nuclear protective textiles

8/13/2019 Nuclear protective textiles

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RadiationRadiation is a natural

energy travelling in theform of waves or particles

Not all type of a radiationare harmful

The harmful radiationharm us only if we are in

contact them for a longperiod of time and too when they are in excess



Types of radiation

Ionizing radiation Nonionizing radiation

on interaction with matter canproduced ions

Some of these rays in excess can beharmful. These are even used in

medical applications Examples : X-rays, gamma rays ,

cosmic rays, alpha and beta particles

This kind of radiation can notproduced ions

These rays are not directlyharmful

Examples : sound waves, visiblelight and microwaves



Sources of radiations Natural radiation

Man-made radiation



Alpha radiations

Penetrating power is very low so

can be shielded by paper or layerof skin not able to penetrate clothing. Internal hazards Instruments cannot detect alpha

radiation through even a thin

layer of water, dust, paper, orother material, because alpharadiation is not penetrating.

emitters: radium, radon,uranium, thorium.

Beta radiations

Penetrating power is moderateso can be shielded by wood,body penetration 0.2 to 1.3 cm

Most beta emitters can bedetected with a surveyinstrument some may be

difficult or impossible to detect. beta emitters are hydrogen-3

(tritium), carbon-14, and sulfur-35, strontium-90, carbon-14,tritium, and sulfur-35.



Gamma radiations

Electromagnetic photon orradiation (identical to x-raysexcept of source)

gamma emitters: iodine-131,

cesium-137, cobalt-60, radium-226, and technetium-99m.

Dense materials are needed forshielding

Clothing provides little shielding

detected by survey meters

X-Rays

Electromagnetic photon orradiation overlaps with gammaradiation

Produced from orbitingelectrons or free electrons-

usually machine produced

They readily penetrate mostmaterials and are sometimes called

"penetrating" radiation.These electromagnetic radiationsdiffer only in the amount of energythey have.Gamma rays and x rays are the most

energetic of these.



X and gamma [γ] rays

external hazards penetrate the skin and internal

organs.

Alpha [α] and beta [β] particles

an internal hazard whendeposited in the body inhalation,

ingestioninjection.They are carried by dust,suspension solutions or gases.



Nature of Radiation HazardsExternal hazard

affect all or portions of

the body.

Internal hazard

when it is hazardous

inside the body.

eating of contaminated

foods

breathing of

contaminated air



Biological effects of radiationsSomatic effects

an increased chance of cancer and premature aging,

loss of hair, Ulceration of the mouth, the reddeningand haemorrhaging of the skin and lowering of theblood count in the person exposed.

Genetic effects

may be passed on to the exposed person's offspring bychanges in the genes.



How Can You Keep Radiation Exposure Low

as low as reasonably achievable(ALARA).

Protection from the External Radiation

Hazard

Time

Distance Shielding

Protection from the Internal Radiation

Hazard

by limiting the intake of contaminatedair and drinking water, the consumptionof contaminated foods.

PPE



Radiation dose Absorbed dose – the amount of energy left behind when radiation

passes through matter.

Equivalent dose– absorbed dose multiplied by a radiation weighting factor dependent on the type & amount of radiation.

Effective dose– equivalent dose multiplied by a tissue weightingfactor, dependent on the sensitivity of a given tissue or organ



Maximum Permissible Occupational Doses

The deep-dose equivalent is the whole-body dose from an externalsource of ionizing radiation. This value is the dose equivalent at a tissuedepth of 1 cm.

The lens dose equivalent is the dose equivalent to the lens of the eyefrom an external source of ionizing radiation. This value is the doseequivalent at a tissue depth of 0.3 cm.

The shallow-dose equivalent is the external dose to the skin of the whole-body or extremities from an external source of ionizingradiation. This value is the dose equivalent at a tissue depth of 0.007cm averaged over and area of 10 cm2.



Materials used for PPE Cotton Nylon

PVC

Polyethylene

PVA

Polyester

Tyvek- high-density polyethylene fibers,

(DuPont) Demron

Lead shielding is used for the protection fromdust of radioactive materials



Why lead is used as a shielding

materialIt is dense and have a high atomic number, so it is

substantially effective against x-rays

Readily available and functionallead blankets, lead aprons & lead barriers effectively

protect patients and personnel from unnecessary exposure.

