single stranded  

    nucleotides  

    found in nucleus only 

    found in and out ofnucleus

     

    Cytosine  

    &uanine  

    Adenine    'hymine  

    racil  

    double heli%  

    replication