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INTRODUCTION

This volume of Congress proceedings includes summaries of posters received by 31 May

2000. Minor changes may have occurred since that date. These

proceedings are divided into three parts or sections:

Part 1 : Posters in the main poster hall

Part 2 : Posters presented in poster/panel and group sessions.

Part 3 : Posters displayed during sub-plenary sessions

Part 4 : Posters displayed in task forces

Special thanks to the authors for their contributions to the scientific

programme of this Congress. Enjoy your stay in Malaysia.

Eric Teissier du Cros, chairman of the CSC

Note: The summaries have been published as received from the authors and reviewers,

respectively, who have sole responsibility for their content.

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Table of Contents

PART 1: POSTERS IN THE MAIN POSTER HALL............................................... 1

Division 1 Silviculture ........................................................................................................................................... 31.00.00 Division 1 Meetings ............................................................................................................................... 5

Division 2 Physiology and Genetics ................................................................................................................... 452.00.00 Division 2 Meetings ............................................................................................................................. 472.01.17 Vegetative propagation......................................................................................................................... 732.02.00 Genetic improvement ........................................................................................................................... 802.02.00 / 2.08.00 Future of breeding and plantations in asustainability-oriented world............................................................................................................................. 832.04.01 Conservation and management of forest gene resources...................................................................... 842.09.00 Seed physiology and technology .......................................................................................................... 89

Division 3 Forest Operations and Techniques .................................................................................................. 933.02.00 Effects of nursery and silvicultural operations on the environment and society .................................. 953.04.00 Operational planning and control; work study ..................................................................................... 983.05.00 Forest operations in the tropics............................................................................................................. 993.06.00 Forest operations under mountainous conditions ............................................................................... 1033.07.00 Ergonomics 1+2 ................................................................................................................................. 1053.10.00 Harvesting, wood delivery and utilisation 1+2................................................................................... 1103.11.00 Forest operations and environmental protection................................................................................. 112

Division 4 Inventory, Growth, Yield, Quantitative and Management Sciences........................................... 1194.00.00 Division 4 Meetings ........................................................................................................................... 1214.01.00 Using growth models for better forest management in the tropics..................................................... 1264.01.04 Using models for forest growth and stand dynamicsto evaluate sustainability ................................................................................................................................. 1284.01.04 Modeling regeneration and the development of young forests........................................................... 1404.01.08 Environmental effects on forest growth and stand dynamics ............................................................. 1404.01.00 / 4.02.00 / 1.07.00 Using growth models for better forestmanagement in the tropics............................................................................................................................... 1434.02.00 Forest resources inventory and monitoring ........................................................................................ 1464.02.01 Forestry products collection and sustainable forest management....................................................... 1484.02.03 / 4.02.06 Update calibration and enhancement of forest inventoriesthrough the inclusion of remotely sensed data ................................................................................................ 1574.02.05 Remote sensing and forest monitoring ............................................................................................... 1594.02.00 / 4.11.00 Design of small and large scalemultipurpose forest inventories ....................................................................................................................... 1614.04.00 Advances in combining productivity and sustainability in forest management ................................. 1664.04.04 Economic planning systems for forest management .......................................................................... 1704.12.00 Integration of GIS and Remote Sensing for Assessment of Forests and Landscapes......................... 1704.04.02 / 4.13.00 Sustainable forest management under conditions ofgrowing global pressures................................................................................................................................. 174

Division 5 Forest Products................................................................................................................................ 1775.00.00 Division 5 Meetings ........................................................................................................................... 1795.01.00 Wood quality ...................................................................................................................................... 1845.01.01 Formation of wood ............................................................................................................................. 1915.01.02 Natural variations in wood quality ..................................................................................................... 1915.01.04 Biological improvement of wood properties ...................................................................................... 1965.01.05 Wood properties desired by end-users................................................................................................ 1975.02.00 Timber engineering ............................................................................................................................ 2045.03.00 Protection of Wood from decay and fire ............................................................................................ 2055.04.00 Wood processing into the next millenium.......................................................................................... 2125.04.06 Wood drying....................................................................................................................................... 2185.04.07 Adhesives and wood gluing................................................................................................................ 2195.04.08 Milling and machining ....................................................................................................................... 221

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5.04.10 Production systematics ....................................................................................................................... 2225.04.12 Surfacing and finishing ...................................................................................................................... 2235.04.13 Industrial engineering and operations................................................................................................. 2255.05.00 Composite and reconstituted products................................................................................................ 2265.05.01 Lignocellulosic-based composites...................................................................................................... 2305.05.02 Recycling and recycled products........................................................................................................ 2325.05.03 Wood/Non-wood combinations.......................................................................................................... 2345.05.04 Modification of lignocellulosics......................................................................................................... 2375.06.00 Properties and utilization of tropical woods ....................................................................................... 2425.06.02 Quality teak timber from plantations.................................................................................................. 2475.06.03 Improving the utilization of plantations of Eucalypts ........................................................................ 2475.07.00 Energy and chemicals from forest biomass ........................................................................................ 2485.07.01 Fundamentals of wood carbonization................................................................................................. 2565.08.00 Production and utilization of bamboo and related species.Challenges for the new millenium................................................................................................................... 2635.10.00 Forest products marketing .................................................................................................................. 2685.11.00 Non- wood forest products ................................................................................................................. 2715.11.02 Medicinal and aromatic plants............................................................................................................ 2915.11.03 Edible products from the forest .......................................................................................................... 2945.12.00 Sustainable wood industry.................................................................................................................. 294

Division 6 Social, Economic, Information, and Policy Sciences .................................................................... 3036.00.00 Division 6 Meetings ........................................................................................................................... 3056.01.00 Tools to integrate nature conservation and recreation for landscape management ............................ 3276.03.02 Forest Terminology: How to get society understand forest terminology ........................................... 3306.06.02 How are innovations applied in sustainable forestry.......................................................................... 3316.06.03 Targeting the real forest managers ..................................................................................................... 3326.06.03 Targeting the real forest managers ..................................................................................................... 3376.07.00 Tropical Forest History ...................................................................................................................... 3396.11.01 Poverty and management of forest resources ..................................................................................... 3426.11.04 Bridging the gap between monetary and non-monetary valuationof environmental amenities ............................................................................................................................. 3496.11.07 Social science contribution to wildlife protection .............................................................................. 3506.14.00 Urban forestry .................................................................................................................................... 3506.15.00 Reconsidering study objectives and teaching methods....................................................................... 353

Division 7 Forest Health ................................................................................................................................... 3557.00.00 Division 7 General Session ................................................................................................................ 357

Division 8 Forest Environment ........................................................................................................................ 4178.00.00 Forest and environment ...................................................................................................................... 4198.01.00 Ecosystems ......................................................................................................................................... 4458.02.00 Sites .................................................................................................................................................... 4468.03.00 Forest Hydrology and Water Quality ................................................................................................. 4588.04.00 Natural disasters ................................................................................................................................. 4678.05.00 Forest Fire. Land Use, climate variability anf forest fires in South-east Asia.................................... 4728.06.00 Wildlife .............................................................................................................................................. 4728.07.00 Biodiversity ........................................................................................................................................ 4748.08.00 Forest and Climate.............................................................................................................................. 4798.09.00 Human impacts on tropical rain forests with long term view............................................................. 483

PART 2: POSTERS PRESENTED IN POSTER/PANEL AND GROUP SESSIONS................................................................................................................................ 491

1.09.00 Short rotation forestry for biomass production................................................................................... 4931.17.03 Tropical forest restoration .................................................................................................................. 493

PART 3: POSTERS DISPLAYED DURING SUB-PLENARY SESSIONS ............ 495A2 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources. Fire and Forests............................................................. 497A3 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources.Management and Conservation of Forest Gene Resources ............................................................................. 508

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A5 Sustainable Management of Natural Resources.Sustainable Forest Management and Productivity .......................................................................................... 511B4 Forest and Society Needs. Evaluation of Technologies for Society Needs ............................................... 517C3 Changes in Environment and Society. Interaction between Environment and Society ............................. 522D1 Cultural Diversity in Forest Management. Agroforestry........................................................................... 523

PART 4: POSTERS DISPLAYED IN TASK FORCE SESSIONS ......................... 537

Task Force 1 Environmental Change .............................................................................................................. 539

Task Force 2 Forest in Sustainable Mountain Development......................................................................... 545

Task Force 3 Sustainable Forest Management............................................................................................... 551

Task Force 4 Management and Conservation of Forest Gene Resources .................................................... 559

Task Force 7 Global Forest Information Service ........................................................................................... 565

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PART 1:

Posters in themain poster hall

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Division 1Silviculture

CoordinatorLisa SENNERBY-FORSSE

The Forestry Research Institute

SkogForsk, Glunten

S-75183 Uppsala, Sweden

fax: +46-18-188600

tel (direct): +46-18-188560

tel (org): +46-18-188500

e-mail: lisa.sennerby-forsse@skogforsk.se

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1.00.00 Divis ion 1 Meetings

Anlisis de la composicin florstica yestructura para la vegetacin del piso

basal de la Zona Protectora La Cangreja,Mastatal de Puriscal

Vargas Luis Acosta, Monge Ruperto QuesadaInstituto Tecnolgico de Costa Rica, Escuela de

Ingeniera Forestal, Apdo 159, 7050 Cartago, Costa RicaFAX: (00 506) 591 41 82, Email: plinia@sol.racsa.co.cr

El presente estudio consta de dos partes. Unaprimera orientada hacia el estudio de la composicinflorstica y diversidad del bosque en el sector de laZona Protectora La Cangreja y una segunda parteenfocada a estudiar la estructura del mismo y a lavez dejar establecido una red de parecelaspermanentes de muestreo.

