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INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION NTPC , SHAKTINAGAR

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Page 1: NTPC Training Report

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

CONTROL AND INSTRUMENTATION

NTPC , SHAKTINAGAR

Page 2: NTPC Training Report

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I convey my gratitude and sincere acknowledgement to Mr

NIRMAL SHARMA (AGM, C&I DEPARTMENT) for his

kind permission, enabling me to undergo training at C&I LAB.

I express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr S.KACHHWAHA

(Manager) and Mr A.K.AHMED (Assistant Engineer) for his

guidance and kind help extended to me in order to successfully

complete my training by providing with adequate information &

all required inputs.

I would like to thank them for providing me technical

knowledge and

arranging introductory sessions for innovative and in depth

understanding of the working procedures.

Page 3: NTPC Training Report

CONTENTS

TOPICS

ABOUT NTPC

ABOUT NTPC SHAKTINAGAR

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF NTPC SHAKTINAGAR

WORKING OF A PLANT

TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY

MAJOR C&I SYSTEMS i.e. SG & TG packages

FUNCTIONS OF C&I DEPARTMENT

ABOUT MAXDNA SYSTEMS USA

CONCLUSION

ABOUT NTPC

Page 4: NTPC Training Report

POWER GENERATION

Presently, NTPC generates power from Coal and Gas.

With an installed capacity of 31,704 MW, NTPC is the

largest power generating major in the country. It has also

diversified into hydro power, coal mining, power

equipment manufacturing, oil & gas exploration, power

trading & distribution. With an increasing presence in the

power value chain, NTPC is well on its way to becoming

an “Integrated Power Major.” NTPC has been recently

accorded ”MAHARATAN” Status by honourable

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA.

While leading the nation’s power generation league,

NTPC has remained committed to the environment. It

continues to take various pro-active measures for

protection of the environment and ecology around its

projects.

NTPC was the first among power utilities in India to start

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) studies and

reinforced it with Periodic Environmental Audits.

NTPC is the largest thermal power generating company

of India .A Public sector Company wholly owned by

Page 5: NTPC Training Report

government of India. It was incorporated in the year

1975 to accelerate power development in the country.

Within a span of 30 years, NTPC has emerged as a truly

national power company, with power generating

facilities in all the major regions of the country.

Contributing 26% of the country’s entire power

generation. NTPC today lights up every fourth bulb in

the country.With ambitious growth plans to become a

56000MW power company by 2017, NTPC the largest

power utility of India has already diversified into hydro

sector. 18 NTPC stations have already been accredited

with the ISO 14001 certification. In keeping with its well

focused environment protection policy, NTPC has set up

a “Centre for Power Efficiency and Environmental

protection” (CENPEEP) which functions as a resource

centre for development and dissemination of latest

technologies in environmental management. At present,

Government of India holds 89.5% of the total equity

shares of the company and the balance 10.5% is held by

FIIs, Domestic Banks, Public and others. Within a span

of 32 years, NTPC has emerged as a truly national power

Page 6: NTPC Training Report

company, with power generating facilities in all the

major regions of the country.

Page 7: NTPC Training Report

Coal Stations S.No Coal based State Commissioned Capacity

(MW)

1. Singrauli Uttar Pradesh 2,000

2. Korba Chattisgarh 2,100

3. Ramagundam Andhra Pradesh 2,600

4. Farakka West Bengal    1,600

5. Vindhyachal Madhya Pradesh 3,260@

6. Rihand Uttar Pradesh    2,000

7. Kahalgaon Bihar 840@

8. Dadri Uttar Pradesh 840

9. Talcher Kaniha Orissa  3,000

10. Unchahar Uttar Pradesh 840@

11. Talcher Thermal Orissa 460

12. Simhadri Andhra Pradesh 1,000

13. Tanda Uttar Pradesh 440

Total (Coal) 20,480

@Capacity presently under implementationVindhyachal 1000 MW Unchahar 210 MW

Gas/Liquid Fuel Stations

 s.no Gas based State Commissioned Capacity(MW)

14. Anta Rajasthan 413

15. Auraiya Uttar Pradesh 652

16. Kawas Gujarat 645

17. Dadri Uttar Pradesh 817

18. Jhanor-Gandhar Gujarat 648

19. Kayamkulam Kerala 350

20. Faridabad Haryana 430

Total (Gas) 3,955

Through Joint Venture 314

Grand Total (Coal + Gas + JV) 23,749

Page 8: NTPC Training Report

ABOUTNTPC SHAKTINAGAR

Shaktinagar Super Thermal Power station is one of the

most prestigious flagships of NTPC striving ahead to

bridge the country generation gap especially in the

western region. NTPC is the sixth largest thermal power

generator in the world and the second most efficient

utility in terms of capacity utilization based on data of

1998.

