nucleic acids, dna replication, and protein synthesis november 3, 2007 bio099 timberlake chapter 17...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis
November 3, 2007
Bio099
Timberlake Chapter 17
Martinin Pages 54-55
![Page 2: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Nucleic Acids: The Big Picture
![Page 3: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Two Types of Nucleic Acids
Two Types
1. DNADeoxyribonucleic acid
![Page 4: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Two Types of Nucleic Acids
Two Types
1. DNADeoxyribonucleic acid
2. RNA
Ribonucleic acid
![Page 5: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
NucleotideThe monomer of nucleic acids
![Page 6: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Molecular Components of the nucleotide
1. Pentose sugar
DNA RNA
![Page 7: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Molecular Components of the nucleotide
1. Pentose sugar
2. Phosphate group
![Page 8: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Molecular Components of the nucleotide
1. Pentose sugar
2. Phosphate group
3. Nitrogenous basespurine pyrimidine
![Page 9: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nitrogenous Bases
BASES OF DNA BASES OF RNA
![Page 10: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Nucleoside
![Page 11: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides are bound together to form nucleic acids.
![Page 12: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Primary Structure of Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotides are bound together to form nucleic acids.
– The sequence of bases is like an instruction manual that can be read by the cell.
![Page 13: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Secondary Structure of Nucleic Acids
• DNA:
The Double Helix
The vertical blue strand represents the sugar and phosphate group and the inner horizontal bands represent the nitrogenous bases
![Page 14: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Secondary Structure of Nucleic Acids
• DNA:
The Double Helix
– Complementary base pairs
![Page 15: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Secondary Structure of Nucleic Acids
• DNA:
The Double Helix
– Complementary base pairs
– Helical
![Page 16: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Secondary Structure of Nucleic Acids
• RNA:
Single stranded, but loopy in structure
![Page 17: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Review
• What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?
![Page 18: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Review
• What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?• RNA and DNA
![Page 19: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Review
• What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?• RNA and DNA
• What molecules makes up the “backbone” of a nucleic acid?
![Page 20: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Review
• What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?• RNA and DNA
• What molecules makes up the “backbone” of a nucleic acid?
• phosphate and sugar
![Page 21: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Review
• What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?• RNA and DNA
• What molecules makes up the “backbone” of a nucleic acid?
• phosphate and sugar
• What is one difference between RNA and DNA?
![Page 22: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Review
• What are the 2 types of nucleic acids?• RNA and DNA
• What molecules makes up the “backbone” of a nucleic acid?
• phosphate and sugar
• What is one difference between RNA and DNA?
• secondary structure (double stranded helix vs. single stranded)
• nitrogenous bases (RNA uses uracil instead of thyamine)
![Page 23: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
DNA Replication
• Each time a cell divides, its entire genome must be copied and passed on to the new cell.
![Page 24: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
DNA Replication
• 1 double helix replicates to give 2 new double helixes
![Page 25: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
DNA Replication
• 1 double helix replicates to give 2 new double helixes
• The 2 new DNA molecules are made of 1 OLD and 1 NEW polynucleotide strands
![Page 26: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Steps of DNA Replication1. The two DNA strands are unwound with the help of the
enzyme HELICASE which facilitates the breaking of the chemical bonds between the molecules.
![Page 27: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Steps of DNA Replication2. DNA POLYMERASE helps to form bonds between the
nucleotides of the newly formed strand.
![Page 28: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Review
• What must happen before a cell divides?
![Page 29: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Review
• What must happen before a cell divides?• DNA replication
![Page 30: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Review
• What must happen before a cell divides?• DNA replication
• What enzyme helps to unwind the DNA so it can be copied?
![Page 31: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Review
• What must happen before a cell divides?• DNA replication
• What enzyme helps to unwind the DNA so it can be copied?
• Helicase
![Page 32: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Protein SynthesisThe Big Picture
DNA
(instructions)
RNA (copy of instructions)
Protein (result of following instructions)
![Page 33: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Protein Synthesis requires 3 types of RNA
DNA
RNA
Protein
![Page 34: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Three Types of RNA
1. messenger RNA (mRNA) copy of a gene (DNA)
leaves nucleus
to carry genetic
information to
the ribosome for
protein synthesis
![Page 35: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Three Types of RNA
2. ribosomal RNA (rRNA) part of the ribosome
![Page 36: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Three Types of RNA
3. transfer RNA (tRNA)• transfers the amino acids • to the ribosome for • protein synthesis.
![Page 37: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Steps of Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription of the genetic material.• making the mRNA.
![Page 38: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Steps of Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription of the genetic material.• making the mRNA.
Why is it a good idea to make a copy of the DNA to leave the nucleus?
![Page 39: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Steps of Protein Synthesis
2. The mRNA travels to the cytoplasm.
![Page 40: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Steps of Protein Synthesis
3. Translation of the mRNA• The word translation is used because the language is changing
from nucleic acids to amino acids.
• A genetic code is used by the cell to translate the genetic material (mRNA) into a protein
• 3 nucleotides of mRNA make a codon
that translates to a specific amino acid,
or a start or stop message during
protein synthesis.
![Page 41: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Steps of Protein Synthesis
3. Translation of the mRNA is initiated with a start codon.
![Page 42: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Steps of Protein Synthesis
4. Translation of the genetic material continues and the polypeptide gets longer.
![Page 43: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Steps of Protein Synthesis
5. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached.
![Page 44: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Review
• What is transcription?
![Page 45: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Review
• What is transcription?• copying a gene (DNA) into mRNA
![Page 46: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Review
• What is transcription?• copying a gene (DNA) into mRNA
• _________ is the process that creates a protein from a strand of mRNA.
![Page 47: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Review
• What is transcription?• copying a gene (DNA) into mRNA
• _________ is the process that creates a protein from a strand of mRNA.
• translation
![Page 48: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Review
• What is transcription?• copying a gene (DNA) into mRNA
• _________ is the process that creates a protein from a strand of mRNA.
• translation
• What type of mRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
![Page 49: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Review
• What is transcription?• copying a gene (DNA) into mRNA
• _________ is the process that creates a protein from a strand of mRNA.
• translation
• What type of mRNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome during translation?
• transfer (t) RNA
![Page 50: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
• Mutations are changes in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Genetic Mutations
UG A
UG
C
![Page 51: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
• Mutations are changes in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
Genetic Mutations
UG A
UG
C
How would this mutation impact protein translation?
![Page 52: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
• Mutations are changes in the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
• Mutations within a gene can alter the sequence of amino acids in a protein causing changes, or lack of protein function.
Genetic Mutations
UG A
UG
C
![Page 53: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Types of Mutations
• Substitution
![Page 54: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Types of Mutations
• Substitution
![Page 55: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Types of Mutations
• Frameshift
![Page 56: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Genetic Mutations and Disease
• A mutation in the gene that encodes the protein leptin leads to marked obesity in rodents and humans.
![Page 57: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication, and Protein Synthesis November 3, 2007 Bio099 Timberlake Chapter 17 Martinin Pages 54-55](https://reader031.vdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022013011/56649d0a5503460f949dc6b2/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Genetic Diseases
• For more examples of genetic diseases caused by mutations see Timberlake Table 17.5