nrri research bulletin no. 17 rice ‒ fish integrated...
TRANSCRIPT
Annie�Poonam,�Sanjoy�Saha,�P.K.�Nayak,��D.P.�Sinhababu,�P.K.�Sahu,�B.S.�Satapathy,�M.�Shahid,��G.A.K.�Kumar,�N.N.�Jambhulkar,�M.�Nedunchezhiyan,��
S.C.�Giri,�Saurabh�Kumar,�Sangeeta�Kujur,�A.K.�Nayak�and�H.�Pathak
Rice�‒�FishIntegrated�Farming�Systems
for�Eastern�India
April,�2019
ICAR-National�Rice�Research�InstituteIndian�Council�of�Agricultural�Research
Cuttack,�Odisha�753006
NRRI�Research�Bulletin�No.�17
Annie�Poonam,�Sanjoy�Saha,�P.K.�Nayak,��D.P.�Sinhababu,�P.K.�Sahu,�B.S.�Satapathy,�M.�Shahid,��G.A.K.�Kumar,�N.N.�Jambhulkar,�M.�Nedunchezhiyan,��
S.C.�Giri,�Saurabh�Kumar,�Sangeeta�Kujur,�A.K.�Nayak�and�H.�Pathak
Rice�‒�FishIntegrated�Farming�Systems
for�Eastern�India
April,�2019
ICAR-National�Rice�Research�InstituteIndian�Council�of�Agricultural�Research
Cuttack,�Odisha�753006
NRRI�Research�Bulletin�No.�17
Annie�Poonam,�Sanjoy�Saha,�P.K.�Nayak,��D.P.�Sinhababu,�P.K.�Sahu,�B.S.�Satapathy,�M.�Shahid,��G.A.K.�Kumar,�N.N.�Jambhulkar,�M.�Nedunchezhiyan,��
S.C.�Giri,�Saurabh�Kumar,�Sangeeta�Kujur,�A.K.�Nayak�and�H.�Pathak
Rice�‒�FishIntegrated�Farming�Systems
for�Eastern�India
April,�2019
ICAR-National�Rice�Research�InstituteIndian�Council�of�Agricultural�Research
Cuttack,�Odisha�753006
NRRI�Research�Bulletin�No.�17
CO
NTE
NT
SCorrectCitation
Annie Poonam, Saha S, Nayak PK, Sinhababu DP, Sahu PK,Satapathy BS, Shahid M, Kumar GAK, Jambhulkar NN,Nedunchezhiyan M, Giri S, Saurabh Kumar, Sangeeta K,NayakAKandPathakH(2019).Rice–FishIntegratedFarmingSystems for Eastern India. NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17,ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006,Odisha,India.pp33+iii.
Publishedby
Director
ICAR-NationalRiceResearchInstitute
Cuttack753006,Odisha,India
April2019
Disclaimer:ICAR-NationalRiceResearchInstituteisnotliablefor any loss arising due to improper interpretation of thescientificinformationprovidedinthebook.
LasertypesetattheFingerprint,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,Indiaand printed in India by the Print-Tech Offset Pvt. Ltd.,Bhubaneswar751024,Odisha,PublishedbytheDirectorforICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006,Odisha.
Foreword 02
ExecutiveSummary 03
1. Introduction 05
2. ImportanceofIFSinIndianagriculture 06
3. ModelsofIFSdevelopedatNRRI 07
4. Onstationresearch
i)Riceandfishgrowth 15
ii)Rice–fishenvironment 17
iii)Bio-controlofricepests 19
iv)Lowlandweedsandtheirbio-control 20
v)VarietiesforRice-FishSystem 21
vi)Importantcropsinmainfieldafterrice 23
vii)Rainwaterbudgetingandproductivity 24
viii) Rice-ornamentalfishculture 24
5. Adoptionofrice–fishfarmingsystemineasternIndia 25
6. Constraints 29
7. Challengesandissues 29
8. Futureperspective 30
9. Conclusion 30
10. References 31
CO
NTE
NT
SCorrectCitation
Annie Poonam, Saha S, Nayak PK, Sinhababu DP, Sahu PK,Satapathy BS, Shahid M, Kumar GAK, Jambhulkar NN,Nedunchezhiyan M, Giri S, Saurabh Kumar, Sangeeta K,NayakAKandPathakH(2019).Rice–FishIntegratedFarmingSystems for Eastern India. NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17,ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006,Odisha,India.pp33+iii.
Publishedby
Director
ICAR-NationalRiceResearchInstitute
Cuttack753006,Odisha,India
April2019
Disclaimer:ICAR-NationalRiceResearchInstituteisnotliablefor any loss arising due to improper interpretation of thescientificinformationprovidedinthebook.
LasertypesetattheFingerprint,Bhubaneswar,Odisha,Indiaand printed in India by the Print-Tech Offset Pvt. Ltd.,Bhubaneswar751024,Odisha,PublishedbytheDirectorforICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753006,Odisha.