El rea de estudio se ubica en las zonas de vidasegn la clasificacin de Holdridge de bosquehmedo tropical y bosque muy hmedo tropicaltransicin a premontano.

En el sitio se establecieron siete parcelas con un reatotal de 16 100 m2, a travs de stas se logrdeterminar, que para el sitio estudiado el rea basales de 38,5 m2/ha, la presencia de 591 boles/ha en148 especies/ha, un dosel que alcanza los 43,6 m dealto, para dar paso a un piso superior >29m de alto,un piso medio entre 14,5m y 29m, y el piso inferiorcon un altura < 14,5m.

El rea mnima de muestreo obtenida es de 1 ha.

Por medio de los criterios de clases de frecuencia yel ndice de Simpson (0,03) se determin que el sitioes diverso, no as por los ndices de Shannon (0,44)y riqueza (0,19) quienes lo catalogan comodiversidad media. Esto es producto de lasintervenciones del pasado, que han provocado laconcentracin del 86% del IVI en 10 especies en sumayora helifitas.

Con el inventario de flora se deteminaron 193especies arbreas distribuidas en 126 gneros y 56familias, donde las familias ms importantes pornmero de especies presentes son Euphorbiaceae,Meliaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae y Mimosaceaecon 8,11,13,16 y 17 especies respectivas.

El endemismo en el sitio es de un 7,25% a nivelarbreo.

High Density Short Rotation System: APotential Woodlot Technique for theProduction of Fuelwood and Poles in

Areas of Diminishing Forest Land BaseCharles Adu-Anning, Dominic Blay Jr.

Forestry Research Institute of Ghana (FORIG),University Post Office Box 63, Kumasi, Ghana

FAX: 233-51-60121, Email: forig@africaonline.com.gh

High density short rotation woodlot technique hasbeen used in many tropical countries to producefuelwood and pulpwood. However, in the WestAfrica sub-regions, especially Ghana, adequatestudies have not been conducted on the productionof fuelwood and pulpwood with this technique.Therefore trials were established in the Sudan andDerived savannah areas of Ghana to determine theeffect of planting density on the growth and drymatter production litterfall and decomposition,nutrient sequestration and nutrient use efficiencyand soil chemical properties of Gmelina arboreaharvested on very short rotations. The spacingtreatments allotted were 0.6m2, 1.2m2, 1.8m2 and2.4m2 per tree of growing space. Harvesting wasdone at 20, 3- and 4-years after planting. Weedswere adequately suppressed by manual weeding. Attwo, three and four years, the 0.6m treatment gavesignificantly (Pbranches stemwood. The sequestration (kg/ha) inthese components were also significant (P branches > stembark >leaf. Monthly leaf litterfall (g m-2 month-1) forGmelina in the four spacing were 0.6m2> 1.2m2>1.8m2> 2.4m2. Decomposition rate for Gmelinalitterfall was faster than Teak. The rates in thevarious spacing were 0.6m2>1.8m2>1.2m2>2.4m2

and differences were significant (P=0.001). Treestocking and cutting cycle effects on soil chemicalproperties also indicate that pH levels declined withincreasing cuttings years. Available phosphoruslevels increased with increasing tree stocking.Magnesium also declined at the higher tree stockingdensity. It is concluded after preliminary analysis ofspacing/cutting cycle interactions that the 0.6m2

treatment yielded the greatest dry matter in allspecies during the two, three and four yearly cuttingcycles. Also in terms of perha the 0.6m2 treatmentwas the best in terms of dry matter production. With

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regard to the impact of tree stocking on litterfall,decomposition, nutrient sequestration and soilchemical properties, the results were positivelycorrelated and the 0.6m2 spacing at four-yearlycutting cycle was the best.

Keywords: Gmelina arborea high density, shortrotation, woodlot, fuelwoods.

Effects of Fertilizer and Previous LandUse on the Pools of Carbon, Nitrogen,

and Phosphorus in Soils fromEucalyptus globulus Labill. Plantations

in Southwestern AustraliaR. T. Aggangan, A. M. O'Connell, B. Dell

Forestry and Environment Research Division, PCARRD,Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines

Tel: 63 49 536 0014 to 536 0020, FAX: 63 49 536 0016or 536 0132, Email: ra@ultra.pcarrd.dost.gov.ph

The pools of carbon (C), nitrogen (N) andphosphorus (P) were measured in soils underEucalyptus globulus plantations established on ex-pasture and ex-native forest sites. The E. globulusplantations were fertilized with N, P or N-and-P.The parameters measured in the plantation soilswere compared with values obtained from adjacentpasture and native forest soils. Application of bothN and P fertilizer significantly increased the poolsof C, N, P, and C:N ratio in soil under the E.globulus plantation established on an ex-nativeforest site. The pools of N and P were also enhancedby N-and-P fertilization in soil from the ex-pastureplantation site, but fertilization had no effect on theamount of organic C or the C:N ratio. The resultssuggest that changes in the pools of C, N, and Pwere associated with previous land use. The nativeforest soil had higher levels of organic C, N and Pthan the ex-native forest plantation soil. However,both the native forest and ex-native forest plantationsoils had high C:N ratios, reflecting the quality ofthe organic residue inputs entering these soils. Thepasture soil had higher total organic C, total N and Pconcentrations than the ex-pasture plantation soil,but these two soils had similar C:N ratios. Theresults of this study suggest that fertilizerprescription for improving the growth of E. globulusplantations must consider past land use and fertilizerhistory.

Key words: Australia, Eucalyptus, plantations, sites,fertilizer.

Agroforestry Systems in Nepal: LessonsLearned and Challenges Ahead

Swoyambhu Ma AmatyaMinistry of Forests ad Soil Conservation, Department of

Forest Research and Survey, Babar Maha, Kathmandu, Nepal

Tel: 977-1-220482, FAX: 977-1-220159, Email:fsdamatya@wlink.com.np

Nepal is a relatively small country, of about 14.7million ha, between India and China. Based onaltitude, it has been divided into five physiographiczones: High Himal; High Mountains; MiddleMountains; Siwaliks; and Terai. Most people (>19million) depend on agriculture and related businessfor their livelihood.

The aim of developing agroforestry within Nepal isto meet the present and future requirement offuelwood, fodder, small timber and to protectenvironmental degradation. The topic of"Agroforestry" has recently received considerableattention. This is largely due to the evidence thattrees and agricultural crops could be managedsimultaneously and guarantee the sustainability ofagricultural system. The agroforestry systemspractised by the Nepalese farmers vary according tothe physiographic zones. And within a givenphysiographic zone, it varies with location.

Past studies carried out on the existing agroforestrysystem in Nepal point towards the need for a closerstudy of indigenous agroforestry practices. Based onthese studies, future agroforestry models should bedeveloped taking institutional capability, researchneeds, and training and extension opportunities intoconsideration. Considering the current weakness inresearch, extension, and training in the area ofagriculture, livestock, forestry, and natural resourcemanagement, the challenge of promotingagroforestry is formidable.

In the Nepalese context agroforestry systems havetheir own limitations. Some are institutional andothers are socio-economic. In general, farm sizeholdings are too small to produce large marketablequantities of timber and other non-timber products.In addition, poor infrastructure restricts flourishingmarkets particularly in the hills. Perhaps one of themajor limitations to agroforestry development inNepal is the sheer complexity of both the ethnic andagro-ecological conditions. This limitation as far aspracticable, should be overcome. This paperexamines the lessons learned and the challengesahead in developing agroforestry systems in Nepal.

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Irrigation Requirement for EstablishingForest Plantation in the Semi- arid Zone

of IsraelNir Atzmon

The Volcani Center, Dept. Natural Resources, Post Box #6, 50250 Bet-Dagan, Israel

Email: atzmon@agri.huji.ac.il

The need for afforestation, especially in semi-aridregions, is increasing rapidly world-wide due to thedenudation of the land and the lack of wood andtimber for fodder, fuel and construction. Thesuccess of those afforestation activities is directlyrelated to the ability of forest seedling to establishunder those unfavourable conditions. It is wellaccepted that the first dry season after planting is themost critical.

The aim of the present study was to test thepossibility of ensure forest seedling survival andestablishment by adding the minimum irrigationpossible, during the first year after planting, formaximum survival. The experiments are done in theNorthern Negev, latitude 3125'N .

