nuclear power plant presentation
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
1/16
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
2/16
INTRODUCTION
All Conventional thermal power plants have a fuel source to provide
heat. For a nuclear power plant, this heat is provided by nuclear
fission inside the nuclear reactor's core.
When a relatively large fissile atomic nucleus is struck by a neutron it
forms two or more smaller nuclei as fission products, releasing energy
and neutrons in a process called nuclear fission. The neutrons then
trigger further fission, and so on.
When this nuclear chain reaction is controlled, the energy released
can be used to heat water, produce steam and drive a turbine that
generates electricity.
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
3/16
NUCLEAR REACTORS
The basic parts of a reactor are the core, a moderator, control rods,
a coolant, and shielding. The core of a reactor contains the uranium
fuel.
The neutrons produced by fission are travelling at great speeds, and
in most reactors, they are deliberately slowed down by a material
known as a moderator. A moderator is composed of light atoms and
the materials most commonly used are carbon in the form of
graphite, and water.
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
4/16
NUCLEAR REACTORS
For more precise control of the chain reaction, control rods are
inserted into the core of the reactor. Pushed in, they absorb
neutrons and slow down the reaction - pulled out they allow it
to speed up again. In this way the chain reaction is controlled.
Fissions occurring in the reactor generate an enormous
amount of heat. A liquid or gas coolant carries this heat away
from the reactor to a boiler where steam is made.
Shielding, typically made of steel and concrete about two
metres thick, is an outer casing that prevents radiation from
escaping to the environment.
It may be noted that concrete outershielding are designed ti
withstand aircraft crash.
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
5/16
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
6/16
PRESSURISED WATER REACTOR
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
7/16
PRESSURISED WATER REACTORS
The most common type of reactor is the Pressurized Water Reactor
(PWR)
In the PWR, there are two main water cycles. One is the water inside
the core that is highly radioactive. This water's heat is transferred to
other, non-radioactive water inside the second loop. This water is
then used to turn a turbine.
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
8/16
BOILING WATER REACTOR
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
9/16
BOILING WATER REACTORS
The second most popular reactor type is the Boiling Water Reactor
(BRW). This type of reactor differs from the PWR in that there is only
one water cycle.
Radioactive water is used to turn the turbine. The major
disadvantage of this is that the radioactive nuclides in the water
that cause its radioactivity can be transferred to the turbine, thus
causing it to become radioactive too.
This produces more hazardous material that needs to be disposed
off when a reactor is dismantled.
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
10/16
PRESSURISED HEAVY WATER REACTOR
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
11/16
PRESSURIZED HEAVY WATER REACTOR
Fuel assemblies are placed horizontally in a tank called a calandria.
Heavy water coolant is pumped through tubes containing the fuel
assemblies to pick up the heat generated from the nuclear reaction. The coolant then moves to the steam generators to produce steam
from ordinary water and back to the reactor.
Heavy water is a rare but natural form of water and is the most
effective moderator used in nuclear reactors to maintain continuous
fissioning. Ordinary water is a combination of one oxygen and two
hydrogen atoms (H2O).
Heavy water is virtually identical, except each of the hydrogen atoms
have an extra neutron. This hydrogen isotope is called deuterium
(D). Since heavy water (D2O) has almost all the extra neutrons it
wants, it slows neutrons in the reactor without significantly
absorbing them. The advantage of heavy water is that it permits the
use of unenriched uranium as fuel.
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
12/16FAST BREEDER REACTOR
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
13/16
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
14/16
FAST BREEDER REACTOR
The Fast Breeder Reactor (FBR) has a core of plutonium surroundedby rods of U-238. The U-238 nuclei absorb neutrons from the core
and are transformed into plutonium (P-239).
For every four atoms of plutonium that are used up in the core of
the breeder, five new plutonium atoms are made from the U-238.Therefore, FBRs "breed" plutonium.
Fast breeder reactors work at such a high temperature that they
need a special coolant such as liquid sodium.
In addition, they are not equipped with a moderator to slow downneutrons, and for this reason are called "fast" breeders.
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
15/16
LIST OF INSTALLATION IN INDIA
Power plant Location Country Start date Type & Gross
power
Kaiga-2 Karnataka India 1999 PHWR, 220MW
Kakrapar-1 Gujarat India 1992 PHWR, 220MW
Kakrapar-2
Gujarat
India
1995
PHWR, 220MW
Kalpakkam - 1 Tamilnadu India 1983 PHWR, 170MW
Kalpakkam - 2 Tamilnadu India 1985 PHWR, 170MW
Narora-1 Uttar Pradesh India 1989 PHWR, 220MW
-
8/10/2019 Nuclear Power Plant Presentation
16/16
LIST OF INSTALLATION IN INDIA
Power plant Location Country Start date Type & Gross
power
Narora-2
Uttar
Pradesh
India
1992
PHWR,
220MW
Rajasthan-1 Rajasthan India 1972 PHWR,
100MW
Rajasthan-2
Rajasthan
India
1980
PHWR,200MW
Tarapur-1 Maharastra India 1969 BWR, 160MW
Tarapur-2 Maharastra India 1969 BWR, 160MW
Kaiga-1
Karnataka
India
2000
PHWR,
220MW
Rajasthan-3 Rajasthan India 2000 PHWR,
220MW
Rajasthan-4 Rajasthan India 2000 PHWR,
200MW