nuclear power plants – design and safe operation · nuclear power plants – design and safe...

Nuclear Power Plants – Design and Safe Operation

- August 2018 -

Dr.- Ing. L. Mohrbach

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | 8/16/2012 | FOLIE/SLIDE 2

Contents

Nuclear Energy and Climate

Generation I – III Evolutionary: European Pressurized Water Reactor (EPR)

Revolutionary: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor (AP-1000)

Generation IV Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors (LMR)

High-Temperature Reactor (HTR)

Advanced Concepts

Small Modular Reactors (SMR)

Nuclear Energy in the World Switzerland, Canada, USA, Japan, Finland, China, India


1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2016

Coal

HydroRenewablesNuclear

www.bp.com/.../energy...2017/bp-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2017-full-re...

Breakdown of Primary Energy Sources Worldwide

%

30

20

10

4%

Gas

Oil


45,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0 2014 2040

12%

18%

8%

2 K

Wind, Biomass, Solar

HydroNuclear EnergyFossil Energies

TWh / a

Power Generation Worldwide: Climate Agreement of Paris in 2017

12%

4 – 5 K Global

Warming

+ 2.3 % p. a.

+ 1.5 % p. a.


• 450 nuclear power plants provide about 12% of the worldwide electricenergy supply.

• They save around 2 Gt CO2 emissions p. a.

• This corresponds to approx. 6% of all anthropogenic CO2 emissions

Nuclear Energy Effectively Reduces CO2 Emissions


Russia

4 +6 UAE4 Thailand

4 Poland2 Morocco

1 Libya1 Algeria

8 Egypt7 Indonesia

2 Kazakhstan4 Jordan

1 Cambodia1 North Korea

2 Bolivia1 Sri Lanka

2 Sudan3 Kenya

2 Belarus1 The Philippines

2+2 Bangladesh1 Croatia1 Mongolia2 Malaysia 4 Chile

4+8 Turkey16 Saudi Arabia4 Nigeria1 Ghana1 Thailand

98 - 6 + 2 + 1758 - 2 + 1 + 2

36 + 9 + 297 (+35) - 2 + 2

15 + 2 + 1219 + 7

7 - 724 + 524 + 8 + 63

15 + 2 + 68 - 2 + 3

776 - 2 + 22 + 14 + 2 + 25 - 1

6 + 44 + 2 + 1

39 + 40 + 2284 + 2

2 + 3

3 + 2 + 22 + 1 + 4

2 + 65 + 3 + 3

1 - 1 + 11 + 2

2 + 2 + 21 + 1

1 + 1 + 7 Iran

+ 1

USAFrance

CanadaGermany

Switzerland

South Korea KoreaIndia

SwedenSpain

Belgium

BulgariaSlovaki

a

Taiwan

Japan

Ukraine

Czech RepublicFinlandHungaryChinaArgentinaBrazilLithuaniauenMexico

IranSloveniaRumaniaThe NetherlandsArmeniaSouth Africa

Pakistan

Decommissioning Planned: 21 Under Construction: 89 (IAEA: 57) Projects: 414 + 90

450 Nuclear Power Plants in 31 Countries (4/2018)

United Kingdom


35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

€ct/kWh

Source: Eurostat, EdP

EU 28

EU 19 (Euro)

Den

mark

Germany

Ireland

Italy

Spain

Belgium

Portugal UK

Austria

Swed

enCyprus

Nethe

rland

sGreece

Luxembo

urg

Fran

ceLatvia

Sloven

iaFinlan

dSlovakia

Poland

Roman

iaCroa

tiaCzech Re

p.Estonia

Malta

Lithua

nia

Hun

gary

Bulgaria

Liechten

stein

Norway

Icelan

dTurkey

Mon

tene

gro

Moldo

vaFYRO

MBo

snia‐Herzeg.

Alba

nia

Serbia

Kosovo

VATTaxes and Duties (VAT excl.)Generation and Distribution

Household Electricity Prices in Europe in 2015 (2nd Half)


12

10

8

6

4

2

0

1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2010 2014

CO2 Emissions from Combustion plus Cement Production

China

China <2015

USA

EU 28

India

Russia

Japan

Gt CO2 /a

„Carbon Leakage?“


Mio t/a„Wall Fall Profit“

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

Financial Crisis

Kyoto Budget

CO2

CH4,N2O,

FCKW…

Source: Umweltbundesamt Emissionssituation 2016, Energie-Infodienst 2017

1990 2000 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2016 2020

Target:- 40%

17NPPs917

750?