The station is located in Singrauli district in MP in the

north-western side of the country. It has secured ISO

14001 and ISO 9002 certificate in the field of

environment and power generation but also in various

other fields. On November 2009, it made glorious

achievement by ensuring production up to 3260 MW. By

next few months, it adds 1000 MW more to its capacity

(i.e. 4260 MW)

As a public sector company, it was incorporated in the

year 1975 to accelerate power development in the

country as a wholly owned company of the Government

Page 9: NTPC Training Report

of India. At present, Government of India holds 89.5% of

the total equity shares of the company and the balance

10.5% is held by FIIs, Domestic Banks, public and

others. Within a span of 31 years, NTPC has emerged as

a truly national power company, with power generating

facilities in all the major regions of the country.

NTPC Vindhyachal super thermal power project is one

of the most prestigious flagships of NTPC striving ahead

to bridge the country generation gap especially in the

western region.

The station is located in Sidhi district in MP in the

northwestern side of the country. It has secured ISO

14001 and ISO 9002 certificate in the field of

environment and power generation but also in various

other fields. On September 2002 it made glorious

achievement by ensuring production up to 2260 MW. By

next 06 months it adds 1000MW more to its capacity

(3260MW). Work for Stage-III is going on in full swing.

The erection work has been completed before scheduled.

Page 10: NTPC Training Report

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ABOUT NTPC VINDHYACHAL

TYPE OF STATION - THERMAL

STATION CAPACITY - STAGE I 6 x 210 STAGE II 2 X 500 STAGE III 2 X 500 STAGE IV 2 X 500 (UNDER CONSTRUCTION)

FUEL - COAL

COAL SOURCE - NIGHAI (NCL)

TRANSPORTATION - BY RAIL

COOLING WATER SOURCE - RIHAND RESERVIOR

ASH DISPOSAL - RIHAND RESERVIOR

CHIMNEY – FOR 210 MW PLANT –210m

Page 11: NTPC Training Report

FOR 500 MW PLANT –265mPLANT AREA - 90-200 ACRES

SOURCES FOR RAW MATERIALS

COAL SOURCENorthern coalfields limited (NCL) mines at Dudhichua

(7Km) and Nigahi (10Km) and Jayant (5Km).

FUEL OIL SOURCEIndian oil corporation (IOC) COLD (customer operated

lubricant and oil deposit) at Jayant.

WATER SOURCEDischarge canal of Singrauli super thermal power station.

BENEFICIARY STATES

Madhya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Maharastra, Gujarat,

Daman & Diu and Dadar & Nagerhaveli.

Page 12: NTPC Training Report

BASIC POWER PLANT CYCLEThe thermal (steam) power plant uses a dual (vapor +

liquid) phase cycle. It is a closed cycle to enable the

working fluid (water) to be used again and again. The

cycle used is “Ranking Cycle” modified to include super

heating of steam, regenerative feed water heating and

reheating of steam Figure 1A shows this cycle and is

self explanatory.

Page 13: NTPC Training Report

WORKING OF A THERMAL POWER PLANT

COAL TO STEAM

Coal from the coal wagons is unloaded in the coal

handling plant. This Coal is transported up to the raw

coal bunkers (1) with the help of belt conveyors. Coal is

transported to Bowl Mills (3) by Coal feeders (2) the

coal is pulverized in the Bowl Mill, where it is ground to

a powder form. The mill consists of a round metallic

table on which coal particles fall. This table is rotated

with the help of a motor. There are three large steel

rollers which are spaced 120 apart. When there is no

coal, these rollers does not rotate but when the coal is

fed to the table it packs up between roller and the table

and this forces the rollers to rotate. Coal is crushed by

the crushing action between the rollers and rotating

table. This crushed coal is taken away to the furnace

through coal pipes (4) with the help of hot and cold air

mixture from P.A. Fan (5). P.A. Fan taken atmospheric

air, a part of which is sent to Air preheaters (7) for

Page 14: NTPC Training Report

heating while a part goes directly to the mill for

temperature control. Atmospheric air from F.D. Fan (18)

is heated in the air heaters (7) and sent to the furnace (6)

as combustion air. .