This area is characterized by rolling hills, 250-400m above sea level. The soils are typical loess soilswith low water infiltration capacity. The meanannual rainfall of the area is 250mm. The wintersare relatively mild and the summers are hot and dry.Site preparation included contour mounding forwater harvesting, and weed control by sprayingsimazine and outs. One year old seedling ofEucalyptus turcuata, Prosopis sp and Acacia sp.Were planted in within the furrow with distance of 6m between seedlings. Watering was done manuallyI-4 times during the dry season. The study includessoil water content analysis using depth moisturegauge, plant grow measurements, and rootsexposure. The most prominent result at the end ofthe first growing, season was that no significantdifferences in survival was found between seedlingsthat were watered only once (end of April) andseedlings that were watered 4 times. It seems theirrigation done at the dry season allow the roots tocontinue their penetration into the ground to morewet layers and thereby to ensure their survival.Different species showed different root morphologyand different root growth rates.

Growth of Eucalyptus grandis inResponse to Nutrients in the Western

Ghats, Kerala, IndiaM. Balagopalan, P. Rugmini

Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi-680 653 Kerala,India

Email: libkfri@ md 2.vsnl.net.in

Sixteen fertiliser combinations of N, P and K andnine silvicultural treatments comprising three eachof pit sizes, spacing and skinning in factorialcombination were applied to Eucalyptus grandisplanted at Vallakkadavu in the Western Ghats,Kerala, India. Treatments were aimed to ensure thatgrowth was not limited by lack of nutrients in plotsof different silvicultural treatments during the firstthree years after planting. The fertilisers, Urea,Mussorie rock phosphate and Muriate of potashwere applied for N, P and K respectively, at the timeof planting in June 1992 in the planting pit and infurrows in October 92, June 93 and October 93, thelatter two with double the dose of those applied inthe first year. The furrows were 5-10cm deep, 15-25cm away around the plant and then filled with soil.Fertiliser treatments had significantly andsubstantially increased growth in mean heightduring the study period, 36 months and basal area at36th month after planting. There was no interactionbetween fertiliser combinations and silviculturaltreatments.

The trees in the plots receiving the best nutrientcombination, N2 P2 K1 i.e., 30g of N, 30g of P and15g of K/plant, which is equivalent to 163kg ofUrea, 375kg of Mussorie rock phosphate and 73kgof Muriate of potash/ha, were 1.2 times taller andhad 1.5 times more basal area than those inunfertilised plots.

More detailed growth estimates showed fertiliserinputs had substantially increased the volume oftrees. After 3 years, the best fertiliser treatment hadincreased the volume from 8.37 m3 to 12.42 m3/ha.Tree growth in unfertilised plots in this study wasseverely inhibited by low soil nutrient supply.

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Seed Production and Seed Quality inDry Dipterocarp and Mixed DeciduousForest in Huai Kha Khaeng (Thailand)

L. Bernasconi, Calamini, G., Firusbakt, L., Salbitano F.Institute of Silviculture, Via S. Bonaventura, 13, I-50145

Firenze, ItalyTel: +39.055.30231246, FAX: +39.055.307263, Email:

salbitano@cesit1.unifi.it

The present study was carried out in the frame of aresearch project funded by the European Union on"Ecology and sustainable semi-natural sylviculturalmanagement of indigenous forest of Central SouthEast Asia". The research deals with theunderstanding of early regeneration processes byfocusing on seed ecology. General aim of theresearch is to contribute to the knowledgeimprovement on the regeneration ecology of thedominant species in natural dry forests in SEA toserve to outline semi-natural sylvicultural programs.Specific objectives are: to study the spatio-temporalfeatures of seed production and dispersal; to observethe damage types on the seeds and relativefrequencies during different phases of seed rain; tostandardise a quantitative and qualitativeclassification of seeds in order to highlightmorphological parameters, seedlot viabilityfrequency, germination ability, damage type andseverity (damage effects on seed viability and ongermination success are also considered); to observethe early stages of germination per seed class.

The study was carried out in the Thung Yai- HuaiKha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary (central-westernThailand), the largest protected area in South EastAsia. The survey area is located at an altituderanging between 200 and 300 a.s.l. The climate ischaracterized by three seasons: hot and dry duringthe February-April period, hot and damp from Mayto October, cool and dry from November to January.The average yearly rainfall is 1448mm and it'svariation ranges from 1105mm to 2003mm (extremevalues recorded in 16 years at Khao Nang Rungweather station).

Average yearly temperature is 25.5C (1980-1997).The monthly average of maximum temperaturesvaries between 30C and 36C, the monthly averageof minimum temperatures instead varies between12C and 25C. Seeds were collected a. on ground,b. directly from the tree crowns, c. by using seedtraps, in order to evaluate the seed production bothper individual trees and per canopy unit. Thecollection of seeds was taken out every 5 days forthe recalcitrant seeds of Shorea and every 10 daysfor the other species. Seed dispersal was observedby seed traps and plots on ground, placed at

increasing distances from the stem of isolated treesalong the four cardinal directions.

Seed quality was evaluated by external observation.Four seed quality classes were detected, i.e. Healthyseed (Absence of visible damage); Insect damage(Entrance holes, presence of larvae inside the seed);Rodent damage (Evidence of rodent bites on seed);Fungi damage (Necrosis and withering of seedportions).

Seeds were examined one by one, attributed to oneof the four classes and then counted. Seeds wereclassified on the basis of weight (all species),diameter and length of the main wing (onlyDipterocarpaceae). Afterwards, such class-groupingsystem was used to extract samples by whichproceed on with germination and viability tests. Thespecies with recalcitrant seeds (Shorea obtusa-Shorea siamensis) disseminate at the beginning ofrainy season, otherwise the other species observed(Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Legerstroemiacalyculata, Hymenodictyon excelsum, Vitexlimonifolia) do it during dry season. The rate ofhealthy and damaged seeds vary significantly duringthe period of seed production and remarkabledifferences can be observed between seeds collecteddirectly from the tree crowns and on ground. Theinsect larvae are the main responsible of thedamages found on the seeds. The germination is ingeneral high for all species and even damaged seedsshowed appreciable germination rate.

The Potential of Some IndigenousDipterocarp Tree Species for large-scaleIndustrial Tree Plantations in Malaysia

Bin Mohamad BorhanForest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), RegionalCenter for Forest Management, Kepong, 52109 Kuala

Lumpur, Malaysia

Keywords: Wood-based industry, dipterocarps,silviculture, stumpage value.

The wood-based industry in Peninsular Malaysia isfacing a very challenging future arising from anacute shortage in the supply of quality timber rawmaterial. The sharp decline in local log productionfrom natural mixed dipterocarp forest during thepast decade was due mainly to the tapering off in theopening of new forest areas for agriculture, stricteradherence to annual logging coups and curbs onillegal logging. Amongst the strategies adopted bythe authorities concerned to stem any furtherdeterioration of the industry include upgrading themanagement and quality of the remaining naturalforests and the establishment of large-scaleindustrial plantation of "fast growing" tree species.Unfortunately, the currently on-going

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Compensatory Forest Plantation project (CFPP)using fast growing exotic tree species is through tobe inadequate and has yet to live up to its earlypromises. In view of this, there is an increasingtrend now to look seriously into the potential ofsome prime and fast growing natural indigenoustimber tree species (especially the Dipterocarps)which may provide the real answer to the rawmaterial supply problem for our wood-basedindustry in the future. Already many misconceptionssurrounding these indigenous tree species have beensuccessfully dispelled through consistent R&Defforts conducted both in Malaysia and elsewhereand confidence in these species is increasing. Thepaper is based on a study of 15 selected dipterocarptree species which are known to show greatpotential as candidates for large-scale industrial treeplantation. Amongst the factors considered in theanalysis include their silviculture, nursery practices,growth rates as well as economics.

Nitrogen and Phosphorus FertilizationEffects on Forest Growth and NutrientCycling in Two Secondary Tropical Dry

Forests in MexicoJulio Campo, Ceccon, Eliane; Vazquez-Yanes, CarlosInstituto de Ecologa, Depto. de Ecologa Funcional y

Aplicada, A. P. 70-275, UNAM 04510 CiudadUniversitaria, Mexico

FAX: (525) 56 16 1976, Email:jcampo@miranda.Ecologa.unam.mx

Tropical dry forests in the Yucatan Peninsula havebeen transformed at high rates into henequenplantations. The Mayan cultivated the henequen(sisal) Agave fourcroydes, a native agave, since thepre-Colombian period. Henequen was considered"green gold" and, by the 60s, 50% of the regionallabour force was employed in its cultivation. In the70s when synthetic fiber was introduced, henequenproduction was greatly reduced until its finalcollapse in 1992. Nowadays there is a mosaiclandscape characterized by a coexistence of somehenequen plantations and extensive areas ofsecondary tropical dry forests. The long-termhenequen cultivation has reduced the nutrient poolsin soils to levels that probably inhibit the naturalforest succession.

The importance of the effects of low levels ofnutrients on plant growth in tropical forestsuccession has been discussed more often than it hasbeen exactly determined. In order to study theinfluence of nutrient limitation during the secondarysuccession in Yucatan dry forest, two forest sites ofabout 10 and 40-years old respectively, werefertilized with N, P, and nitrogen plus phosphorus.