Drawbacks

Heavier in weightLack of environmental friendliness.Hazardous material and must be recycled when apparel is

no longer functional.



Personal Protective Equipment Special gear used to protect the

wearer from specific hazards ofa hazardous substance.

PPE does not reduce oreliminate the hazard, protectsonly the wearer, and does notprotect anyone else.

PPE includes gloves,respiratory protection, eyeprotection, and protectiveclothing.



Safety Glasses Safety Goggles Face Shield tyvek splash suit

and APRrespirators

Example ofLeather gloves

Example ofNitrile gloves

Full face APR 1/2 face APR

PPE Examples



Industrial suits of different types provide

varying degrees of protection

Type A suits are unventilated and are made of permeable fabric or of non-

woven material.Type B suits are unventilated but impermeable.Types C and D suits are ventilated and impermeable.Type C = Air escapes freely through sleeves and seams.Type D = Exhaust devices such as valves or filters are fitted; pressurized.



GLOVES FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION

Procedure for removingcontaminated lightweight gloves.

Gloves are removed by a special technique to avoid transferring

contamination to other surfaces.

Gloves of different types forprotection against radioactivecontamination



FOOTWEAR FOR PROTECTION AGAINST

RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION

Footwear of differenttypes provides

protection againstradioactivecontamination.

Overshoes and safety

shoes are worn inpotentiallycontaminated areas.



TYPES OF RESPIRATORY PROTECTIVE

EQUIPMENT

Respiratorspurify the air by filtering out particulate materials such as dust or lowconcentrations of gas or vapour.

filtering face piece respirators

half mask respirators

full face mask respirators

powered respirators fitted with a fan and filter(s) to supply air to a half

mask, full face mask, visor, hood or helmet, blouse, half suit or full suit.

Breathing equipment

provides clean air or oxygen from an independent, uncontaminated source. fresh air hose equipment

constant flow compressed air equipment, and

breathing apparatus which includes full face masks and full suits supplied eitherfrom compressed air lines or self-contained cylinders of compressed air.



A filtering face piecerespirator (FFP).

Half maskrespirators withsingle and multiple

cartridges.

Full face mask respirators with visor or individualeyepieces.

Powered respirator with full face mask.

Ventilated visor and helmet.

Respirators



Fresh air hosesupplying a full face

mask

Full face mask with

compressed air line andauxiliary filter.

Self contained breathing apparatus(SCBA) with a demand valve.

A full suit suppliedby compressed air

line.

BREATHING EQUIPMENT



Lightweight Rubber Lead Apron Protective

For RadiologySpecifications Type: Lead Rubber Jacket X-ray Lead apron size:1000*600mm and 900*600mm 0.35mmPb ,0.50mmPb Attention

After the operation, lay the protectiveproducts flat or hang them up by coathangers to avoid breach caused by a long-time fold and avoid radial leak.

The medical X-ray protective clothing aremade of natural rubber and yellow lead

powder, covering with clothing whenprocessing. The lead equivalent is: 0.25mmpb,

0.35mmpb, 0.5mmpb. They are mainly used for the protection of

the X-ray.



Demron lightweight, leadfree radiation-

proof suit Full-body May 9, 2008 Radiation Shield

Technologies has been granted a newpatent for Demron, the protectivegarment that shields users from alphaand beta radiation, gamma rays, x-rays,and other nuclear emissions.

The flexible, cool, and lightweight suitprovides all the protection of a leadapron with a new level of comfort, andwithout any dermal or inhalation risks.

Demron is roughly three to four timesmore expensive than a conventionallead apron, but can be treated like anormal fabric for cleaning, storage anddisposal.

“Demron is a liquid metal that feels likefabric, and the suits are cool,lightweightand flexible,” said Ronald DeMeo,president and CEO of Radiation ShieldTechnologies.



UKAEA standard pressurized suit One-piece garment two-ply laminated 0.012 in (0.30 mm)

translucent PVC with integral PVC feet over which short boots are

worn.

The helmet is of 0-0.20 in (0.50 mm) PVC, the front two-thirds of

which is transparent; it is welded to the neck of the suit.

The entry, at the back of the suit, is closed by a lock-fold comprising

two zip fasteners (inner and outer) and held in position by a splash

guard secured at its lower edge with buttons which are themselves

protected.