Foreword 02
ExecutiveSummary 03
1. Introduction 05
2. ImportanceofIFSinIndianagriculture 06
3. ModelsofIFSdevelopedatNRRI 07
4. Onstationresearch
i)Riceandfishgrowth 15
ii)Rice–fishenvironment 17
iii)Bio-controlofricepests 19
iv)Lowlandweedsandtheirbio-control 20
v)VarietiesforRice-FishSystem 21
vi)Importantcropsinmainfieldafterrice 23
vii)Rainwaterbudgetingandproductivity 24
viii) Rice-ornamentalfishculture 24
5. Adoptionofrice–fishfarmingsystemineasternIndia 25
6. Constraints 29
7. Challengesandissues 29
8. Futureperspective 30
9. Conclusion 30
10. References 31
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17 April, 2019 03
RainfedlowlandsineasternIndiaarehighlydiverse,complexandfragilein
naturewithabundanceofnaturalresources.Theregionexperiencesseveral
abiotic stresses suchasdrought, submergence,waterlogging, flash floods,
cyclonicdisturbances and salinity affecting cropproductivity, incomeand
livelihoodoffarmers.Ricegrowingfarmersinthisregionmostlyhassmall-
holdingsandgrowricewithlowinputs.Thelowlandandwater-loggedareas
dryupaftertherainyseasonresultinginnon-availabilityofwaterforgrowing
rabiseasoncrop.
Integrated farming system (IFS) provides an opportunity to increase the
economicyieldperunitareaperunitoftimebyvirtueofintensificationand
integrationofcropandalliedenterprises.Thoughtraditionally,farmershave
beenpracticingIFSintheirhomesteadlandbutisnotfoolproofincombating
climaticvagariesand ismostlynon-interactive.Theavailableresources in
these areas are not utilized efficiently to reduce the risk related to land
sustainabilityvis-a–visemploymentproblem.Mainreasonforunderutilization
of resources is lack of proper understanding of interaction and linkages
betweenthecomponentswhichhelpinreducinginputcost, increasetotal
productivity,reduceenvironmentalriskandgenerateemployment.Effortsto
diversifythericecroptoothercompatiblealliedenterprisesaccompaniedby
improvedmanagementwouldenhancelandproductivityandincome;ensure
additionalemploymentaswellasresourcecyclingwithreducedinputs.
ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack has developed three
adoptable models: 1) Rice-fish diversified farming system for semi-deep
areas(upto50cmwaterdepth),2)Multi-tierrice-fishhorticulturecropbased
farmingsystemfordeepwater(upto1mormorewaterdepth)and3)Rice-
based integrated farming system for irrigated lowlands. These rice-based
farmingsystemsmodelshavebeenvalidatedandupscaledinfarmersfields
throughfarmersparticipatorymode(FPM).Thesesystemswithhigherland
andwaterproductivityensurefood,nutritionandlivelihoodsecurityforthe
farmingcommunities,particularlyforthesmallandmarginalfarmersalong
withemploymentgenerationthroughengagementoffamilymembersinthe
farming.
Interactions among the rice and non-rice enterprises for increased
productivity,bioresourceflow,resourcerecyclingandenvironmentalimpact
Executive Summary
02
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17 April, 2019 03
RainfedlowlandsineasternIndiaarehighlydiverse,complexandfragilein
naturewithabundanceofnaturalresources.Theregionexperiencesseveral
abiotic stresses suchasdrought, submergence,waterlogging, flash floods,
cyclonicdisturbances and salinity affecting cropproductivity, incomeand
livelihoodoffarmers.Ricegrowingfarmersinthisregionmostlyhassmall-
holdingsandgrowricewithlowinputs.Thelowlandandwater-loggedareas
dryupaftertherainyseasonresultinginnon-availabilityofwaterforgrowing
rabiseasoncrop.
Integrated farming system (IFS) provides an opportunity to increase the
economicyieldperunitareaperunitoftimebyvirtueofintensificationand
integrationofcropandalliedenterprises.Thoughtraditionally,farmershave
beenpracticingIFSintheirhomesteadlandbutisnotfoolproofincombating
climaticvagariesand ismostlynon-interactive.Theavailableresources in
these areas are not utilized efficiently to reduce the risk related to land
sustainabilityvis-a–visemploymentproblem.Mainreasonforunderutilization
of resources is lack of proper understanding of interaction and linkages
betweenthecomponentswhichhelpinreducinginputcost, increasetotal
productivity,reduceenvironmentalriskandgenerateemployment.Effortsto
diversifythericecroptoothercompatiblealliedenterprisesaccompaniedby
improvedmanagementwouldenhancelandproductivityandincome;ensure
additionalemploymentaswellasresourcecyclingwithreducedinputs.
ICAR- National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack has developed three
adoptable models: 1) Rice-fish diversified farming system for semi-deep
areas(upto50cmwaterdepth),2)Multi-tierrice-fishhorticulturecropbased
farmingsystemfordeepwater(upto1mormorewaterdepth)and3)Rice-
based integrated farming system for irrigated lowlands. These rice-based
farmingsystemsmodelshavebeenvalidatedandupscaledinfarmersfields
throughfarmersparticipatorymode(FPM).Thesesystemswithhigherland
andwaterproductivityensurefood,nutritionandlivelihoodsecurityforthe
farmingcommunities,particularlyforthesmallandmarginalfarmersalong
withemploymentgenerationthroughengagementoffamilymembersinthe
farming.