There were sixteen 12 x 12m plots per site, fourplots per treatment and control. The secondaryforests are located in the surroundings of Conkalvillage. In each of these forests, we measured treetrunk growth, litterfall production, nutrient fluxesfrom the aboveground vegetation and nutrientturnover in forest soil before and after fertilization.

Litterfall production showed a strong seasonalpattern. This production was similar in both siteswithout fertilization. However, forest soil carbonturnover was lower in 10-years site than in 40-yearssite. Litterfall production and nutrient turnover inforest soil were found to change after fertilization.Our preliminary results, after the first year offertilization, strongly suggest that secondary forestproduction be limited by the availability ofphosphorus.

Effect of a Gap-understory Gradient onEarly Development of Scots Pine and

Norway Spruce SeedlingsMichelle deChantal, Kari Leinonen and Timo

KuuluvainenUniversity of Helsinki, Department of Forest Ecology,

P.O. Box 24, FIN-00014 Helsinki, FinlandTel: +358-9-191 7696, FAX: +358-9-191 7605, Email:

Michelle.deChantal@helsinki.fi

Small-scale gap disturbance is an integral part of thenatural dynamics of boreal forests. As such, it hasbeen suggested that sustainable forest managementshould aim at reproducing the structuralheterogeneity created by natural disturbances.Accordingly, and due to increased public concernabout ecosystem diversity and sustainable forestrypractices, foresters are turning to small-scalealternative silvicultural methods to manage forests.As a result, more regeneration area is in a gap-understory environment. Small-scale silviculturecontributes to increase the amount of forest edges,which in turn affects the microenvironment forregeneration, especially light. Light influenceseedling development and gives rise to differentcompetition situations and survival strategies. Bothsize and morphology play an important role indetermining succession dynamics after adisturbance, conferring a competitive advantage atthe regeneration stage and promoting production.

We studied the early development of Pinussylvestris L. and Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlingsgrowing along a gap-understory gradient in a borealNorway spruce forest. The effects of radiation, seedpre-treatment by moist chilling and seedbedmicrosite soil preparation (inverted pyramids) onaboveground size and morphology of seedlings weredescribed for the first two growing seasons. Shade

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intolerant P. sylvestris responded more to increasedradiation than shade tolerant P. abies. Two-year-oldP. sylvestris underwent a 7-fold increase inaboveground dry biomass from the understory to thecentre of the gap, whereas P. abies experienced a2.5-fold increase. Moist chilling and micrositepreparation resulted in additional increases inaboveground dry biomass for both species. Withincreasing radiation, one- and two-year-old P.sylvestris allocated photosynthetic carbon such thatthey built up 46% and 56% more aboveground drybiomass in needles compared to stem, respectively.The biomass distribution for one-year-old P. abieschanged from shade to sun, such that the proportionof biomass found in needles increased by 26%. Fortwo-year-old seedlings, the pattern of biomassdistribution was almost constant. With increasingradiation, the total leaf area of one- and two-year-old P. sylvestris underwent 8- and 13-fold increases,while P. abies showed 3- and 5-fold increases,respectively. The specific leaf area of one- and two-year-old P. sylvestris decreased by 15% and 30%,and mean needle length increased 1.9- and 3-foldwith increasing radiation, respectively. On thecontrary, radiation did not affect the specific leafarea and mean needle length of P. abies.

Although early development is important for latersuccess, the results from this study cannot predictthat P. sylvestris will outcompete P. abies in similargap environments. This is because the subsequentdevelopment of seedlings is also affected by otherfactors, such as competition by ground vegetationand herbivory. This effect, as well as early seedlinggrowth, is likely to be strongly dependent on within-gap position, since competition with mature treesretards the growth of ground vegetation in gapedges. It is possible that these contrasting factorsaffecting seedling growth and survival can lead tosome type of within-gap partitioning betweenspecies. To verify this hypothesis would requiretests of longer duration.

Aspen Forest Stands of the North-westof Russia are a Potential Base for Forest

Stock ImprovementN. N. Dekatov, Pirogov N.A

Saint-Petersburg Research Institute, Institutsky pr., 21,194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia

FAX: (812) 552-80-42, Email: spb330@spb.sitek.net

In the 1930s and 1940s significant territories ofconiferous forest stands in the north-western regionof Russia with high site quality of localityunderwent intensive clear cuttings. Todayconsiderable areas of these territories are covered byaspen stands. This is due to the fact that nosilvicultural activities favoring reforestation and

growth of the coniferous species in the cutover areaswere carried out. Because of its defects aspen(Populus tremula L.) timber has a limited marketwhich leads to accumulation of mature andovermature forest stands. Aspen stands comprisesome 20% of the area where harvestable forestsgrow, and occupy the most productive soils, whichcould have otherwise given plenty of sound wood ifonly conifers grew there. As aspen stands grow onthe most productive soils, forestry incurs losses as aresult of low output of merchantable wood fromthese areas. Considerable areas of aspen stands havean undergrowth under its canopy that includesconiferous species. If properly managed, thesestands could be converted to higher value spruceand mixed-species stands. Today, it is therefore veryimportant to develop systems for utilization andmanagement of these stands for theirtransformation. We have conducted field research,which have shown that aspen stands vary distinctlyand so should be treated differently. The type offorestry management in the aspen stands area isdetermined on the basis of the following criteria:- age and condition of the young spruce growth, i.e.,its growth potential after the cutting of the aspencanopy;- its stand density and distribution within the site,which both determine the cutting technology to beselected;- the amount of the broad-leaved canopy which canbe removed safely without causing dramaticecological changes within the site.

Ecology and Reproductive Biology ofPondberry (Lindera Melissifolia [Walt]

Blume)Margaret Devall, Nathan Schiff

USDA Forest Service, Center for Bottomland HardwoodResearch, P.O. Box 227, MS 38776 Stoneville, USA

Tel: 601/686-3161, FAX: 601/686-3195, Email:mdevall/srs_stoneville@fs.fed.us

Pondberry (Lindera melissifolia) is a shrub of thesouthern United States that grows in seasonallyflooded wetlands and on the edges of sinks andponds. It has been listed as an endangered speciessince 1986, and fewer than 50 populations areknown. Many of the existing pondberry colonies aresmall and occupy only a portion of the apparentlysuitable habitat. The species has been affected byhabitat destruction and alteration, especially timbercutting, clearing of land, and drainage or flooding ofwetlands. In addition, stem dieback is a problem andsexual reproduction is sparse in some populations.

Pondberry is a stoloniferous, clonal shrub that growsto a maximum of 2 meters in height. It is a dioeciousspecies with small yellow flowers that bloom in

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spring. Pondberry has always been a rare species,and knowledge of its ecology and reproductivebiology is lacking. Male plants outnumber females;female clones are smaller than male clones, and aresometimes absent from stands. Seed production canbe erratic.

We will report the results of three years of researchon the ecology, seedling biology, and reproductivebiology of the species. We studied pondberrypopulations in Mississippi and Arkansas and visitedpopulations several other states. The most vigorouspondberry populations we observed occurred inlocations with abundant light. Stem dieback appearsto be widespread in populations. We have isolatedthree fungal pathogens from stems. Six insectspecies were found in association with pondberry,but do not appear to be a limiting factor for theplant. Fruit production can be abundant, but as inmany other clonal species, few seedlings occur evenwhen seed production is high.

Individual stems can be easily transplanted, andmultiply rapidly. Opportunities for dispersal arevery limited now due to land use of areassurrounding pondberry populations and to changesin hydrology. The hydrology of the pondberryhabitat has changed, so areas that were suitable inthe past are now less than ideal and somepopulations are not thriving. However potted plantsin the greenhouse are flourishing, indicating that theplant grows well under the proper conditions. Manypopulations occur in small wooded areas that havenot been cut and planted with crops only becausethey are slightly lower in elevation than thesurrounding agricultural land, thus the plant's abilityto spread or to migrate to more favorable habitats islimited. Because of the conditions in which itoccurs, the survival of this species may depend onmans intervention and introduction of the species tonew areas or areas where populations existed in thepast.

Bamboo (Bambusa arundinacea (Retz.)Willd.) Hedgerow Systems in Kerala,

India: Root Distribution and RootCompetition for Phosphorus with

Adjacent Teak and Malabar White PineTrees

B. N. Divakara, B. Mohan Kumar, P.V. Balachandranand N.V. Kamalam

Kerala Agricultural University, College of Forestry,Radiotracer Laboratory, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, 680654

Kerala, IndiaTel: 0487-370050, FAX: +91-487-370019, Email:

bm.kumar@vsnl.com

Root distribution of bamboo (Bambusaarundinacea) and root competition between bambooand associated tree components in two mixed-species systems were evaluated using modifiedlogarithmic spiral trenching and 32P soil injectiontechniques respectively.

To characterise the root distribution pattern, 18boundary planted bamboo clumps were randomlyselected. Based on diameter, the clumps wereclassified into small (1.0-2.5m), medium (2.5-4.0m)and large (>4.0m). Logarithmic spiral trenches weredug around the clumps (10m long). The number ofsevered roots exposed on both sides of the trenchwas assessed by placing 50 x 50m quadrats againstthe vertical sides of the trench at 1-m intervals.