Greenhouse Gas Emissions (CO2 Equivalents)


Contents






Advanced Concepts




Generation I

Early Prototypes

(~100 MW)PWR,BWR,

Magnox

1965

Generation II

CommercialPower Reactors

(600 –1200 MW)CANDU,

AGR,RBMK

1995

Generation III

EvolutionaryPlants

(<1300 MW)

2010

Generation III+

FurtherIncrease ofEfficiency

(1150 –1650 MW)

2030Generation IV

Improvement ofefficiency,

safety,waste economics

Breeders,High-Temperature Reactors,

Liquid Fuel Reactors,Steam Superheating

Small Modular Reactors („SMR“)

Westinghouse4-Loop

Siemens-KWUPre- Convoy

FramatomeEPR

INVAP (Arg)CAREM

Classification of Advanced Developments


Name MWel Developer In Oper. U. Con. Planned

PWR

EPR 1650 Framatome/ EdF - 6 10Atmea 1 1150 Framatome/ Mitsubishi - - 4AP-1000 1100 Brookfield (CAN)/ Westinghouse - 2 -

CAP-1000 1100 CNNC (China)/ Westinghouse - 8 18CAP-1400 1300 CNNC - - 2

ACPR-1000 1000 China GN/ CNPC 24 6 -Hualong- 1 1150 China GN/ CNNC - 6 4

WWER- 1000 1000 Atomenergoprojekt, OKB Gidropress 36 5 -

MIR- 1200 1200 Atomenergoprojekt, OKB Gidropress 2 13 13

TOI 1300 1300 Atomenergoprojekt, OKB Gidropress - 2 -

APR 1400 Korea Electric 1 9 3

BWRABWR 1380 General Electric, Hitachi (Toshiba) 5 2 4

ESBWR 1600 General Electric - - 2

CANDUE-CANDU-6 600 SNC Lavalin/ China GN 2 - 1IPHWR-700 700 Nuclear Power India - 6 8

GEN IVHTR-PM200 200 China NEC - 2 2

CFR-600 600 TerraPower/ CNNC - - 2

SMR

CAREM 27-100 CNEA (Arg.)/ INVAP - 1 1KLT-40 35 Atomenergoprojekt - 1x2 4

Linglong 1 100 CNNC-CNEC New Energy/ NPIC - - 2

Reactors for the World Market in 2018 (Predecessor Types)


8 Pressurised Water Reactors (5 Manufacturers)2 Boiled Water Reactors (1 Manufacturer)2 Heavy Water Reactors (2 Manufacturers)

GENERATION- IV- Programme GIF (US Ministry of Energy 2002)

Six advanced reactor types with improved- safety,- efficiency,- risk of proliferation

Small Modular Reactors:

About 20 pressurised water reactorsAbout 5 light water reactors with supercritical steam parametersAbout 10 high-temperature reactorsAbout 10 liquid metal cooled (fast) reactors (incl. breeders)About 10 molten salt reactors

Summary: World Market for Nuclear Power Plants


Nuclear Power Plant Projects in Europe

„Nuclear“ Country „Newcomer“

CommissionedUnder ConstructionPlanned


Nuclear Power Worldwide

1. AREVA EPR

DWR • 1.650 MW DWR • 950 MW

DWR • 1.117 MW


2 x 1650 MWe AREVA- EPR (4th-of-a-Kind)

First privately financed nuclear project in UK2012: EPR Design Certification („GDA“)2012: „Contract for Difference“:

• Strike Price: 92.50 £/MWh (35a)(less expensive than gas, wind, coal...)

• ( -3 £/MWh if Sizewell C follows )• Inflation-indexed• Incl. fuel, disposal, demolition• Plant lifetime 60a +• Costs of construction 16 G£ (in 2016)• Calculated payback time (24 TWh/a): 7.2 a• Investors: EdF (66.5%) + CGN China General Nuclear (33.5%) • 900 permanent jobs, + 5,600 during construction (57% UK)

Oct. 2014: Approval by European Commission (today: Brexit?)Oct. 2015: Site licence28 July 2016: EdF decision for investment (delayed by French worker councils, start of construction)15 Sept. 2016: Re- evaluation by new government Theresa May („Brain Drain to China?“)2023 - 25: In Operation (7% of UK´s power generation)

10 in Planning: 2 APR Moorside, 2 EPR Sizewell, 4 ABWR Wylfa+Oldbury, 2 Hualong Bradwell

Hinkley Point C (EdF Energy)


Evolutionary development of a German convoy and the French N4 construction line

Design philosophy:

Further improvement of failureavoidance

Incident rates for meltdowns<1·10-7/a

Designed for severe, extremelyimprobable incidents. Limitation of impacts on the plant itself

Economically competitive

Gen III+: EPR


Core catcher concept

Transfer of corium into a safecondition

Multilayerspreading area

Long-term coolingfrom below and

flooding from abovefrom the IRWST.