Interactions among the rice and non-rice enterprises for increased
productivity,bioresourceflow,resourcerecyclingandenvironmentalimpact
Executive Summary
02
April, 2019NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
Rice, the leadingcereal crop, isgrown in114countriesacross theworldon160million
hectares(Mha),constitutingnearly11%oftheworld'scultivatedland(Pathaketal.,2018).
Indiaisthelargestriceproducingcountryintheworldandthecropcontributesover40%to
the annual food grain production of the country and is grown in varied ecologies from
irrigatedtoupland,rainfedlowland,deepwaterandtidalwetlandecologiescoveringmore
than 43.0Mha fromKashmir inNorth to Kanyakumari in South and Gujarat inWest to
Arunachal Pradesh in East. The cultivation of almost 90% of the world's rice crops in
irrigated, rainfedanddeep-water systemsequivalent to about134Mhaoffersa suitable
environmentforfishandotheraquaticorganisms.Theintegrationsofriceandfishfarming–
eitheronthesameplot,oradjacentplotswhereby-productsofonesystemareusedasinputs
fortheother,orconsecutively–areallvariationsofproductionsystemsthataimtoincrease
theproductivityofwater,landandassociatedresourceswhilecontributingtoincreasedfish
production.
Asiaaccountedforabout90%of672milliontons(Mt)ofriceproducedintheworld(FAO,
2012b).RicefarminginAsiausedtobecharacterizedbysmallscale,labour-intensiveness
andon-siterecyclingofgreenandanimalmanures.Althoughrice farming isstill labour-
intensiveinremoteareasofAsiandevelopingcountries,ithasrapidlybeenmechanizedand
agrochemicals-intensive.Inresponsetocommercializationofagriculture,itisimportantto
shiftfromroutinefoodgrainproductionsystemtonewercrops;cropping/farmingsystems
tomeettheincreasingdemandofpulses,oilseeds,fodder,vegetablesandothercommercial
cropsalongwithlivestockandfishesdependingupontheclimaticconditionsaswellasagro-
ecosystemsandmakeagricultureanattractive,profitableandsustainablebusiness.
Furuno(2001)formulatedtheideaofsystematicallyintegratingricewithducks,basedonthe
notionthattwoproductshighlycomplementarytoeachothercanbejointlyproduced.Inthe
integratedrice–duckfarming(IRDF)system,ricepaddiesprovidefood(weedsandpests)for
ducks,andducksplayaroleinfertilizingriceplants.Integratedfarmingsystems(IFS)have
traditionally been undertaken by farmers in countries like Indonesia, China, Malaysia,
Vietnam,RwandaandThailand.However,inmanycountriesthesetraditionalsystemshave
beenreplacedbytheestablishmentofcommercialcashandstaplecropproductionsystems
thathavebeenpromotedbyGovernments(RuaysoongnernandSuphanchaimart,2001).The
systemsare important in these countriesbecause theyprovidehousehold food security,
reduce the impact of agriculture on the environment, and may be less affected than
conventional systems by climate change. Integrated rice-fish production can optimize
resourceutilizationthroughthecomplementaryuseof landandwater.Thispracticealso
improvesdiversification,intensification,productivity,profitability,andsustainabilityofthe
riceagro-ecosystem.
Introduction
hasbeenassessed.Fishproductivitywasmorewhen integratedwith rice
ratherthansolefishinthetank.Itwasfurtherincreasedwithwiderspacingof
rice over closed spacing or random planting. Continuous addition of fish
excretainthericefishsystemincreasedtheorganiccarboncontentofsoil.
Emissionofmethane(CH )increasedwithfishinricefieldbutnitrousoxide4
(N O)emissionwasrelativelylowduringtheentirecroppingperiodexcept2
towardsmaturitywhenthewaterrecedesleavingthefielddry.Fishactsas
effectivebio-controlagentformajorricepestslikehoppers,caseworm,stem
borer, gall midge, leaf folder and snails. Insecticides (phosphamidon,
monocrotophos,quinalphos,ethofenprox,carbofuran)thoughdidnotkillthe
reared fishes (common carp, catla, mrigal) instantly, but showed varying
degreeofdeleteriouseffectsongrowth,survivalandyield.Efficientspeciesof
fish are Ctenopharyngodon idella, Puntius gonionotus, Oreochromis
mossambicus, Trichogaster pectorals and Cyprinus carpio for controlling
weeds directly by feeding or indirectly increasingwater turbidity and/or
causingmechanicalinjuryunderconstantflooding.