Water from the boiler feed pump passes through

economizer (8) and reaches the boiler drum (9). Water

from the drum passes through down comers and goes to

bottom ring header. Water from the bottom ring header

is divided to all the four sides of the Furnace. Due to

heat and the density difference the water rises up in the

water wall tubes (12). Water is partly converted to steam

as it rises up in the furnace. This steam and water

mixture is again taken to the boiler drum (9) where the

steam is separated from water. Water follows the same

path while the steam is sent to super heaters for

superheating. The super heaters are located inside the

furnace and the steam is superheated (540°C) and finally

it goes to turbine. Flue gases from the furnace is

extracted by induced draft fan (14) which maintains

balance draft in the furnace (-5 to -10mm of wcl) with

forced draft fan (18). These flue gases emits their heat

energy to various super heaters in the pant house (15)

Page 15: NTPC Training Report

and finally passes through air preheaters (7)and goes to

electrostatic precipitator (16) where the ash particles are

extracted. Electrostatic precipitator consists of metal

plates which are electrically charged. Ash particles are

attracted on to these plates, so that they do not pass

through the chimney (17) to pollute the atmosphere.

Regular mechanical hammers blows cause the

accumulation of ash to fall to the bottom of the

precipitator where they are collected in a hopper for

disposal. This ash is mixed with water to form slurry

and is pumped to ash pond.

Page 16: NTPC Training Report

STEAM TO MECHANICAL POWER

Page 17: NTPC Training Report

As can be seen from figure 2, from the boiler, a steam

pipe (1) conveys steam to the turbine through a stop

valve (which can be used to shut off steam in an

emergency) and through control valves (2) that

automatically regulate the supply of steam to the turbine.

Stop valve and control valves are located in a steam chest

and a governor (3), driven from the main turbine shaft

(4), operates the control valves to regulate the amount of

steam used (This depends upon the speed of the turbine

and the amount of electricity required from the

generator).

Steam from the control valves enters the high pressure

cylinder of the turbine, where it passes through a ring of

stationary blades (5) fixed to the cylinder wall (6). These

act as nozzles and direct the steam into a second. Ring of

moving blades (7) mounted. On a disc secured to the

turbine shaft. This second ring turns the shafts as a result

of the force of the steam. The stationary and moving

blades together constitute a ‘stage’ of the turbine and in

practice many stages are necessary, so that the cylinder

contains a number of rings of stationary blades with rings

of moving blades arranged between them. The steam

Page 18: NTPC Training Report

passes through each stage in turn until it reaches the end

of the high pressure cylinder and in its passage some of

its heat energy is changed into mechanical energy.

The steam leaving the high pressure cylinder goes back

to the boiler for reheating (8) and returns by a further

pipe (9) to the intermediate pressure cylinder. Here it

passes through another series of stationary and moving

blades.

Finally, the steam is taken to the low pressure cylinders,

each of which it enters at the centre (10) flowing

outwards in opposite directions through the rows of

turbine blades - an arrangement known as double flow -

to the extremities of the cylinder. As the steam gives up

its heat energy to drive the turbine, its temperature and

pressure fall and it expands. Because of this expansion

the blades are much larger and longer towards the low

pressure ends of the turbine.

The turbine shaft usually rotates at 3,000 revolutions per

minute. This speed is determined by the frequency of the

electrical system used in this country and is the speed at

which a 2- pole generator must be driven to generate

Page 19: NTPC Training Report

alternating current at a frequency of 50 cycles per

second.

When as much energy as possible has been extracted

from the steam it is exhausted directly to the condenser.

This runs the length of the low pressure part of the

turbine and may be beneath or on either side of it. The

condenser consists of a large vessel containing some

20,000 tubes, each about 25mm in diameter. Cold water

from the river, estuary, sea or cooling tower is circulated

through these tubes and as the steam from the turbine

passes round them it is rapidly condensed into water

condensate. Because water has a much smaller

comparative volume than steam, a vacuum is created in

the condenser. This allows the steam to reduce down to

pressure below that of the normal atmosphere and more

energy can be utilized.

