NUCLEAR NUCLEAR ENERGYENERGY

Current Energy: Nuclear Current Energy: Nuclear PowerPower

>Current energy resource being used today is >Current energy resource being used today is nuclear power nuclear power

>There are about 400 factories in the world and around 100 of >There are about 400 factories in the world and around 100 of these are in the U.S.these are in the U.S.

>Nuclear power runs under the Rankine Cycle common among >Nuclear power runs under the Rankine Cycle common among energy resourcesenergy resources

>Common Uranium used in plants is the Uranium-238. Uranium >Common Uranium used in plants is the Uranium-238. Uranium tends to have long lives and Uranium-238 is 99% of the Uranium tends to have long lives and Uranium-238 is 99% of the Uranium

on the planeton the planet

>19.9% of the world’s energy comes from nuclear power>19.9% of the world’s energy comes from nuclear power

>Efficiency: 89.9%>Efficiency: 89.9%

Nuclear Power: Pros vs. Nuclear Power: Pros vs. ConsCons

PROSPROS Much energy can be Much energy can be

produced from small produced from small amounts of fuelamounts of fuel

Small amounts of Small amounts of wastewaste

Nuclear power is Nuclear power is reliablereliable

CONSCONS Although not much waste Although not much waste

is produced, it is is produced, it is extremely dangerous and extremely dangerous and must be buried or put must be buried or put away for a long time for it away for a long time for it to be safeto be safe

Expensive to keep the Expensive to keep the plant safe: if a disaster plant safe: if a disaster does occur, then it can be does occur, then it can be catastrophic catastrophic

Uranium itself isn’t Uranium itself isn’t renewable, because once renewable, because once we have dug it all from the we have dug it all from the earth, it will be gone earth, it will be gone

IS IT WORTH IT?IS IT WORTH IT? COSTSCOSTS

Over 100 billion dollarsOver 100 billion dollars Each reactor costs around 300 million dollarsEach reactor costs around 300 million dollars Total price includes maintenance and operational costTotal price includes maintenance and operational cost In 2005, cost for energy was 1.72 cents per kilowatt-hour In 2005, cost for energy was 1.72 cents per kilowatt-hour

POLLUTIONPOLLUTION Waste is toxic for over 200,000 yearsWaste is toxic for over 200,000 years Radioactivity: produced material that continues to emit radiationRadioactivity: produced material that continues to emit radiation

POWER PRODUCEDPOWER PRODUCED 787 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity787 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity

EFFICIENCYEFFICIENCY Capacity for plants in the Capacity for plants in the United States is 89.9%United States is 89.9%

Coal PlantsCoal Plants

Deadly Coal Deadly Coal plantplant facts facts

Pollution from coal-fired power plants increased more than Pollution from coal-fired power plants increased more than 16 percent since 1992 and is likely to worsen as utilities 16 percent since 1992 and is likely to worsen as utilities competing in deregulated markets increasingly rely on competing in deregulated markets increasingly rely on older power plants, a new study says.older power plants, a new study says.Air pollution from power plants alone contributes to an Air pollution from power plants alone contributes to an estimated 30,000 premature deaths, hundreds of thousands estimated 30,000 premature deaths, hundreds of thousands of asthma attacks, and tens of thousands of of asthma attacks, and tens of thousands of hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular The United States has the world's largest known coal The United States has the world's largest known coal reserves, about 267.6  billion short tons. reserves, about 267.6  billion short tons.  illnesses each year.illnesses each year.

• Coal generates 54% of our electricity• Efficiencies as high as 40 percent • Burning coal creates 1.9 billion tons per year of carbon

dioxide• Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce

electricity and heat through combustion. • Coal power plants obtain approximately 2.0 kW-h per

kg of burned coal • 2005 the average cost

cents/10 Btu Dollars/tons154 cents $31.20

Coal fire power plants

2005 Coal 2005 Coal Production by Production by RegionRegion(U.S. Total: 1,131.5 (U.S. Total: 1,131.5 Million Short Tons Million Short Tons (1.7%)) (1.7%))

Pros and cons

pros: Abundant domestic supplies. The most competitively priced of U.S. energy sources. Coal is simple and safe to transport and store. Ash, sulfur, nitrogen, and metals emissions have been reduced under the Clean Air Act, but far from eliminated.

cons: Burning coal creates 1.9 billion tons per year of carbon dioxide. Mining and combustion pollute waters; surface mining (especially mountaintop removal) and underground mining can deface land, pollute soil, and obstruct, obliterate, or poison streams.