Sunflower is one of themost promising crops after ricewith 2-3 limited
irrigations utilizing the water stored in pond. Watermelon was another
promisingcropinthissystemwhensownduringmidJanuaryinpitswithspot
irrigation.EasternIndiaishavingpotentialtoharvestrainwaterduringpeak
monsoonperiod(July-September)thatstoredinthepondrefugecanhelpto
growseveralwintervegetableslikepumpkin,bittergourd,lady'sfingerand
chillieitheronbundsorinmainricefield.Othercropsviz.,pulseslikeblack
gramandgreengramoroilseedsviz.,sunflower,groundnutandsesamumcan
begrownduringthedryseason(January–earlyApril)withlimitedirrigation
bystoredwater.
Rice-basedIFShasimmensepotentialityineasternIndiatoemergeoutasan
effectivetoolforimprovementofruraleconomyduetolowinvestmentand
highprofitability.However,thereisastrongneedtomonitortheentirerice-
basedproductionsystem in termsof suitabilityof cropvarieties,nutrient
dynamics,watertableandqualityofirrigationwater,insect,diseaseandweed
problems,aswellaseconomicfeasibilityandenvironmentalsustainabilityto
evolve site-specific IFS model. Large scale adoption of IFS model by the
farming community depends mostly on socio-economic factors such as
labour availability, credit requirement, cost of inputs, processing,
marketabilityandpriceofproduce,riskinvolvedandsocialacceptabilityof
thenewsystem.Thuswhiledesigningafarmingsystemmodel,thetechnical,
environmental and economic feasibilities should be considered for its
successfulimplementation.
0504
April, 2019NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
Rice, the leadingcereal crop, isgrown in114countriesacross theworldon160million
hectares(Mha),constitutingnearly11%oftheworld'scultivatedland(Pathaketal.,2018).
Indiaisthelargestriceproducingcountryintheworldandthecropcontributesover40%to
the annual food grain production of the country and is grown in varied ecologies from
irrigatedtoupland,rainfedlowland,deepwaterandtidalwetlandecologiescoveringmore
than 43.0Mha fromKashmir inNorth to Kanyakumari in South and Gujarat inWest to
Arunachal Pradesh in East. The cultivation of almost 90% of the world's rice crops in
irrigated, rainfedanddeep-water systemsequivalent to about134Mhaoffersa suitable
environmentforfishandotheraquaticorganisms.Theintegrationsofriceandfishfarming–
eitheronthesameplot,oradjacentplotswhereby-productsofonesystemareusedasinputs
fortheother,orconsecutively–areallvariationsofproductionsystemsthataimtoincrease
theproductivityofwater,landandassociatedresourceswhilecontributingtoincreasedfish
production.
Asiaaccountedforabout90%of672milliontons(Mt)ofriceproducedintheworld(FAO,
2012b).RicefarminginAsiausedtobecharacterizedbysmallscale,labour-intensiveness
andon-siterecyclingofgreenandanimalmanures.Althoughrice farming isstill labour-
intensiveinremoteareasofAsiandevelopingcountries,ithasrapidlybeenmechanizedand
agrochemicals-intensive.Inresponsetocommercializationofagriculture,itisimportantto
shiftfromroutinefoodgrainproductionsystemtonewercrops;cropping/farmingsystems
tomeettheincreasingdemandofpulses,oilseeds,fodder,vegetablesandothercommercial
cropsalongwithlivestockandfishesdependingupontheclimaticconditionsaswellasagro-
ecosystemsandmakeagricultureanattractive,profitableandsustainablebusiness.
Furuno(2001)formulatedtheideaofsystematicallyintegratingricewithducks,basedonthe
notionthattwoproductshighlycomplementarytoeachothercanbejointlyproduced.Inthe
integratedrice–duckfarming(IRDF)system,ricepaddiesprovidefood(weedsandpests)for
ducks,andducksplayaroleinfertilizingriceplants.Integratedfarmingsystems(IFS)have
traditionally been undertaken by farmers in countries like Indonesia, China, Malaysia,
Vietnam,RwandaandThailand.However,inmanycountriesthesetraditionalsystemshave
beenreplacedbytheestablishmentofcommercialcashandstaplecropproductionsystems
thathavebeenpromotedbyGovernments(RuaysoongnernandSuphanchaimart,2001).The
systemsare important in these countriesbecause theyprovidehousehold food security,
reduce the impact of agriculture on the environment, and may be less affected than
conventional systems by climate change. Integrated rice-fish production can optimize
resourceutilizationthroughthecomplementaryuseof landandwater.Thispracticealso
improvesdiversification,intensification,productivity,profitability,andsustainabilityofthe
riceagro-ecosystem.
Introduction
hasbeenassessed.Fishproductivitywasmorewhen integratedwith rice
ratherthansolefishinthetank.Itwasfurtherincreasedwithwiderspacingof
rice over closed spacing or random planting. Continuous addition of fish
excretainthericefishsystemincreasedtheorganiccarboncontentofsoil.