From the condenser, the condensate is pumped through

low pressure heaters by the extraction pump, after which

its pressure is raised to boiler pressure by the boiler feed

pump. It is passed through further feed heater to the

economizer and the boiler for reconversion into steam.

Page 20: NTPC Training Report

Where the cooling water for power stations is drawn

from large rivers, estuaries or the coast, it can be returned

directly to the source after use. Power status situated on

smaller rivers and inland do not have such vast water

resources available, so the cooling water is passed

through cooling towers (where its heat is removed by

evaporation) and re-used.

A power station generating 2,000,000 kilowatts (KW) of

electricity requires about 2,27,500 cubic meters pf water

an hour for cooling purposes. Where cooling towers are

used, about one hundredth part of the cooling water

evaporates and a certain amount is returned to its source

to carry away any impurities that collect. Most of it

however is recirculated.

.

Page 21: NTPC Training Report

The thermal power plant generates electricity using

steam which is generated inside boiler by burning coal or

oil.

Firstly, the coal is sent to the bunkers of a RC (Raw

Coal) feeder from which it is sent to pulverisers at a

controlled rate. The pulveriser has a grinder and three

rollers at a distance of 2.5mm rotating in opposite

directions. The powdered coal (of size less than or equal

to 2.5mm) is sent to furnace through pipes. The coal is

Page 22: NTPC Training Report

fed in through pipes in four directions so as to maintain

the temp. inside boiler homogeneous. The coal is sent to

furnace with the help of PA fans (Primary Air Fans).

The igniter ignites the coal which is coming inside the

furnace in such a way so that the direction of air through

PA fan is tangent to an imaginary circle. This helps in

making hot air in shape of a turbulent like structure

which saves the furnace from damage due to uneven

heating on any part of furnace.

Another fan called FD fan (Forced Draft Fan) is used for

secondary air i.e. excess air required for combustion. The

furnace walls have water pipes which absorb the heat of

combustion and changes water to water vapour. The

furnace has a goose shaped structure which saves the

platen super heater pipes from melting due to direct heat

produced from combustion of coal. The steam from

down comer goes to drum which consists of a turbo

separator. The steam and water gets separated out and the

water is

sent to water walls through risers. The drum has an

important role as it saves the turbine from water which

causes corrosion and thus passes only dry steam.

Page 23: NTPC Training Report

The dry steam is then passed through LTSH (Low

Temperature Super Heater) and then to platen super

heater for gaining excess heat. This steam is sent to HPT

(High Pressure Turbine) where it has a temp. of 540

degree Celsius and a pressure of 140-145 kg/cm2.

After doing work (rotating turbine) it has a temp. of 350

degree Celsius and a pressure of 40 kg/c m2 . This steam,

CRH (Cold Reheat) is passed through reheater and then

to final superheater and is called HRH (Hot Reheat). The

steam now has a temp. of 540 degree Celsius and a

pressure of 38 kg/c m2 and passed through IPT

(Intermediate Pressure Turbine).

Then the steam is passed through LPT (Low Pressure

Turbine) with 7.5-8 kg/cm2 and 350- 370 degree Celsius

of temp. All the three turbines have a common shaft

which is connected to generator from which electricity is

produced. The steam is passed through cooled water in

tubes where a pressure of 0.9 atm. is being maintained so

that the steam flows in a single direction.

The cooled steam is collected in a large container called

hot well decause the water droplets collected is still hot.

This hot water is extracted through CEP (Condensate

Page 24: NTPC Training Report

Extraction Pump) to drain cooler where it has a temp. of

40 degree Celsius and a pressure of 22 kg/c m2 . This is

passed through LP1 ,LP2 ,LP3 (Low Pressure heaters)

with 50, 55 and 60 degree Celsius of temp. respectively.

Now, it is passed from deareator where dissolved

harmful gases such as sulphur dioxides are removed and

then passed to feed water storage tank. The BFP’s

(Boiler Feed Pump) are used to send this to HPH (High

Pressure Heaters) at a pressure of 190-195 kg/cm2. The

BFP consists of two parts namely booster pump and

main pump. The HPH output is connected to

economisers and then to drum. The above cycle repeats

for generation of electricity.

Page 25: NTPC Training Report

Figure demonstrating the general outlook of a thermal Power station.