ConclusionConclusion

• Although coal has the most abundant amount Although coal has the most abundant amount of energy supplies it is also extremely of energy supplies it is also extremely harmful. Air pollution from power plants harmful. Air pollution from power plants alone contributes to an estimated 30,000 alone contributes to an estimated 30,000 premature deaths, hundreds of thousands of premature deaths, hundreds of thousands of asthma attacks, and tens of thousands of asthma attacks, and tens of thousands of hospitalizations for respiratory and hospitalizations for respiratory and cardiovascular. Coal plants leave more than cardiovascular. Coal plants leave more than 159 million Americans live in communities 159 million Americans live in communities with unhealthy air with unhealthy air

Internal Internal Combustion Combustion

EnginesEngines

BackgroundBackground

• The engine works by The engine works by the fuel coming the fuel coming inside the vault then inside the vault then being compressed being compressed then the fuel being then the fuel being lit by the piston. lit by the piston. After the explosion After the explosion the turbine gets the turbine gets pushed down pushed down making the wheels making the wheels turn.turn.

Pros VS ConsPros VS Cons

•PROS:PROS:• It is quick burning meaning It is quick burning meaning

that it is very quick and that it is very quick and that it works very fast.that it works very fast.

• Powers up daily necessities Powers up daily necessities like any type of vehicle.like any type of vehicle.

• It helps and lets humans It helps and lets humans have the ability to travel have the ability to travel faster and beyond.faster and beyond.

• It is able to heat up the It is able to heat up the boiler in the rankine cycle.boiler in the rankine cycle.

• CONS:CONS:• Only uses 15% the gas put into Only uses 15% the gas put into

it.it.• Causes great pollution.Causes great pollution.• Limited amount because to make Limited amount because to make

combustion able liquids you need combustion able liquids you need oil and it is approximated that it oil and it is approximated that it will end in the year 2059.will end in the year 2059.

• The gas mileage per mile is very The gas mileage per mile is very low.low.

• Around 85% of energy id lost to Around 85% of energy id lost to noise and heat and friction.noise and heat and friction.

• Destroys the environment.Destroys the environment.• All the bad gases are let out All the bad gases are let out

which help fight to break the which help fight to break the ozone layer.ozone layer.

ConclusionConclusion

• Should be switched to a Should be switched to a different type of energy different type of energy source because it source because it destroys more than it destroys more than it helps out and it also helps out and it also helps a lot to destroy helps a lot to destroy the ozone layer by the ozone layer by adding to pollution and adding to pollution and it is bad because we it is bad because we need the ozone layer to need the ozone layer to survive. Also because survive. Also because only 15% of its energy only 15% of its energy becomes wanted becomes wanted energy.energy.

                                    

                                  

Hydro Electricity

Hydroelectricity is electricity produced Hydroelectricity is electricity produced by hydropower. Hydroelectricity now by hydropower. Hydroelectricity now supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world electricity (16% in 2003). It is also world electricity (16% in 2003). It is also the world's leading form of renewable the world's leading form of renewable energy, accounting for over 63% of the energy, accounting for over 63% of the total in 2005. Although large total in 2005. Although large hydroelectric installations generate most hydroelectric installations generate most of the world's hydroelectricity, small of the world's hydroelectricity, small hydro schemes are particularly popular hydro schemes are particularly popular in China, which has over 50% of world in China, which has over 50% of world small hydro capacity.small hydro capacity.

Facts About Hydro ElectricityFacts About Hydro Electricity

How does it work?

Pros Hydroelectricity is a renewable

energy source that does not produce greenhouse gases.

Operation and maintenance costs for hydroelectricity plants are much lower than for thermal electricity power plants. Breakdowns are few because their mechanical design is relatively simple, and no excess heat is generated during operations.

Hydroelectricity generating plants have a long life.

When a hydroelectricity water storage dam is built, the water in the dam can be used as a source of drinking water and for recreational purposes such as boating and fishing.

ConsCons• Usually a large area of land has

to be flooded to ensure a continuous flow of water to the turbine. In some cases when a dam is built, large populations have to be relocated. In China, the Three Gorges Dam Project on the Yangtze River will displace more than 1 million people.

• Dams affect river ecosystems. Rivers usually experience seasonal flooding that flush out river backwaters and deposit silt on riverbanks. Dams prevent those seasonal floods and allow silt and vegetation to clog up river backwaters. This causes changes to the environments, which may impact plant and animal habitats.