Emissionofmethane(CH )increasedwithfishinricefieldbutnitrousoxide4
(N O)emissionwasrelativelylowduringtheentirecroppingperiodexcept2
towardsmaturitywhenthewaterrecedesleavingthefielddry.Fishactsas
effectivebio-controlagentformajorricepestslikehoppers,caseworm,stem
borer, gall midge, leaf folder and snails. Insecticides (phosphamidon,
monocrotophos,quinalphos,ethofenprox,carbofuran)thoughdidnotkillthe
reared fishes (common carp, catla, mrigal) instantly, but showed varying
degreeofdeleteriouseffectsongrowth,survivalandyield.Efficientspeciesof
fish are Ctenopharyngodon idella, Puntius gonionotus, Oreochromis
mossambicus, Trichogaster pectorals and Cyprinus carpio for controlling
weeds directly by feeding or indirectly increasingwater turbidity and/or
causingmechanicalinjuryunderconstantflooding.
Sunflower is one of themost promising crops after ricewith 2-3 limited
irrigations utilizing the water stored in pond. Watermelon was another
promisingcropinthissystemwhensownduringmidJanuaryinpitswithspot
irrigation.EasternIndiaishavingpotentialtoharvestrainwaterduringpeak
monsoonperiod(July-September)thatstoredinthepondrefugecanhelpto
growseveralwintervegetableslikepumpkin,bittergourd,lady'sfingerand
chillieitheronbundsorinmainricefield.Othercropsviz.,pulseslikeblack
gramandgreengramoroilseedsviz.,sunflower,groundnutandsesamumcan
begrownduringthedryseason(January–earlyApril)withlimitedirrigation
bystoredwater.
Rice-basedIFShasimmensepotentialityineasternIndiatoemergeoutasan
effectivetoolforimprovementofruraleconomyduetolowinvestmentand
highprofitability.However,thereisastrongneedtomonitortheentirerice-
basedproductionsystem in termsof suitabilityof cropvarieties,nutrient
dynamics,watertableandqualityofirrigationwater,insect,diseaseandweed
problems,aswellaseconomicfeasibilityandenvironmentalsustainabilityto
evolve site-specific IFS model. Large scale adoption of IFS model by the
farming community depends mostly on socio-economic factors such as
labour availability, credit requirement, cost of inputs, processing,
marketabilityandpriceofproduce,riskinvolvedandsocialacceptabilityof
thenewsystem.Thuswhiledesigningafarmingsystemmodel,thetechnical,
environmental and economic feasibilities should be considered for its
successfulimplementation.
0504
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
SincemajorityoffarmersineasternIndiaareresourcepoorandhavemarginalandsmall
economicholdings,itisverydifficulttoenhancethefarmfamilyincomeunlesscropbased
agricultureissupplementedbysomeotherfarmenterpriseslikelivestockproduction,bee
keeping, poultry, fisheries, horticulture, etc. Being inter andmultidisciplinary approach,
farmingsystemwouldbehighlyeffectiveinprovidingbalancedfood,regularemployment,
sustainingsoilhealth,mitigatingaberrantweathersituation,increasedthefarmproductivity
andfarmfamilyincome,whichultimatelyincreasedthepurchasingpowerofthefarmer.In
thisbulletin,importantenterprisesunderintegratedfarmingsystemandtheirmanagement
underdifferentriceenvironmentshavebeendiscussedbasedontheresearchworkscarried
outatNRRIsourceaswellason-farmtrialsineasternIndia.
Importance of IFS in Indian AgricultureTheIFSisareliablewayofobtaininghighproductivitywithsubstantialnutrienteconomyin
combinationwithmaximumcompatibilityandreplenishmentoforganicmatterbywayof
effectiverecyclingoforganicresidues/wastesetc.obtainedthroughintegrationofvarious
landbasedenterprises(Gilletal.,2010,Sanjeevetal.,2011)Anexperimentonpaddycum
fishculturewasstartedinWestBengalin1945inanareaof280hectaresadjoiningthepaddy
fieldsand itwasremarkablynotedthat thegrowthof tank fisheswasslowerthanthose
liberatedinthepaddyfields.ThethenricecommitteeofFAOin1948stronglyadvocatedthe
practiceoffishcultureinthericefieldforincreasedproductionofrice.Thefarmersofthe
NortheasternpartofIndiasevenstatesviz.Assam,ArunachalPradesh,Nagaland,Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Manipur and Tripura cultivate rice as their staple food and a fish crop is
traditionallyraisedonlyfromthepaddiesofrainfedlowlands(bothshallowanddeepwater).
Traditionalrice-fishproductionsystemshaveanimportantsocio-economicpartinthelifeof
the farmers and fishers in the region. Shamim Al Mamun et al. (2011) reported that
integrationoffishwiththelivestockandcrophashelpedtoimprovethefertilizerandfeed
supplies, plus the highmarket value of fish as feed and/or food increasing the incomes
substantially. Integration of various agricultural enterprises viz., cropping, animal
husbandry,fishery,forestryetc.notonlysupplementtheincomeofthefarmersbutalsohelp
inincreasingthefamilylaboremploymentthroughouttheyear(Jayanthi,2002).
Incomefromrainfedricecropandotherseasonalfieldcropsonsmallandmarginalfarmsis
hardlysufficienttosustaintheirfamily.Integratedfarmingsystem(IFS)hasbeenadvocated
asoneofthetoolforharmonioususeofinputsandtheircompoundedresponsetomakethe
agriculture in the region profitable and sustainable. The IFS aims at an appropriate
combinationoffarmenterpriseslikefieldcrops,diary,piggery,poultry,apiculture,goatery,
mushroom cultivation etc. for a productive, profitable and sustainable agriculture.