Page 26: NTPC Training Report

TECHNICAL TERMINOLOGY

RC FEEDER

The function is to decide amount of coal (i.e. powdered

coal) to be given in the furnace for heating.

Considering the case if the amount of coal given to

furnace is more than required then as a result due to more

heating more steam will be produced. Then due to more

steam

more pressure will be generated.

Here we use two types of valves:-

1) Electromotive relief valve

2) Mechanical safety valve

Here when the pressure in the furnace is more than the

set point then the valve get

opened and the steam is released in the atmosphere until

the pressure drops to the set point and then the valve gets

closed.

But steam loss is more in mechanical safety valve thus,

electromotive relief valve is introduced.

Page 27: NTPC Training Report

BOILER LOAD INDEX

It is the index in which load of boiler is indicated.

Load of boiler means the amount of coal which is being

burnt in the furnace.

FEEDER

The crushed raw coal is delivered from the bunkers to the

individual, which in these feed the coal at a controlled

rate to the pulverisers. In order to avoid overloading the

pulverisation motor due to overfeeding and interrupting

circuits should be used to reduce coal feed. If the motor

become overloaded we start the coal feed again to make

motor load normal.

PROCESS DELAY

Suddenly when there is pressure drop, then to raise the

steam pressure to set point we have to give more amount

of coal (to produce more steam). Now it takes time to

raise the steam pressure after giving the coal to furnace

(as it takes some time to produce steam). This time is

taken is the delay generated known as process delay.

Page 28: NTPC Training Report

So process delay is the delay so as to have the steam

pressure being raised to set point when we have to add

coal in furnace due to pressure drop.

PRESSURE VARIATION

When there is a sudden pressure drop we can obviously

say that there is pressure variation in the steam pressure

from the set point (i.e. desired pressure).

LOAD CUTOFF

When the load of the boiler is more than the desired then

this situation is dangerous.

Now to overcome this condition we use load cut-off

which stops the connection of load and boiler i.e. cut-off

of load is done for prevention.

There 2 types of pressure in consideration:-

1) Throttle pressure

2) Limit pressure

Page 29: NTPC Training Report

GRID BALANCING (Reduction of grid balancing)

1) RGMO – Restricted governing mode of control

2) FGMO – Free governing mode of control

Nowadays, RGMO is mostly used instead of FGMO.

Now we consider the case when steam is given to the

turbine, then steam does work and as a result turbine

waves and thus rotor moves. The rotor waves at constant

speed. Now initially steam does work mechanically and

thus rotor moves. As a result magnetic field is generated.

Due to thismagnetic field a current is generated and thus

electricity is produced.

As the process starts from initial state we observe that it

rises slowly and reaches to the set or desired point value.

LARGE VIDEO SCREEN (LVS)

It is the screen on which various parameters used in the

process are displayed with their value.

Page 30: NTPC Training Report

ENGINEERING WORK STATION(EWS)

It is used by engineers to change/alter the limit or range

of any instrument

TYPES OF FAN :

1) Forced Draft (FD) Fan : Its function is to enable easy

combustion of grounded coal in furnace. It sucks from

the atmospheric air which gets heated in the air heaters

and then sent to the boiler .It also supplies hot air to PA

Fan if required as per the atmospheric conditions.

2) Induced Draft (ID) Fan: The air heater receives heat

from the boiler and hence the air accompanied there

contains a huge amount of ash. This air is then passed

through ESP and finally exhausted through the chimney

with the help of ID fans.

3) Primary Air (PA) Fan: Its function is to blow the

crushes coal from ball mill to furnace through pipes. It

operates using three type of air:- hot air, cold air and

atmospheric air.

Page 31: NTPC Training Report

ELECTROSTATIC PRECIPITATOR

Here fly ash is separated from flue gas and then through

ash hammering ash is collected and then passed through

a system which is of two types:-

1) Wet system: - The dry ash is mixed with water to form

slurry and then with ash slurry pump this slurry is sent to

ash deck.

2) Dry fly ash system: - In this system no water is mixed

with ash and the obtained Dry ash is given to cement /

brick industries.

Page 32: NTPC Training Report

MAJOR C&I SYSTEMS INCLUDED UNDER MAIN PLANT i.e. SG & TGThe SG & TG C&I systems are based on state of the art

of the microprocessor technology with CRT/KBD

operation facilities. Operation through back up

conventional

control devices is also possible. These C&I systems are

procured under the respective main plant package i.e.