For 32P soil injection, two binary associations(Tectona grandis L.f-bamboo and vateria Vateriaindica Linn.-bamboo) were chosen. Thirty-sixexperimental units (eighteen each for teak-bambooand vateria-bamboo) were selected considering therange of lateral distances between teak/vateria withthe corresponding bamboo clump (grouped into 1 mor 1.5 m classes). 32P solution was applied at rate of116.92 MBq per plant through eight equi-spacedPVC access tubes at 50 cm radial distance (either at25 cm or 50 cm depth; randomised block designwith three replications). The most recently maturedleaves from the treated and neighbouring plantswere radio-assayed at 15, 31 and 45 days afterapplication of 32P following the Cerenkov countingtechnique.

Excavation studies indicate that root densitydeclined with increasing depth and lateral distance.Clump size is a cardinal determinant of lateralspread of roots (with 83% of the large clumpextending roots beyond 10 m while only 30% of thesmall clumps extended roots up to 10 m). Numberof roots in small clumps ranged from 446 m-2 at 0-2m distance (43% of total) to 36 roots m-2 at 8-10 m(3.5%). Medium clumps recorded 467 roots m-2

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(46%) at 2-4 m and 92 m-2 (9%) at 8 -10 m. Therespective figures for large clumps were 386 rootsm-2 (43%) at 2-4 m and 90 m-2 (10%) at 8-10 m.Nearly 85-90% of the roots excavated was less than2mm in diameter. Linear regression linking rootdensity with lateral distance for bamboo clumpsgave reasonably good predictions (R2>0.53).

Significant differences in 32P absorption by treatedteak and vateria as a function of lateral distance tobamboo clumps within the range of lateral distancestried (1.5 to 4.5 m in teak bamboo and 2 to 6.5 m invateria bamboo combination) were not detected.Implicit in this is probably the non-discriminatorynature of bamboo clumps with respect to rootproliferation in this zone. Absorption of 32P byneighbouring bamboo clumps also was notstatistically significant except at 45 days afterapplication (vateria-bamboo). Highest 32P countswere recorded by bamboo clumps in the 1-3 mlateral distance zone. Although there was adecreasing trend in 32P absorption as the lateraldistance increased, no predictable pattern wasdiscernible.

In general 32P absorption by bamboo was higherwhen the same was applied at 50-cm depth invateria-bamboo combination. This would imply thateven deep placement of the fertilisers may not easecompetition from nearby (

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and time and its proportions in relation to theremainder of the tree's parts. During the past thirtyyears, as part of ecological-management research offorest types in Croatia, studying the crown'sstructure has held an important place. Issues includeresearching the intensity of growth and developmentof the crown both horizontally and vertically inrelation to dbh and the age of the stand, the periodof maximum growth of the crown and the laws thatgovern them. Subsequently, the crown's shape, itsarea and volume, the site index, the amount ofcrown and horizontal projections on the ground andthe crown complex are researched as importantconditional factors for natural regeneration.

Searching for laws between the variables, i.e.expressing empirical equations, is an important areaof research for foresters. This aim can be attained ifthe following questions are answered: What typeand how strong is the relationship (correlation)between certain elements of the crown's structureand the tree's diameter? Further, theinterdependence of the researched variables withother parts of the tree has to be established and themost acceptable equation function has to be found,i.e. a regression model. Finally, a meanmorphological shape of the pedunculate oak's andcommon hornbeam's crown structure has to beexpressed. Researching the laws governing changesin the width, length and area of the crown with anincrease in the trunk's diameter is of a linearcharacter and its dependence can be expressed by alinear equation. The volume of the crown accordingto diameter classes changes its size whose lawschange can be expressed by a non-linear regressionin the form of an exponential function. The formquotient of the crown is 0.56. The relativedevelopment of the crown's length is 45% of thetree's height and the relative development of thecrown's diameter (the relationship between the tree'sdiameter and the crown's diameter) is on average 17fold. Growth in the crown's diameter in an averagestand's tree has a maximum value of 15.69 cm,where the tree's diameter is 8 cm, its age 17 yearsand the soil's ground covering of the crown is 70%,and is a good prerequisite to natural regeneration.Interception is highest in middle-aged (21.9%) andlowest in young stands (2.3%). Precipitation flowdown the tree per 1 m2 in the crowns of young treesis 23.9 times greater than in mature trees. Theobtained laws can be utilised to advise about correctand timely management, increase the amount ofinformation available about the state of stands, solvecurrent problems in the forestry profession andincrease awareness about the role and significanceof the crown in the forests development.

The Dynamics of the VerticalDevelopment of Tree Crowns and

Trunks in Homogeneous and MixedPedunculate Oak Stands in Croatia

Tomislav Dubravac, Vlado Krejci & Dijana VuleticForest Research Institute, Cvjetno naselje 41, HR-10450

Jastrebarsko, CroatiaTel: +385-1-6150742, FAX: +385-1-6150742, Email:

tomislavd@jaska.sumins.hr

The crown length is an important indicator ofdevelopmental stand conditions. An increase in thecrown length increases its volume, as well as itsassimilatory mechanism and production of treesubstances, while the relationship between the trunkand the crown changes in favour of the crown. Theshare of the crown to the tree's total height, indeciduous trees, is approximately 30% and is a goodindicator of forestry management and a prerequisiteof good natural renewal. Observing the crowndevelopment as one of the stand structural elementsis a point of interest for all foresters, especially indetermining the time, intensity and duration of thesylviculture, as well as its growth.

This paper shows the intensity of the verticaldevelopment of the tree crown and trunk in relationto the breast height diameter and the age of thestand, in addition to observing differences in thelength of the tree crowns and trunks inhomogeneous and mixed pedunculate oak stands.Research was undertaken in the associations ofpedunculate oak and common hornbeam (Carpinobetuli-Quercetum roboris Anic ex Raus 1969) andthe pedunculate oak and great green weed (Genistoelatae-Quercetum roboris Ht. 1938). For bothassociations fifty sample plots were chosen forinvestigation. The age categories were between 20and 120 (140) years. Data processing was done inthe same manner for all plots. Correlative andregressive analyse was carried for tree crowns andtrunks length. The aim was to find a mathematicalexpression that reflects the spreading and variabilityof the data.

Preliminary research that was carried out inhomogeneous oak stands show that the share ofcrowns in the total tree length is uniform throughoutall developmental stages, excluding regeneration,and is 45% of the tree height. Further more, thecrown length increases as the diameter and the standage increase up to the fertilisation period. Verticaldevelopment is most prominent in young stands,slower in middle aged stands and weak in oldstands.

The length of the trunk, as well as the tree diameter,is one element that influences the share of useful

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tree volume. The development of the trunk length ofyoung trees is very intensive, then decreases andwith the formation of the permanent crown ceases.Once the permanent crown is formed only thediameter will increase.

Establishment of Seed Production AreasFor Teak At Mata Ayer Forest Reserve,

Perlis, MalaysiaLok Eng Hai, Ab Rasip Ab Ghani and Ong Tai Hock

Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), ForestProduct Technology Division,

Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaTel: +603-6342633, Email: Lokeh@frim.gov.my

Establishment of seed stand or seed productionareas (SPA) is an effective method of producingimproved seed in a large quantity to meet theimmediate demand such as teak. Five plots eachcovering about 0.5 ha were established on 20 yearsold stands at Mata Ayer Forest Reserve, Perlis,Malaysia and this activity has been given highpriority with the seeds collected mainly used forforest plantation establishment in the country. Thestands of trees that have been upgraded andmanaged for seed production are based on theirfrequency of superior phenotypes. Several criteriaused in the selection activities and establishmenttechnique are described. Progeny obtained fromthese SPA stands are also being tested and resultsobtained are promising.

Keywords: Tectona grandis phenotypes, selection,production area, progeny and stands.

Establishment Techniques and EarlyGrowth Performance of Teak On

Decking SiteLok Eng Hai, Ong Tai Hock

Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), ForestProduct Technology Division,

Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaTel: +603-6342633, Email: Lokeh@frim.gov.my

Teak, Tectona grandis, is one of the recommendedforest plantation species and is widely planted in thecountry. However, due to the variation in varioussoil types and conditions these species does notstrive well and at times failed. Often most forestplantations are established on sites which are knownto be neglected, degraded or compact such as thedecking area, water-logged, lateritic, sandy andheavily eroded sites which are poor in fertility andgrowth rate. Such sites required high managementcosts, good silvicultural practices and intensivelabour.

Hence, this poster describes the appropriate threedifferent planting methods via deep furrow, big hole

and normal standard practices applied on a deckingsite which has been left idle was formerly a logyard. The growth performance of the two and a halfyears old teak are also being studied and earlyresults obtained are promising with the properplanting technique used.

Keywords: Teak, Soil variation, degraded, decking,silvicultural practices.