IFS interact appropriately with the environment without dislocating the ecological and
socio-economicbalanceononehandandattempttomeetthefarmersneedontheother.
Rice-fishdiversified farmingsystemdevelopedby ICAR-NationalRiceResearch Institute,
Cuttackcanbeadoptedbothinrainfedwaterlogged,deepwaterandirrigatedconditionsfor
06 April, 2019
increasingfarmproductivity,income,employment,sustainabilityandhouseholdfoodand
nutritionalsecurity.Thissystemintegratescomponentssuchasimprovedricevarieties,fish,
prawn,azolla,poultry,goateryanddifferentcropsafterriceinthefieldandvegetables,fruit
crops,agro-forestryandothercomponentsonbunds.
Models of IFS developed at NRRIEasternIndia,inparticularwithabout5.6Mhairrigatedareaand14.0Mharainfedlowlands
ofthetotal26.58Mharicearea,offershighpotentialforrice-baseddiversifiedintegrated
farmingsystem,especiallyinviewoftheresources,foodhabitsandsocio-economicneedsof
the people. These systems with higher water and land productivity and employment
opportunities can ensure food, nutrition and livelihood security for the farming
communities,particularlyforthelargestgroupsofsmallandmarginalfarmersalongwith
employment generation through engagement of family members in the farming. These
systemscanbemixedorconcurrent,sequentialorrotational.However,thetechniquesdiffer
basedonthephysical,biologicalandsocio-economicprofilesofthetargetagro-ecosystem.
Model I : Rice–fish–livestock-horticulture-based farming system for rainfed
lowlandareas
Inordertoimproveandstabilizefarmproductivityandincomefromrainfedwaterlogged
lowlandareas,theInstitutehasdevelopedanadoptabletechnologyof'Rice-fishdiversified
farmingsystem'.Farmsizemayvaryfromminimumofaboutoneacretoonehectareormore.
Fielddesignincludeswidebunds(dykes)allaround,apondrefugeconnectedwithtrenches
on two sides (water harvesting come fish refuge system) and guarded outlet. The
approximateareaallotmentswillbe,20%forbunds,13%forpondrefugeandtrenchesand
rest67%formainfield.Thepondrefugemeasures10mwideand1.75mdeepconstructedin
thelowerendofthefield.Thetwosidetrenchesof3mwidthandaverage1mdepthhave
gentle(0.5%) bed slope towards the towards the pond refuge. Small low cost
(Thatched/asbestostop)duckhouseandpoultryunitareconstructedonbundswithafloor
spaceofabout1.5sq.ft.foreach
duck and 1 sq.ft . for each
poultrybird.Poultryunitmaybe
projected upto 50% over the
water in the pond refuge to
utilizethedroppingasfishfood
and manure in the system. In
suchcasebirdscanbehousedin
cageofmadeofwirenet.Asmall
goathouseismadeonthebund
withfloorspaceofabout2sq.ft
foreachanimal.
07
Rice–Fish–Livestock-Horticulturebasedfarmingsystemforrainfedlowlandareas
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
SincemajorityoffarmersineasternIndiaareresourcepoorandhavemarginalandsmall
economicholdings,itisverydifficulttoenhancethefarmfamilyincomeunlesscropbased
agricultureissupplementedbysomeotherfarmenterpriseslikelivestockproduction,bee
keeping, poultry, fisheries, horticulture, etc. Being inter andmultidisciplinary approach,
farmingsystemwouldbehighlyeffectiveinprovidingbalancedfood,regularemployment,
sustainingsoilhealth,mitigatingaberrantweathersituation,increasedthefarmproductivity
andfarmfamilyincome,whichultimatelyincreasedthepurchasingpowerofthefarmer.In
thisbulletin,importantenterprisesunderintegratedfarmingsystemandtheirmanagement
underdifferentriceenvironmentshavebeendiscussedbasedontheresearchworkscarried
outatNRRIsourceaswellason-farmtrialsineasternIndia.
Importance of IFS in Indian AgricultureTheIFSisareliablewayofobtaininghighproductivitywithsubstantialnutrienteconomyin
combinationwithmaximumcompatibilityandreplenishmentoforganicmatterbywayof
effectiverecyclingoforganicresidues/wastesetc.obtainedthroughintegrationofvarious
landbasedenterprises(Gilletal.,2010,Sanjeevetal.,2011)Anexperimentonpaddycum
fishculturewasstartedinWestBengalin1945inanareaof280hectaresadjoiningthepaddy
fieldsand itwasremarkablynotedthat thegrowthof tank fisheswasslowerthanthose
liberatedinthepaddyfields.ThethenricecommitteeofFAOin1948stronglyadvocatedthe
practiceoffishcultureinthericefieldforincreasedproductionofrice.Thefarmersofthe
NortheasternpartofIndiasevenstatesviz.Assam,ArunachalPradesh,Nagaland,Meghalaya,
Mizoram, Manipur and Tripura cultivate rice as their staple food and a fish crop is
traditionallyraisedonlyfromthepaddiesofrainfedlowlands(bothshallowanddeepwater).