SG/TG package.

THE SG-C&I SYSTEM

The SG-C&I system includes the following

microprocessor based systems:-

1. Furnace safeguard supervisory system for purging,

automatic firing, flame monitoring, sequential start-up

and shut down of mills etc.

2. Secondary air damper control system

3. Auxiliary PDRS control system

4. Soot boiler control system

5. Coal feeder controls

6. Control of electromagnetic safety valve

Page 33: NTPC Training Report

7. Furnace temp. Probes Each of these functional blocks

is provided as independent systems which are connected

through redundant system bus to achieve integrated

CRT/KBD operation & monitoring.

THE TG-C&I SYSTEM

The TG-C&I system includes the following functional

blocks:-

1. EHG control system

2. Automatic Turbine Run Up System (ATRS)

3. HP-LP bypass control system

4. Turbine Stress Control System (TSCS)

5. Automatic Turbine Testing System (ATT)

6. Turbine protection system

7. Turbine Supervisory Instruments (TSI) Except for

TSI, all other functional blocks are connected through

redundant system bus to achieve integrated CRT/KBD

operation & monitoring.

Page 34: NTPC Training Report

FUNCTIONS OF C&I DEPARTMENT

Control and instrumentation in any process industry, can

be compared to the nerve system in the human being.

The way the nerve system controls the operation of

various limbs of human beings, C&I in the same way

controls and operates various motors, pumps, etc and

thus helps us to achieve our targets.

C&I, as the name indicates, is a branch in engineering

which deals with various measurement, indication,

transmission and control in different technical field. The

term instrument means “A device or combination of

devices used directly or indirectly to measure and display

a variable.” Instrumentation is a measurement of various

parameters with comparison to set standards. In

industries and process plants, Instrumentation makes use

of various measuring components designed to suit the

process and the purpose. As some of the big industries

and process plant need to control different process

variable from a remote distance control room, the further

Page 35: NTPC Training Report

measuring, transmitting, indicating, recording and

innovative.

The main work of C&I department is to observe, control

and manipulate electrical as well as non-electrical

quantities like temperature, pressure, vibrations etc. So

first these signals are converted into digital signals by “A

to D ” convertors. These are combinations of

microprocessors and microcontrollers which contain

certain logic coding and algorithm which convert analog

signals to digital signals. C&I department governs the

whole functioning and operation of power plant through

the Central Control System (DDC-MIS) “Distributed

Digital Control Monitoring and Information System”.

Page 36: NTPC Training Report

ABOUT MAXDNA SYSTEMS USA

The maxDNA Plant Automation System (PAS) is the

latest version of Distributed control system developed by

Metso Automation MAX Controls, US. MaxDNA works

with the popular operating systems Microsoft Windows

2000/XP and Windows CE, along with high-speed

switched Ethernet (maxNET) communications and

Distributed Processing Units (DPUs), to give an open

Architecture and reliable control system.

The maxDNA DDCMIS follows a multi-level hierarchy.

The lowest or first level interacts with the actual plant by

acquiring the parameters/status, and issuing the actuating

signals/commands.

This is done by the I/O modules. The second level

performs closed loop control and open loop control,

which is accomplished through execution of atomic

blocks by DPU in maxDNA. The operator console or the

Operator’s Workstation (OWS), and the supervisory

console or the Engineer’s Workstation (EWS), are at the

third level. At the highest level, called Enterprise

Page 37: NTPC Training Report

Management Network, engineers and managers have

access to the entire system database.

MAXDNA software runs on popular Microsoft

platforms. The attractive features of maxDNA software

for the benefit of the engineer or operator are:-

1. High level object-oriented programming in Graphical

User Interface(GUI)

2. Wide selection of standard library functions

3.Provision for user-defined multi-function expandability

4. User flexibility in assigning inputs/outputs

5. Unique address for I/O signals

Figure shows network connections of maxDNA systems.

.

Page 38: NTPC Training Report

CONCLUSION I hereby affirm that the information given in this report is

true to the best of my knowledge and is based on the

training undergone at C&I department .This report fulfils

the basic requirement under vocational training for

undergraduates.

I again affirm that this report is fully made by

me, Vidya Sagar and information provided is true to the

best of my knowledge and belief.