Performance of Selected Mesophytic inthe Raised Lands of the Sundarbans

Mangrove Forest of BangladeshM. Faizuddin

Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Khulna-9000Muzgunni, Bangladesh

Tel: 880-41-762927, FAX: 880-41-762927

Sundarbans, the largest single tract of naturalmangrove forest of the world, is located at thesouthern extremity of the Ganges River Deltabordering the Bay of Bengal. It occupies an area ofabout 10,000 sq. km including both Bangladesh andIndian parts. The forest in Bangladesh territorycovers an area of 6,017 sq. km and lies between2128`-2230`North latitude and 89-90 Eastlongitude.

The forest is very rich in biotic diversity supporting334 plant species, 400 species of fishes, 35 speciesof reptiles, 270 species of birds and 42 species ofmammals. Unlike most other mangrove forests thetree vegetation of the Sundarbans is not dominatedby the Rhizophoraceae family. Heritiera fomes(63.8%) and Excoecaria agallocha (17%) are thetwo most extensively occurring tree species.

The Sundarbans plays an important role in thenational economy of the country by supplying aremarkable quantity of timber, fuelwood, thatchingmaterials, raw materials for newsprint andhardboard mills, fishes, honey crabs, etc. Itcontributes about 40% to the total revenue incomeof the Forest Department.

The Sundarbans has been under scientificmanagement for more than 100 years. Futurestocking of the forest is dependent on the naturalregeneration. The productivity of the forest is verylow (1.12 m3/ha/yr) in comparison to othermangrove forests of the world.

The reason for low productivity of the forest may bedue to slow growth of the main species (H. fomes),poor regeneration in some parts of the forest, poorcontrol on the management systems etc. Areas withpoor regeneration are increasing day by day andthese areas are covered with some non-commercialspecies which are called Non Commercial Cover(NCC). According to ODA inventory report (1985),

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about 2% of the area of the Sundarbans are NCC.NCC is found in two forms such as;a) raised land where there is no or very little tidalinundation, specially found in the north and northeastern parts of the forest andb) depressed land where there is a stagnation ofwater, found specially in the western parts of theforest.

Raised NCC lands are unsuitable for mangrovespecies as these areas are seldom inundated by tidalsurges. Mangrove Silviculture Division of theBangladesh Forest Research Institute has beentrying to introduce commercially importantmesophytic species to cover those areas. Since 1986to 1992 experimental trial plantations were madewith 19 mesophytic species in different locations.These species are Lagerstremia speciosa, Samaneasaman, Albizia procera, A. lebbeck, Acacia nilotica,A. catechu, Swietenia macrophyla, Cassia siamea,Dalbergia sissoo, Toona ciliata, Leucaenaleucocephala, Melia azedarach, Aazadiracta indica,Calophyllum inophyllum, Tamarindus indica,Polyalthia longifolia, Anthocephallus cadamba,Diospyros perigrina and Caesalpinia pulchirrima.Out of 19 species, 3 species namely L. speciosa, S.saman and A. procera were found promising andrecommended for the pilot plantation trial.Accordingly plantations were raised with these 3species at different locations in 1992, 1993 and1994. Survival and growth performance datarecorded in June, 1998 were analysed. The resultsshow L. speciosa as the most suitable species for theplantation in the raised areas of the Sundarbans forits good survival (78%-91%) and growth (heightgrowth 0.951.05 m/yr and diameter increment4.024.53 cm/yr) in ever location.

Reaction Ability of Silver Fir and NorwaySpruce in the Dynaric Region of

SloveniaFranc Ferlin

Slovenian Forestry Institute, Vecna pot 2, 1000Ljubljana, Slovenia

Tel: +386-61-2007831, FAX: +386-61-27-35-89, Email:franc.ferlin@gozdis.si.

Keywords: silver fir, Norway spruce, reactionability, ring width trends, understory trees.

The main objective of the study was to investigatethe recent growth reaction ability (for sociologicalrank changes) of the understory silver fir andNorway spruce trees in natural and selectivelymanaged Dynaric silver fir-beech (Omphalodo-Fagetum) and spruce-silver fir forest (Ribeso alpini-Piceetum). The results shall illuminate theecological perspective of natural silver fir and

Norway spruce and the perspective of selectionforest management under current environmentalconditions.

The study area is located in the south-eastern part ofthe Dynaric region in Slovenia. The interferenceclimate with relatively intensive rainfalls (above1600mm per year) and moderate annual averagetemperatures (between 5 and 8C) are characteristicfor this area. For the study 8 research plots (sizefrom 0.25-2.0 ha) were chosen: four plots in thesilver fir-beech forest (altitude 800-900m), two plotsin silver fir-beech forest with natural Norway spruce(attitude the same, site-climate more cold and wet),and the last two plots in spruce-silver fir forest(altitude 1150-1300 m). One of the silver fir-beechplots was located in the protection belt of the virginforest (Rajhenau), and one of the spruce-silver firplots in natural forest (Goteniski Sneznik). On eachplot, 45 to 75 trees were selected (randomly if notall of them). Besides usual dendrometrical andsilvicultural variables also the developmentaltendency, vitality/health condition and light/shadecondition of trees were assessed. Two incrementcores were taken (up to the pith) from each of theselected tree for dendrochronological analyses.

The main results of the study are:

1) The ages of the understory silver fir and Norwayspruce trees are surprisingly high at both sites: up to>240 years for silver fir at the silver fir-beech siteand up to >340 years for both tree species at thesilver fir-beech site (with Norway spruce) andspruce-silver fir site. The maximum ages ofunderstory trees does not differ very much betweenselection and virgin/ natural forest.

2) The recent growth response to light of thereleased (and not seriously damaged) understorytrees is still very strong (the diameter and heightincrement are strongly increasing), irrespective oftheir high physiological age or long suppressionperiod in the past. The understory silver fir andNorway spruce growth behaviour is very similar.Understory silver fir and spruce trees couldtherefore be very perspective for selection forestmanagement.

3) Although the long-term ring width trends of theunderstory trees do not differ significantly betweensilver fir and Norway spruce, the recent ring widthtrends of dominant trees are generally different (last30 or more years): declining for silver fir andincreasing for Norway spruce. Comparison betweenstands of various development history suggests thatthe type and intensity of forest management is theprimary factor responsible for different dominantsilver fir and Norway spruce growth trends.

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4) From ecological and environmental point of viewthe optimum silvicultural technique for this forestecosystems would be the single tree selection("Einzelplenterung") for silver fir and single togroup-wise selection ("Gruppenplenterung") forNorway spruce also under current environmentalconditions.

Development of Triplochiton sclerexlyon(Wawa K. Schum) as a Plantation

Species by CuttingsK. Frimpong Mensah, T. Asiedu Amaning

University of Science and Technology, Institute ofRenewable Natural Resources, Kumasi, Ghana

FAX: 233-51-60137, Email: ust lib@ust.gn.apc.org

Among the primary endemic species that contributesubstantially to Ghana's timber export earnings isTriplochiton scleroxilon (K. Schum), (Wawa),accounting for about 22% of the total cubic volumeof the major timber product exports. Theexploitation of Wawa is due to its abundance inalmost all the forest types in Ghana and West Africais general. Though Wawa has multiplicity of uses,the species is well known to produce seedsirregularly, both on annual and seasonal basis, amajor constraints to having enough seeds forreplanting. Vegetative propagation techniques havebeen developed for the species to encouragereforestation efforts. This study describes theapplication of low technology propagation systemusing cuttings.

Two experiments were carried out: (i) testing ofrooting performance from cuttings of 2 year old, 4year old and 8 year old stockplants (banded andunbanded), and (ii) growth (height, diameter)performance of rooted cuttings on different mixturesof sand, loam, and sawdust. No rooting wasobserved in 8 year old cuttings. Blanching had nosignificant effect on rooting. Highest rootingpercentage was in 2 year old cuttings.

Growth medium of 25% sand, 25% loam, 50%rotted sawdust produced significant growth (heightand diameter) (P=0.05 ANOVA) and biomassaccumulation (leaf, root).

The results indicate that the most suitable cuttingmaterial for vegetative propagation of T. scleroxylonis 2 year stock plants and rooted cuttings performedbest on growth medium of 50% rotted sawdust. Useof juvenile stockplants and seedling growth mediumrich in organic nutrients may be recommended foruse in propagation of T.scleroxylon cuttings.

Keywords: Ghana, Triplochiton scleroxylon,cuttings, plantations

A Shelterwood System for Regenerationof Picea abies (L.) Karst in Sweden

Dan Glode, Ulf SikstrmThe Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, SkogForsk,

Uppsala Science Park, S-751 83 Uppsala, SwedenTel: +46 18 18 85 98, FAX: +46 18 18 86 00, Email:

dan.glode@skogforsk.se

Regeneration of Norway spruce Picea abies [L].Karst. under shelterwood is a silvicultural systemthat demands knowledge, activity and endurance.On an appropriate site and with a well plannedsilvicultural program the net income can be higherthan from clear-cutting, scarifying and planting.This is mostly due to that the regeneration costdecrease more than the logging cost increase in theshelterwood system. However, incompleteregeneration, windthrow and damage done to theregeneration during felling of the shelterwood canresult in a lower net income than from the clear-cutting system.