Gen III+: EPR


2

Unit 2: Control Rod Drive Mechanism Room (below the reactor) in 2017

Finely fragmented corium (failure of the reactor pressure vessel under overpressure?)

Crashed floor grating


Source: Asahi Shimbun


Unit 2: Control Rod Drive Mechanism Room (floor) in 2018

Undamaged fuel assembly head


IAEA: International Atomic Energy Agency Sources: IAEA, VGB

Cor

e M

elt F

requ

ency

per

Yea

r

KWB-A

DWR (Konvoi)

KCB

KCB

KCB

DRS-A

DRS-B

German Units

EPR

AP1000

KERENA

KWB-A

IAEA Recommendation for existing Units

“Residual Risk”

Probability for a Mega Tsunami(higher than 10 m) in Fukushima Daiichi

Insufficient Design against a known Site- specific Risk

IAEA Standard for new Units

Results of Probabilistic Safety Analyses


Westinghouse, USA

Westinghouse: Manufacturer of about ¾ of all PWRs worldwide. Evolutionary Consequent simplification Expanded passive systems

- (e.g. no „nuclear“ diesel necessary) 1999: AP-600 certified by US-NRC

- Operators: Capacity too low 2005: AP-1000 certified (UK: 2011)

- Licence for China, 4 units 2012: 4 units in USA 2016: USA: Delays 2017: Insolvency of Westinghouse,

abandonment of VC Summer 2-3 2018: Commissioning of Sanmen-1 2023: Commissioning of Vogtle-3

Gen III+: Light Water- (PWR) Concepts: AP-600/ AP-1000







Advanced Concepts



Contents


Generation III („Evolutionary“):

PWR – Pressurized Water Reactor

BWR – Boiling Water Reactor

CANDU – Heavy Water Reactor

Generation IV (Revolutionary“):

VHTR

GFR

SFR

LFR

SCWR

MSR

Co-Chair im Steering Committee Roland Schenkel,EC, 23.11.2005, Berlin

VHTR – Very-High-Temperature ReactorGFR – Gas-Cooled Fast ReactorSFR – Sodium-Cooled Fast ReactorLFR – Lead-Cooled Fast ReactorSCWR – Supercritical Water-Cooled ReactorMSR – Molten Salt Reactor

Partly also for H2 and process heat generation

http://gen-iv.ne.doe.gov

USA 2001: Generation IV International Forum (GIF)


Targets of the „Generation IV International Forum“ after 2030

Further development (after GEN III):

• Profitability (cost-effectivness/efficency)• Safety and reliability• Minimisation of residues (partitioning + transmutation)• Enlargement (expansion) of the fuel basis (U, Pu recycling, Th)• Safeguards (stability of proliferation)

Further applications:

• Production of electrolytic hydrogen• Seawater desalination• Process heat


Gen IV (1): Supercritical- Water- Cooled Reactor = HPLWR


Gen IV (2) : Gas- Cooled Fast Reactor

GFRGas-cooled fast reactor

• 600 MWth,

• efficiency of 48%• ceramic fuel,

U/ Pu (20%)

• Helium-cooled(Brayton Cycle)

• closedfuel cycle(combustion of actinides)

• 850 °C process heat (H2 production)


Gen IV (3): Lead- Cooled Fast Reactor

LFR

50 - 1200 MWe,• Unpressurised

• Natural circulation• Metallic or nitrite

fuel, U/ Pu• Pb- or Pb/Bi-

cooling for 550 °C• Closed fuel cycle• Seawater desalination,

H2 production• Cycles of 15 – 20 years


Gen IV (4): Very High- Temperature Reactor


Gen IV (5): Sodium- Cooled Fast Reactor


Gen IV (6): Molten Salt Reactor







Advanced Concepts



Contents


Gen III: Innovative Concepts – IRIS (Westinghouse)

International Reactor Innovative and Secure

Development since 1999, Consortium under management of Westinghouse.

Review within NERI- Generation IV (US-DOE).

Modular system with 100-300 MWel.