Traditionalrice-fishproductionsystemshaveanimportantsocio-economicpartinthelifeof
the farmers and fishers in the region. Shamim Al Mamun et al. (2011) reported that
integrationoffishwiththelivestockandcrophashelpedtoimprovethefertilizerandfeed
supplies, plus the highmarket value of fish as feed and/or food increasing the incomes
substantially. Integration of various agricultural enterprises viz., cropping, animal
husbandry,fishery,forestryetc.notonlysupplementtheincomeofthefarmersbutalsohelp
inincreasingthefamilylaboremploymentthroughouttheyear(Jayanthi,2002).
Incomefromrainfedricecropandotherseasonalfieldcropsonsmallandmarginalfarmsis
hardlysufficienttosustaintheirfamily.Integratedfarmingsystem(IFS)hasbeenadvocated
asoneofthetoolforharmonioususeofinputsandtheircompoundedresponsetomakethe
agriculture in the region profitable and sustainable. The IFS aims at an appropriate
combinationoffarmenterpriseslikefieldcrops,diary,piggery,poultry,apiculture,goatery,
mushroom cultivation etc. for a productive, profitable and sustainable agriculture.
IFS interact appropriately with the environment without dislocating the ecological and
socio-economicbalanceononehandandattempttomeetthefarmersneedontheother.
Rice-fishdiversified farmingsystemdevelopedby ICAR-NationalRiceResearch Institute,
Cuttackcanbeadoptedbothinrainfedwaterlogged,deepwaterandirrigatedconditionsfor
06 April, 2019
increasingfarmproductivity,income,employment,sustainabilityandhouseholdfoodand
nutritionalsecurity.Thissystemintegratescomponentssuchasimprovedricevarieties,fish,
prawn,azolla,poultry,goateryanddifferentcropsafterriceinthefieldandvegetables,fruit
crops,agro-forestryandothercomponentsonbunds.
Models of IFS developed at NRRIEasternIndia,inparticularwithabout5.6Mhairrigatedareaand14.0Mharainfedlowlands
ofthetotal26.58Mharicearea,offershighpotentialforrice-baseddiversifiedintegrated
farmingsystem,especiallyinviewoftheresources,foodhabitsandsocio-economicneedsof
the people. These systems with higher water and land productivity and employment
opportunities can ensure food, nutrition and livelihood security for the farming
communities,particularlyforthelargestgroupsofsmallandmarginalfarmersalongwith
employment generation through engagement of family members in the farming. These
systemscanbemixedorconcurrent,sequentialorrotational.However,thetechniquesdiffer
basedonthephysical,biologicalandsocio-economicprofilesofthetargetagro-ecosystem.
Model I : Rice–fish–livestock-horticulture-based farming system for rainfed
lowlandareas
Inordertoimproveandstabilizefarmproductivityandincomefromrainfedwaterlogged
lowlandareas,theInstitutehasdevelopedanadoptabletechnologyof'Rice-fishdiversified
farmingsystem'.Farmsizemayvaryfromminimumofaboutoneacretoonehectareormore.
Fielddesignincludeswidebunds(dykes)allaround,apondrefugeconnectedwithtrenches
on two sides (water harvesting come fish refuge system) and guarded outlet. The
approximateareaallotmentswillbe,20%forbunds,13%forpondrefugeandtrenchesand
rest67%formainfield.Thepondrefugemeasures10mwideand1.75mdeepconstructedin
thelowerendofthefield.Thetwosidetrenchesof3mwidthandaverage1mdepthhave
gentle(0.5%) bed slope towards the towards the pond refuge. Small low cost
(Thatched/asbestostop)duckhouseandpoultryunitareconstructedonbundswithafloor
spaceofabout1.5sq.ft.foreach
duck and 1 sq.ft . for each
poultrybird.Poultryunitmaybe
projected upto 50% over the
water in the pond refuge to
utilizethedroppingasfishfood
and manure in the system. In
suchcasebirdscanbehousedin
cageofmadeofwirenet.Asmall
goathouseismadeonthebund
withfloorspaceofabout2sq.ft
foreachanimal.