Some of the advantages with the shelterwoodsystem compared with the clear-cutting system are:(i) reduced risk for frost damage on the seedlings;(ii) a less heightened ground-water level in theregeneration stage; (iii) suppression of the fieldvegetation, which facilitate seedling establishmentand growth. The most feasible sites are usuallymoist and fertile and located in low parts of theterrain, i.e. where the above mentioned advantagesare most clearly outspoken. In addition, ashelterwood induce less environmental changescompared to a clear-cut, e.g. for air humidity,shadow and wind speed. This is especially importantin stands where species adopted to long forestrycontinuity are present. Many of these species arerare and are not likely to survive a clear-cut.

The logging operations included in the system are:Preparatory-, Seed-, Removal- and Final cutting.When the new generation of conifer plants isestablished the final cutting should be carried out ata suitable time in order to minimise physiologicaldamage due to, e.g. changes in light and humidity,as well as logging-related damage to theregeneration. The final cutting can be done withboth single- and two-grip harvester systems with anacceptable amount of damage in the regeneration.However, it is necessary that the logging is carefuland that the stand is not too dense and theregeneration not too sparse. On average 40-60% ofthe original seedlings will be damaged or killed.

Windthrow usually occurs during the first five yearsafter the logging operation and can be a severeproblem. On an average, 10-20% of the shelterwoodtrees will be windthrown. In order to minimise theprobability for windthrow, the seed-cut should not

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exceed 40% of the trees, corresponding to about30% of the standing volume, when thinning frombelow. Preferably the highest trees with a longgreen-crown length should be left and trees with ashort green-crown length should be cut.

Indigenous Woody Species in GrasslandAreas of Northeastern Luzon,Philippines: An Alternative for

Grassland RehabilitationMa. Visitacion D. Guingab

Isabela State University, College of Forestry andEnvironmental Management, Isabela, Philippines

Five grassland sites in Northeastern Luzon,Philippines were studied to identify indigenouswoody species and determine their potentials forrehabilitating degraded grassland. Sixty two (62)species belonging to fifty (50) genera and twentynine (29) families were identified in the woodypatches of grassland areas in five localities classifiedas 57 trees and 5 shrubs. Among these, three (3) arepromising species for reforestation namely: Afzeliarhomboidea (Leguminosae), Pterocarpus indicus(Legurninosae) and Vitex parviflora (Verbenanceae)while eleven (11) others have potential in grasslandrehabilitation based on the following characteristicsthey possess: a) most of them have multiple usagecapable of providing products and services inaddition to fuelwood and timber; b) since all arenative species, they adapt well to the site, establisheasily and require little care; c) they are capable ofgrowing in extreme environment such as infertilesoils, low moisture and exposure to frequentgrassland fires and strong typhoons; and d) somehave the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, abilityto coppice and fast growing. These are Albizziaprocera (Leguminasae), Alstonia scholaris(Apocynaceae), Erythrina orientalis (Leguminosae),Polyscias nodosa (Araliaceae), Trema orientalis(Ulmaceae), Antidesma ilocaman (Euphorbiaceae),Mallotus philippinensis (Euphorbiaceae), Bauhiniamalabarica (Leguminosae), Canarium aspersum(Burseraceae), Diospyros pilosanthera (Ebenaceae)and Streblus asper (Moraceae).

Productivity of Grasses in Relation toSite Quality in Pinus roxburghii Sargent

PlantationsBhupendar N. Gupta, D. Dalai

Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry,Post Box # New Forest, H. P. -173 230 , Nauni, Solan,

IndiaTel: 91-0135-759382, FAX: 91+1972+52242, Email:

Guptab@yspuhf.hp.nic.in

The present study was conducted during the 1996growing season (June-October), in Solan ForestDivision of India's Himachal Pradesh. It is locatedbetween latitudes 30-31N and longitudes 76-77Eand the region's climate is sub-tropical. Two siteswere selected. Site I is a good site quality and site IIis a poor site quality. Site quality was determined bythe height intercept method. The abovegroundbiomass of the grasses was determined by theharvest method and belowground biomass wasestimated by excavating a monolith of 25x25x30cm, from each quadrat taken at a fortnightly intervalstarting on 15th June. The important grass speciesrecorded in the study were Themeda anathera,Chrysopogon montanus, Heteropogon contortus andPanicum maximum.

The total aboveground biomass on sampling datesvaried from 10,1 q/ha to 23,5 q/ha in site I and from9,8 q/ha to 27,6 q/ha in site II. In both sites the peakbiomass was recorded around mid-August. In site Ithe aboveground biomass showed a gradual increaseuntil mid-August and in site II, except in mid-July, asimilar pattern was noticed. At peak biomass stageChrysopogon montanus contributed with 26,7 q/ha(96%) to the total aboveground biomass in site I andwith 15 q/ha (54%) in site II. The percentualcontribution of Chrysopogon montanus,Heteropogon contortus and Panicum maximum was90, 40 and 3, respectively, in site I and 64, 27 and 9,respectively, in site II. During the study period,Themeda anathera aboveground biomass, wassignificantly different, on both sites, in mid-August,end-August and end-September but on the otherdates it was equal. During the study period,Chrysopogon montanus, Heteropogon contortus andPanicum maximum aboveground biomass weresignificantly different on both sites.

The total below-ground biomass of grasses ondifferent sampling dates varied from 9,6 q/ha to 17q/ha on site I and 7,9 q/ha to 17,8 q/ha on site II. Itwas recorded that below-ground biomass increasedgradually from June to mid-August after it showedan irregular trend. At peak biomassa stage,Chrysopogon montanus contributed with 16,6 q/ha(97%) to the total below-ground biomass on site I,

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whereas on site II besides Chrysopogon montanus(73%), Panicum maximum (14%) and Heteropogoncontortus (12%) also contributed significantly to thetotal below-ground biomass.

Thus, it was found that the difference in site qualitybased on the tree characteristics had no influence intotal above or below- ground grass biomass but hadan influence on the biomass production ofindividual grasses and thereby their contribution tothe total biomass of the community. An attempt wasmade to correlate the site quality and abovegroundbiomass with rainfall and basal area of the grasses.It was found that rainfall explained, in site I and insite II, respectively 25% and 34% of theaboveground biomass variation. Basal area of thegrasses accounted, in site I and in site II,respectively for 49% and 30% of the above-groundbiomass variation.

Natural Reproduction of Quercusserrata Coppice Forests by the Mother

Tree MethodRyoji Hashimoto, Nobuyuki Abe

Iwate University, Department of Agronomy and Forestry,3-18-8 Ueda, Iwate 020-8550 Morioka, Japan

FAX: 81-19-621-6139, Email: hashimot@iwate-u.ac.jp

Deciduous coppice forests dominated by Quercusserrata are widely distributed around cities and farmand mountain villages in Japan. In these areas theafforestation by conifers was made actively during1950s to 1970s. But recently the new trendtowards natural reproduction by making full use ofnative broad-leaved tree species have been growingamong forestry experts and regional people. Themother tree method have a number of advantages;e.g. easily performed, enable to shorten theregeneration period and so on. Various fundamentalstudies and technical tests were carried out in orderto examine applicability of the mother tree methodfor Q. serrata. The canopy trees produced good seedcrop almost every two years, bumper seed crop atintervals of 6 or 8 years. Larger number of matureseeds were supplied at years when the trees boremore seeds. Most of seeds fell right under treecrowns or near around them and collected mainly atlow spots on the ground surface. The seed fall wasfollowed by leaf fall and the leaves also collected inthe same manner to cover seeds. So seeds couldavoid desiccation damage. Seedlings showed,already at current year stage, high photosyntheticability in leaves, 60-70% of young trees, and thephotoinhibition of photosynthesis was not observed.Daytime stomatal conductance of current yearseedlings was kept relatively high even in non-rainfall periods in summer, probably due to markeddevelopment of their root system. At the following

year weeds and shrubs started to grow thick andsuppressed certain parts of the seedlings. It was,however, concluded that the regeneration of Q.serrata would succeed finally if the growth ofbamboo grasses could be restricted artificially. Theuse of a backhoe was extremely effective forremoving the under-ground system of bamboograsses etc. Although soils were compacted by usingsuch heavy machinery, the soil compaction did notstrongly influence the photosynthetic performanceand growth reaction of the seedlings.