Air is supplied via a single air-line and led by a duct to a perforated

false-top air distributor in the headpiece; a plastic foam cartridge

'silencer' is fitted in the duct.

The supporting belt for an air-line and outlet arrangements is of

0065 in (1 65 mm) polythene and is situated inside the suit and its

weight is borne by a sleeve attached to the inner surface of thesuit.

The weight of the suit is about 7-75 lb (3 5 kg).

For hanging the suit, a moulded eyelet is welded on each shoulder.



An Air-conditioned anti-radiation suit used

at the Hanford, Wash. Nuclear Site

Thistearsheet [1] from PopularScience, showsa "girl" with aGeiger counter,

in her air-conditioned suitabout to do her

job at Hanfordatomic site..



HURRICANE SUITS and HOODS

Radium Incorporated (Radium) developedthe ultimate personal cooling system for thenuclear power industry worker.

Radium has developed a ruggedized suitwith a patented (No. 7832396 ) coolingsystem that pumps a large volume offiltered air (HEPA) into the suit while forcingthe hot air out.

The system provides true worker mobilitythat does not require any hoses and/orexternal air sources.

The suit can be worn by workers that wearrespirators, powered air visors, Trend AirShields, and/or any non-back mountedrespiratory protection device.

Radium offers two models of hood:

Category 2 (CAT-2) model for back mountingand a Category 3 (CAT-3) model for headmounting.



Lead glass goggles

lead glass goggles are framed with soft,pliable vinyl and held on the headsecurely by an adjustable strap.

Four direct ventilators prevent

fogging.Eye shielding is provided by a 2" x

4.25" single sheet of fluoroscopicquality lead glass.

The 4.2 density glass will effectively

eliminate more than 95% of directradiation produced by gamma rays.Glass provides 2.00 mm lead

equivalency.



Powder Free Radiation Attenuating Gloves

Reduced Exposure, Freedom of Movement,

Natural Latex Free

provide increased protection from direct x-

ray beam and scattered radiation

more flexibility and greater touch sensitivity Applications include fluoroscopy,

radioisotope handling, radiology and nuclear

medicine.

Because these gloves are powder-free, lead-

free and latex-free, they offer a reduced riskof natural rubber latex allergies

environmentally friendly alternative to

leaded gloves.



The suit inward leakage testThe EN 1073-2 Standard/ EN 13982-2

Determines the barrier efficiency of the suit .

Test particles: Sodium chloride (0.6 µm)

Six suits tested

Test conditions:

3 min standing

3 min walking

3 min squatting

3 measurement probes: chest, waist and knee

Results in: The results are then used to determineboth a performance classification and a “nominalprotection factor”.

% inward leakage Highest % average leakage of the 3 activities (TILE)

Overall % average inward leakage (TIL A )

Nominal protection factor = 100/ (TIL A )

For EN 1073-2 , when tested according

to EN 13982-2, six suits are tested.



a person wearing the protective suit enters a “testing chamber”. Beneaththe protective suit, the person has three measuring probes attached (one

on the chest, one at the waist and one at the knee).Sodium chloride particulates (average size of 0.6 microns) are distributedthroughout the cabin, the wearer performs a series of three physicalactivities• 3 minutes standing still• 3 minutes “on the spot” walking (5km/h)• 3 minutes squatting (at a rate of 5 squats per minute)Sodium chloride particulates that penetrate the protective suit are countedby the probes beneath the suit1.The amount of sodium chloride detected by each probe (per suit perexercise type) is expressed as a percentage ratio vs. the concentration of

the “external” challenge of particulates. The results are then used todetermine both a performance classification and a “nominalprotection factor”.



Nominal Protection Factor & Performance

Class (EN 1073-2 / EN 13982-2) 3 types of performance class to describe the suit particle protection level

Class 1 = Lowest particle barrier

Class 3 = Highest particle barrier

The Nominal Protection Factor is a slightly different way of expressing the

above inward leakage ratios.

a suit which offers the highest protection to the fine particulates will have

LOW inward leakage, and thus a HIGH nominal protection factor.

To determine the performance classification, the total average inwardleakage value per activity (standing, walking and squatting) is calculated

(TILE). This value and also the Nominal protection factor are both

considered in order to determine which performance class is attributed to

the suit.

nuclear protective textiles

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