PWR with integral pressure vessel:

core

control rods

coolant pumps (4)

steam generators (8 in pair design)

pressuriser


International Reactor Innovative and Secure

Development since 1999, Consortium under management of Westinghouse.

Review within NERI-Generation IV (US-DOE).

Modular system with 100-300 MWel.

PWR with integral pressure vessel:

core

control rods

coolant pumps (4)

steam generator (8 in pair design)

pressuriser

Full- pressure containment.

Gen III: Innovative Concepts – IRIS (Westinghouse)


He- cooled, graphite- moderatedhigh- temperature reactor

Underground Development since 1985 by

- General Atomics,- Framatome,- Fuji Electric, - OKBM/ MINATOM (Russia)

Helium high- temperature turbine- Brayton Cycle

Meltdown- resistant:

Residual heat removalby thermal radiation

Framatome, Frankreich

General Atomics Gas Turbine/ Modular Helium Reactor GT-MHR


• „Fast Breeder“• Radially Migrating Breeding Zone• Multiyear cycles• Depleted U-238 –> Pu-239• Metallic fuel• No reprocessing• Improved safeguards• Open fuel rods?• Efficient coolant purification• Xiapu- 2 (Fujian, China)• 600 MWe• Operational 2023

Terrapower Travelling Wave Reactor (Bill Gates)

Source: www.terrapower.com


Terrapower Molten Chloride Fast Reactor MCFR (Bill Gates)

Fuel Dissolved in Molten SaltJanuary 2016: 40 M$ funding (5a)U.S. Department of EnergySouthern Company,Oak Ridge National Laboratory,Electric Power Research InstituteVanderbilt UniversityUnder design: Component test rigs

Neutronreflectors

Vessel

Heatexchanger

Reactor

1966-73: Pilot project,stopped due to unmanageable corrosion

Source: www.terrapower.com







Advanced Concepts



Contents


SMR Project Flexblue (Sea Floor)

DCNS (Shipyard)/ Framatome/ CEA/ EdF(Direction des Constructions Navales)

PWR 160 MWel, Gd- based absorber


Floating Nuclear Power Plant „Akademik Lomonossov“ KLT40S

1 Reactor2 Steam generator3 Reactor coolant pumps4 Control rod drives5 Emergency core cooling accumulator6 Pressuriser (1st vessel)7 Pressuriser (2nd vessel) 8 Steam lines9 Isolation valves10 Heat exchanger residual heat removal

system2x35 MWel, commissioning in 2019







Advanced Concepts



Contents


1 € = 1.15 SFr

Costs of Generation (Example Switzerland 2017)

Hydro power*

Small hydro power

Wind power

Photovoltaics

Gas-combinedpower plants

*without pumped storage

Nuclear power

Comparison of Average Production Costs

Full Costs

ProductionCosts

ExternalCosts

SystemCosts on

GridLevel


Electricity Prices in Canada in 2017

Source: Canada's National Electricity Board (NEB)

Nunavut Manitoba

Quebec

Source: Canada‘s National Electricty Board 2018

AlbertaNorthwestTerritory

Yukon

Newf.+Labrador

OntarioPr. Ed-WardIsland

NewBrunswick

Saskatchawan

Brit.Col.

€ct/kWh

CAN$ ct/kWh

30

20

10

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Nova

Scotia


Licence Extensions in USA in Feb. 2018

Lifetime extension to 60 years:

Lifetime extension to 80 years:

Authorised for approx. 90 reactors, remaining plants will follow

Decision for submission for the first four reactors(Calvert Cliffs + …)


First final repository worldwide for heat generating waste from NPPs *

• 2000: Government decision for a final repository for spent nuclear fuel• 2001: Decision in principle by Finnish parliament• 2012: Application of construction licence by Posiva (TVO/FORTUM) for

Olkiluoto site• 2015: STUK** Confirmation that all safety criteria are met• 12 November 2015: Construcion licence for 6,500 t of spent fuel*• Next steps: Construction until 2020• Before commissioning: Application for operation licence

Finland: Final Repository ONKALO

*: Enough for morethan 50 a operation of 5 NPPs

** STUK: Finnish Radiation andNuclear Safety Authority

Sources: STUK, 02/2015, WNA 11/2015


Anzahl KKW- Blöcke in Japan

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

In Betrieb Vorhanden Beschädigt

Anträge für Weiterbetrieb: 25,davon genehmigt: 10

Fukushima Daiichi 1-4 Mihama 1-2Genkai-1Shimane-1

Tsuruga-1

Fukushima Daiichi 5-6

Monju Ikata-2Ohi 1-2

Sendai 1-2

Ikata-1

Ikata-3Takahama 3-4Ohi 3-4

Shimane-3

Ohi 3-4Genkai 3

Genkai 4


India: 24 In Operation, 8 Under Construction, 63 in Planning (<2035)