Bosques tropicales secundarios entransicin

Lionel HernndezUniversidad Nacional Experimental de Guyana,

Av. Las Amricas Torre General de Seguros Piso 3,Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela

FAX: 0058 86 225673, Email: lhernand@uneg.edu.ve

Este trabajo trata sobre la estructura y composicinflorstica de vegetacin boscosa secundariasubmesotrmica en el Escudo Guayans al Sudestede Venezuela, y es parte del proyecto "DinmicaBosque-Sabana" en la Gran Sabana, a fin de analizarlos cambios en la vegetacin boscosa. Bajo el climahmedo regional no ocurre una cobertura continuade bosque siempreverde; ms bien predomina unmosaico de bosques, sabanas y una vegetacintransicional entre ambas formaciones. Se hapostulado que ese mosaico representa una etapatransitoria de un proceso dinmico de cambio de losbosques hacia sabanas, ocasionado principalmentepor una combinacin de fragilidad latente y bajacapacidad de recuperacin de la vegetacin boscosa,en donde los incendios forestales durante los aosextremadamente secos son los principales agentesdesencadenadores. Los factores externos queusualmente perturban los bosques son los incendiosno controlados y la agricultura migratoria. Losresultados sobre vegetacin secundaria post-conucoconfirman el habitual cambio en la estructura y ladiversidad arbrea a travs del tiempo, sin embargose detect una diferenciacin de esas caractersticasen funcin de las condiciones de sitio as como deltipo y frecuencia de perturbaciones agrcolas. Encuanto a la vegetacin secundaria post-incendio sepuede diferenciar entre comunidades secundariasresultantes de eventos perturbadores singulares deincendios ocurridos durante sequas excepcionales yaquellas comunidades surgidas a partir de incendiosreiterados en el lmite bosque-sabana. Cabe sealarque en ambas variantes se ha podido constatar unatendencia hacia un proceso de degradacin de lavegetacin boscosa secundaria, en vez del habitualproceso de recuperacin sucesional. En estosbosques no slo es notoria la falta de especiespioneras especializadas, sino tambin la escasez de

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escifitas. Ms bien la mayor parte de las especiesaparentan poseer un comportamiento pocoespecializado, o sea bastante flexible en lo querespecta a su tolerancia o necesidad de luz. Elloparece indicar una adaptacin de las especies aecosistemas forestales con un alto nivel deperturbacin. La restringida estabilidad del sistemadetermina una fuerte dinmica, lo que implica unaalta probabilidad de variacin de las condiciones eincidencia de la luz, durante el lapso de la vidapromedio de un rbol. Por lo tanto, unaespecializacin estricta de especies como rbolescifito bajo estas circunstancias sera muydesfavorable, mientras que un comportamientocomo oportunista sera ms viable para susupervivencia. La amplia distribucin de la mayorade las especies en los distintos tipos de bosques y larelativamente alta afinidad florstica entre losdistintos tipos de bosque indican una adaptacin degran parte de sus especies a diferentes condicionesde sitio. En vista de la carencia de suficienteinformacin sobre requerimientos de agua,nutrientes y luz no se pudo distinguir realmentecuando el factor limitante para la ocurrencia de unaespecie es la incidencia de luz o las condiciones desitio. Evidente parece ser slo la ausencia deespecies pioneras tpicas, que normalmente sonexigentes, no solamente con la luz, sino tambin enrelacin al suministro de nutrientes, como porejemplo especies de los gneros: Cecropia, Roupalay Schefflera, que posiblemente sean excluidas,debido a los suelos extremadamente oligotrficos.

Taper Variation among Progenies ofAcacia mearnsii de Wild and itsImplication in the Tree Volume

EstimationAntonio R. Higa, Admir L. Mora, Augusto A. Simon,

Pedro P. SteinFederal University fo Paran, Rua Bom Jesus 650, CEP

80.035-010 Curitiba, BrazilTel: +(41)232 9084, FAX: +(41)232 9084, Email:

arhiga@floresta.ufpr.br

This paper aims to determine the taper variationamong progenies of Acacia mearnsii De Wild.(black wattle) and to discuss its implications in thetree volume estimation. Black wattle is an importantforest tree species in Rio Grande do Sul State,Brazil. The total area planted with this species isestimated in 120 thousand ha with an annualplantation rate of 13 thousand ha. 75% of the totalplantation area is located in small farms, in variedagroforestry systems. These farmers plantagricultural crops (mainly cassava, corn, beans orwatermelon) associated with black wattle trees inthe first two years. When the trees are three or four

years old, the grass regenerated understore is used tofeed the cattle introduced in the forest. The mainproducts of the black wattle forests are bark,demanded by the tannin industries, wood, used as anenergy source by the local population, and chips,demanded by pulp industries. Estimation of treevolume during the rotation period is an importanttool used by the foresters not only for experimentalreasons, but also, to keep control of the forest stockfor administrative purposes. The methodology mostused to estimate the black wattle tree volume isbased on the estimation of the cylindrical volumemultiplied by an average taper value. However,measuring the black wattle tree height planted in ahigh density forest (2000 trees/ha) is a difficult taskfor trees taller than 9 m of height. This study wasbased on 135 trees of 46 open-pollinated blackwattle families, planted in Piratini County, RioGrande do Sul State, Brazil (31002' LS, 52057' LWand 220 m. a.s.l). The trees were four years of ageand belonged to a replication of a progeny testplanted in the randomized block design. Theaverage taper values of the 135 trees measured was0.517 with a coefficient of variation of 14.9%. Therewere statistically significant differences (95% ofprobability) among progenies in relation to the tapervalues. Regression analysis among the cubedvolume and the volumes obtained by differentmethodologies emphasized the need to use anequation adjusted for these population. Based on theresults of this study, it was concluded that thevolume of black wattle trees estimated usingequations based only on diameter values (DBH) wasaccurate (r2=0,87) and less time consuming,therefore, should be adopted in the black wattle treeimprovement program carried out in SouthernBrazil.

Rehabilitation of Degraded Peat SwampForest

Shamsudin Ibrahim, Ismail ParlanForest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM), Kepong,

52109 Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaEmail: sham@frim.gov.my

Keywords: Peat swamp forest, rehabilitation, nativespecies, nursery practice

Degradation of peat swamp forests has been closelyassociated with human activities especiallyuncontrolled logging. These degraded areas need tobe rehabilitated to help restore productivity,improve peat swamp forest environments, andmaintaining their role as sources of high qualitytimber. Adequate high quality planting material iscurrently a major constraint in rehabilitatingdegraded peat swamp forests, and research on

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appropriate planting techniques using suitablespecies is crucial. The study site was conducted inCompartment 101, Raja Musa Forest Reserve inBatang Berjuntai, Selangor. The area experiencesfire on a regular basis and was occupied by grass,mainly Imperata cylindrica (lalang). Four differentmethods of planting and six different peat swampforest species were used in this study. Growth(height and diameter), survival and mortality data ofthe seedlings, as well as foliage samples, were takenevery three months during the course of the study.Planting materials were successfully raised usingseeds and wildings. It was found that plantingmaterials of peat swamp forest species can be raisedusing normal soil potting mixture in the nursery.Handling of these species in the nursery does notrequire special care, and their management in thenursery was similar to that for dryland species.Seedlings of peat swamp forest species had fewerproblems with disease and fungus. The findingsshowed that these species can be raised withminimum care as long as we have sources of theplants (seeds and wildings).

Recycling of Wood Ash - Effects onStem Growth in Swedish Coniferous

Stands on Mineral SoilsStaffan Jacobson, Hagos Lundstrm & Sten NordlundThe Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, Uppsala

Science Park, S-751 83 Uppsala, SwedenTel: +46 18 18 85 47, FAX: +46 18 18 86 00, Email:

staffan@skogforsk.se

During the last decade, the interest in utilizinglogging residues for bioenergy has increased inSweden. The use of such residues for energyproduction generates large amounts of wood ash,which at present are being dumped. This dumping isnot unproblematic. It is space-demanding, andinvolves the risk of strong bases and heavy metalsbeing leached out contaminating the ground water.

A more intense harvesting results in an increasedexport of nutrients and soil acidification. Toprevent, or reduce, the negative effects of intensivebiomass harvesting, it would be of value torecirculate the nutrients contained in the wood ash.Wood ash has a high pH (ANC), and a major part ofmost macro- and micro nutrients (except for N)from the biomass is retained in an inorganic form.

With the object to study whether the stem-growth ofconiferous trees is affected by applying wood ash, aseries of field experiments was established inmiddle-aged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) andNorway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) stands onmineral soil. Stabilized wood ash in doses of 1, 3and 6 tons ha-1, as well as a combined ash + Ntreatment, was studied.

Preliminary results indicate that the addition ofwood ash increased stemwood growth on fertilesites in south Sweden and decreased growth on lessfertile sites further north. The number ofexperiments is still small, but results agree well withexperiences from liming.

Despite the anthropogenic input, N is still thegrowth-limiting nutrient for the vast majority of theSwedish forests, and the addition of wood ashprobably influences the supply of inorganic nitrogenavailable for tree growth. The addition of wood ashon the fertile sites, with N-rich forest soil, such asmoder/mull soils, probably resulted in an increasednet mineralisation of N in the soil organic layer,while it in the more N-poor forest soils probably ledto an increased N-immobilisation. The C:N ratio inhumus seems to be a good measure from which tojudge if a pH increase in the soil leads to anincreased or decreased net mineralisation.

Reclamation of River-damaged Areasthrough Agro-forestry in Nepal

Shesh Kanta KafleUNDP/LGP, Nepal

FAX: 977-1-527601, Email: gyan@vishnu.ccsl.com.np

Keywords: agroforestry, montane regions, Nepal,silvipastoral systems, rehabilitation, Dalbergiasissoo, Acacia catechu

Land degradation due to flooding has become amajor threat to the foothills of middle mountainousregion and Terai part of Nepal, leading to thedeterioration of socio-economic conditions and ofnatural ecosystems. Agroforestry practices havebeen pro