Hydro Electricity Pros and Cons

Conclusion

Hydro Power is an integral part of the Hydro Power is an integral part of the generation of electricity in Scotland. It generation of electricity in Scotland. It is not a new technology and therefore is not a new technology and therefore has been optimised in this country. has been optimised in this country. The way forward is no longer The way forward is no longer increasing the number of schemes, increasing the number of schemes, but instead to ensure efficient but instead to ensure efficient management and modernisation of management and modernisation of the schemes. Optimising Pumped the schemes. Optimising Pumped Storage wherever possible is also an Storage wherever possible is also an important step towards hydropower important step towards hydropower realising its full potential.realising its full potential.

WIND POWERWIND POWER

ALTERNATIVE ENERGYALTERNATIVE ENERGY

WIND POWERWIND POWER

• Is the conversion of wind to energyIs the conversion of wind to energy By the end of 2006, generators were 74,223 By the end of 2006, generators were 74,223

megawattsmegawatts Globally, wind power has quadrupled between Globally, wind power has quadrupled between

2000 and 20062000 and 2006 Windmills are an older technology that have been Windmills are an older technology that have been

used before to pump water or crush grainused before to pump water or crush grain Efficiency: 30.0%Efficiency: 30.0% 30 cents per kilowatt with diesel engineered 30 cents per kilowatt with diesel engineered

generatorsgenerators

WIND POWER: pros vs. consWIND POWER: pros vs. cons

• PROSPROS• SustainableSustainable

• Non-pollutingNon-polluting

• Well proven Well proven technology, we know technology, we know it will workit will work

• Can be built Can be built moderately sizedmoderately sized

• CONSCONS• Doesn’t produce Doesn’t produce

power when the power when the wind isn’t blowing: wind isn’t blowing: dependentdependent

• Called noisy and Called noisy and “eye sores”“eye sores”

• Costly to build a Costly to build a wind farmwind farm

Biofuels- Alternative Biofuels- Alternative engeryengery

Biofuels Biofuels

Biofuels- liquid transportation fuels made from plants and other forms of biomass.

The two main types of Biofuels:

Ethanol is a gasoline-type fuel made by fermenting sugars into alcohol. Biodiesel is a diesel-type fuel made by separating glycerin from animal and vegetable oil to create methyl esters.

More about BiofuelsMore about BiofuelsBiofuels can reduce costly petroleum imports, cut greenhouse gas emissions, increase farm income, and boost rural development.

Biofuels are good for the environment

Efficiency: 1.24Power produce: 17%

Cost: varies. Example: Ethanol made by corn cost an average of $2.10 per gallon

Cars, trucks, and farm machinery can all run on low-volume biofuel blends without any

change. E85 will produce lower Ethanol contains approx. 34% less energy per gallon than gasoline mileage than gasoline, and will require more frequent refueling

Most ethanol is produced using a four-step process:

The ethanol feedstock (crops or plants) are ground up for easier processing;

Sugar is dissolved from the ground material, or the starch or cellulose is converted into sugar;

Microbes feed on the sugar, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide as byproducts; and

The ethanol is purified to achieve the correct concentration.

How Ethanol is How Ethanol is producedproduced

pros and conspros and consCONS

There might not be enough farms to produce BiofuelsChallenges to meet the demands of providing enough cropsMay require changing many of the remaining rainforests into space of open farm landsMay require taking away 60% of soy crops to make more Biodiesel productsMay require more energy than they can generateCould raise prices on global foodBankrupts farmersMany other farmers need to grow many other crops Biofuels uses more energy then it can generate.

PROS

Biofuels can reduce costly petroleum imports cut greenhouse gas emissions increase farm income,does not contribute to global warming

And boost rural development. Biofuels are also cleaner burning and reduce emissions of particulate matter Biofuels are biodegradable and nontoxic.Farmers in both developing and developed countries stand to gain from the expanded use of BiofuelsFarmers produce them domestically, which will reduce dependency of foreign sourcesEasy for people to useYou could fill you old cars with Biodiesel and it would still runCures addiction to petroleum

ConclusionConclusion

Bio fuels are more cheaper then regular gasoline

Biofuels are good for the environment

Biofuels are also cleaner burning and reduce emissions of particulate matter, a major component of urban air pollution. Biofuels are biodegradable and nontoxic.