Gorakhpur/Kumharia

Rawatbhata

Mahi Banswara

Kakrapar

Mithi Virdi

Jaitapur

Kudankulam

Kovvada

Narora

Tarapur

Madras/Kalpakkam

1: CANDU-1002: CANDU-2205: CANDU-4507: CANDU-700H: AHWR- 300

A: AP-1000B: BWR-180G: ESBWRW: WWER-1000E: EPR-1600F: Fast Breeder

7 7

7 7

7 7 7

7

5

7

7 7 7 7

2 2 2 22

22

2 22222

22

1

5BA A A A A A

W W W W

7

E E E E E E

G G G G G G

W

7 77

7 7

KaigaKudgi/ Bijapur

NizampatnamKavaliPulivendula

Bhimpur

FFFF F

BH

WW W W

Chutka

Rajouli/ Nawada

7

7 7

7 7

Markandi

W W

7

777777 W W WW


Fangjiashan

JiyangTianwanHaiyang

Wuhu Bamaoshan

SanmenPengzeNingde

Sanming

LufengLingao

TaishanChangjiang

Fuqing

Hongshiding

DonggangXudapu/ Xudabao

Hongyanhe

Nanyang, Luoyang, Xinyang

Lanzhou

Putian; Zhangzhou- Gulei

Xiaomoshan

Tongren

Changjiang

XiapuSichuan

Jiangxi

Guangdong

Fujian

Zhejiang

JiangsuAnhuiHenan

Hunan

Chongqing

Shandong

Shanghai

Hebei

Guangxi

Taiwan

Beijing

Ganshu

Xinjiang

Tibet

Qinghai

Yunnan

Guizhu

Shaanxi

Tianjin

ShanxiNingxia

Inner Mongolia

Heilongjiang

Fangchenggang (Bailong)Pingnan (Baishan)

Daya BayHuizu/Huangbu

Yangjiang

Changde

Xiantan

Xianning (Dafan)Zhingxian Guangshui

Yangxin

Liangjiashan

Songjiang

Shaoguan Zhanjiang Haifeng

Longyu, Cangnan

HengrenPulandian

FulingShizu

Haixing-CangzhuQiaofushan,

Heyuan (Jieyang) Hebaodao

Shangrao,Ganzhou,

Yibin/ PenganNanchong-Sanba,

Jingyu

Jiamusi

Wan‘an-Yanjiashan

Rongcheng/Shidaowan

HH

HH

H

HH HH

HH

H

HHH

H

H H

H H

H

H H

H

H H H

HH

H

H

H

H

W W W

EEEE

U

W

FT

G

U

C

C

CCCC

CCCC C

CC

CC

C

CCCCC

C

C C

C CCC C

3

C C

66

6666

6 6

111

11 1

1414

CC

C C

F

G

G

HH H

Zhangzhou

C

Hainan

Jilin

BLiaoning

Taohuajiang

Hongkong H H HHH

G6Jingtan

Hubei

1

C C

F

G6Ruijin

AnqingG6

G6

G6

G6Bai‘An

H H H

H

H

1 1 1

China: 46 Units ( 2018), 41 under Construction, 189 Planned (<2035)

Jiutai4: DHP-400th Yanlong1: ACP-100 Linglong-1G: HTR-200/6006: ACP-600F: C(D)FR-600U: CANDU-600C: (A)CPR-1000H: Hualong-1

: CAP-100014: CPR-1400

W: WWER-1000E : EPR-1600T: Travelling WaveS: Floating (+21)

W

W W4 4

11 1

Quinshan

Bohai Sea

W


Concluding Remarks:

1. Highly developed technology, exportable

2. Operation-proven with more than 17,000 (reactor) years

3. Acceptance: 90 % of the Europeans live in countries with nuclear energy

4. Fukushima was not a residual risk incident, no radiation damages

5. Nuclear power plants do not age as other power plants,early shutdown means an enormous destruction of financial assets

6. Highly profitable if technical lifetime can be reached

7. Quasi-domestic

8. Carbon neutral

Résumé

9


Thank you very much for your attention!

Dr- Ing. L. MohrbachVGB PowerTech e.V.

Deilbachtal 173D-45257 Essen

[email protected].: xx49 201 8128 221Fax: xx49 201 8128 345

www.vgb.org

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