Solar Power

Facts about Solar PowerFacts about Solar Power Solar cells, also referred to as photovoltaic cells, are devices or

banks of devices that use the photovoltaic effect of semiconductors to generate electricity directly from sunlight. Until recently, their use has been limited because of high manufacturing costs. One cost effective use has been in very low-power devices such as calculators with LCDs. Another use has been in remote applications such as roadside emergency telephones, remote sensing, cathodic protection of pipe lines, and limited "off grid" home power applications. A third use has been in powering orbiting satellites and spacecraft. To take advantage of the incoming electromagnetic radiation from the sun, solar panels can be attached to each house or building. The panels should be mounted perpendicular to the arc of the sun to maximize usefulness. The easiest way to use this electricity is by connecting the solar panels to a grid tie inverter. However, these solar panels may also be used to charge batteries or other energy storage device. Solar panels produce more power during summer months because they receive more sunlight. The cost payback time may take over 10 years depending on the cost of grid electricity and tax rebates.

How does it work?How does it work?

Solar Energy Pros and ConsSolar Energy Pros and ConsPros

The 89 petawatts of sunlight reaching the earth's surface is plentiful compared to the 15 terawatts of average power consumed by humans.

Additionally, solar electric generation has the highest power density (global mean of 170 W/m2) among renewable energies. Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and emissions are manageable using existing pollution

controls.

Cons Solar electricity is expensive

compared to grid electricity. Solar heat and electricity are not available at night and may be unavailable due to weather conditions; therefore, a storage or complementary power system is required for most applications. Limited power density: Average daily insolation in the contiguous U.S. is 3-9 kW·h/m2 usable by 7-19.7% efficient solar panels. Solar cells produce DC which must be converted to AC when used in currently existing distribution grids. This incurs an energy loss of 4-12%.

Fuel CellsFuel CellsAlternative EnergyAlternative Energy

BackgroundBackground

• Fuel Cells:• Principal Discovered by a German

Scientist in 1838• Bush announced a program called

Hydrogen Fuel Initiative (HFI)• The efficiency is that out of .7 volts used

only 50% will become electrical energy and the other 50% will become heat.

• United State has dedicated over one billion dollars on this project.

• They chose fuel cells because oil companies will raise the oil price and gas will become too expensive meaning fuel cells will be at a lower cost.

• A problem encountered by fuel cells is that if the energy source will not be durable.

• Another problem is that to deliver it will be hard because the air compressors used to carry the fuels are not made for vehicle use.

• Methanol fuel cell. The actual fuel cell stack is the layered cubic structure in the center of the image .

Pros VS ConsPros VS Cons

• PROS:• Very high efficiency

of 50% that is converted into usable energy.

• Not much pollution is let out into the atmosphere after the energy is used.

• CONS:• Fuel cells are very

expensive.

Current TechnologyCurrent Technology

Energy Source N Power produced

$ / KW hr. Pollution

Engine 15% $ 0.075 24 Tons/.5 Million/

Year

Nuclear Power 88.9% 787 Billions $ 0.0172 No green house pollution

Coal Power 40% 1,131.5 short tons $ 0.07 1.9 Billion Tons

Hydro Electricity 80% 2080 megawatts $ 0.04 No green house pollution

Alternative EnergyAlternative Energy

Energy Source Efficiency

Power produced

$ / KW hr. Pollution

Wind Power 30% 74,223 megawatts

$ 0.30 No green house pollution

Solar Power 19.7% 500 MV $ 0.50 No green house pollution

Fuel Cells 50% $ 0.05 No green house pollution

Bio Fuels 33% 38 megawatts of steam power

Plus 5 megawatts of

electricity

$ 0.13 Sulfur dioxide, carbon

monoxide and possibly volatile

organics.

ConclusionConclusion

• This conveys that fuel cells are very helpful and are necessary in our everyday life and that they can help protect the atmosphere but at the same time help us provide energy for our every uses like cars and other transportations.

ReferencesReferences

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cells• http://www.nrdc.org/air/pollution/ports/images/exec1.gif• http://www.cardesignonline.com/images/renault-clio-v6.jpg• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a6/4-Stroke-

Engine.gif

• http://www.google.com/search?q=power+produced+by+ethanol&start=0&ie=utf-8&oe=utf-8&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official

ReferencesReferences

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www.google.comwww.google.com http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/np-risk.htmhttp://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/np-risk.htm http://home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/nuclear.htmhttp://home.clara.net/darvill/altenerg/nuclear.htm http://www.nei.org/doc.asp?catnum=2&catid=10http://www.nei.org/doc.asp?catnum=2&catid=10

66 www.wikipedia.comwww.wikipedia.com http://www.citizen.org/cmep/energy_enviro_nuclhttp://www.citizen.org/cmep/energy_enviro_nucl

ear/newnukes/articles.cfm?ID=4167ear/newnukes/articles.cfm?ID=4167