07
Rice–Fish–Livestock-Horticulturebasedfarmingsystemforrainfedlowlandareas
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1708 April, 2019 09
DesignandLayout
Fig1.LayoutofRice–fish–Livestock-Horticulturebasedfarmingsystem
forrainfedlowlandareas
fedat2%oftotalbiomasswithmixturecontaining95%ofoilcake+ricebran(1:1)and5%of
fish meal. After rice, various crops like watermelon, green gram, sunflower, groundnut,
sesameandvegetablesaregrowninthefieldwithlimitedirrigationsfromtheharvested
rainwater.Onbundsdifferentseasonalvegetablesarecultivatedroundtheyearincluding
creepersontheraisedplatform,spicesandpineapplesaregrowninshades.Thefruitcrops
onbundsincludevarietiesofdwarfpapaya,bananaTxDcoconutandarecanut.Flowerslike
tuberose,marigold,etc.arealsocultivatedonthebunds.Bothstrawandoystermushroom
cultivationaredoneinthethatchedorpolytheneenclose.Beerearingispracticein2-3bee
boxes on bunds. Agro-forestry component on the bund include short termplantation of
mainlyAccaciaspp.(A.mangium,A.auriculiformes).Animalcomponentconstitutesimproved
breedsofduck,poultrybirdsandgoats.Ducksareallowedinthericefielduptothebeginning
offloweringstageandlaterinanenclosureinpondrefugetilltheharvestofricecrop.Live-1Azollaisreleasedat0.5-1.0tha andismaintainedtosupplementduckfeedandalsotosome
extentfishfeed,besidesnutritiontothericecrop.Freshwaterpearlcultureisintegratedin
thesystemusingthehostmussel(Lamellidensmarginalis),whichisnormallyavailableinthe
lowlandriceecology.Componentscanhowever,beincludedinthesystembasedonlocation
–specificrequirements.
Productivityandeconomics:Thericefishfarmingsystemcanannuallyproducearound16
to18toffoodcrops,0.6toffishandprawn,0.55tofmeat,8000-12,000eggsbesidesflowers,
fuelwoodandanimalfeedasricestrawandothercropresiduesfromonehectareoffarm.The
netincomeinthesystemisaboutRs.76,000inthefirstyear.Subsequently,thisincreasesto
around1,30,000inthesixthyear.Thissystemthusincreasesfarmproductivitybyabout
fifteentimesandnetincomeby20foldsoverthetraditionalricefarminginrainfedlowlands
(Table 1). It also generates additional farm employment of around 250 – 300 man-
days/hectare/year.
Table1.Costofraisingrice-fish-horticulturalmodelin1haareaatNRRI
Sl.No Particular Amount(Rs.)
13Constructionofpondrefugeandtrenchesanddykes(2000m x35) 70,000
2 Constrictionofplatforms16No.@200/- 3200
3 Pitdigging,plantingoffruitandsilviculturalplants(125-130No.) 4000
4 Costofseeds/seedlings/saplings 8,000
5 CostofFYM/vermi-compost 5000
6 Costoffingerlings 8000
7 Costoffishfeed 5000
8 Smallfarmimplements/equipments 5000
9 [email protected] 60,000
Total 1,68,200
ProductionTechnology:ProductionTechnologybroadly involvesgrowingof improved
photo-periodsensitivesemitallandtallwetseasonricevarietiestoleranttomajorinsect-
pestsanddiseases.ThesuitablericevarietiesareGayatri,Sarala,CRDhan500,CRDhan505,
Jalmani, Varshadhan, etc. forOdisha; Sabita, Jogen,Hanseswari, Varshadhanetc. forWest
Bengal;SudhaforBihar;MadhukarandJalpriyaforeasternUttarPradeshandRanjit,Mashuri
andSabitaforAssam.Managementofinsect-pestsinricecropisdonewiththeuseofsex
pheromentraps,lighttrapsandbotanicals(Netherin/Nimbicidinsprayat1%).
Indian major carps i.e., Catla [Catla catla(Ham.)]; Rohu [Labeo rohita(Ham.)]; Mrigal
[Cirrhinus mrigala(Ham.)]; exotic carps, common carp [Cyprinus carpio(L.)];silver carp
[Ctenopharyngodonidella(Val.)];silverbarb[Puntiusgonionotus(Bleeker)]andfreshwater
giantprawn[Macrobrachiumrosenbergii]fingerlingsof3-4”sizeandprawnjuvenilesof2-3”
sizearereleasedinaratioof75%and25%,respectivelyat10,000perhectareofwaterarea
aftersufficientwateraccumulationintherefugeandinthefield.Fishandprawnareregularly
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1708 April, 2019 09
DesignandLayout
Fig1.LayoutofRice–fish–Livestock-Horticulturebasedfarmingsystem
forrainfedlowlandareas
fedat2%oftotalbiomasswithmixturecontaining95%ofoilcake+ricebran(1:1)and5%of
fish meal. After rice, various crops like watermelon, green gram, sunflower, groundnut,
sesameandvegetablesaregrowninthefieldwithlimitedirrigationsfromtheharvested
rainwater.Onbundsdifferentseasonalvegetablesarecultivatedroundtheyearincluding
creepersontheraisedplatform,spicesandpineapplesaregrowninshades.Thefruitcrops
onbundsincludevarietiesofdwarfpapaya,bananaTxDcoconutandarecanut.Flowerslike
tuberose,marigold,etc.arealsocultivatedonthebunds.Bothstrawandoystermushroom
cultivationaredoneinthethatchedorpolytheneenclose.Beerearingispracticein2-3bee
boxes on bunds. Agro-forestry component on the bund include short termplantation of
mainlyAccaciaspp.(A.mangium,A.auriculiformes).Animalcomponentconstitutesimproved
breedsofduck,poultrybirdsandgoats.Ducksareallowedinthericefielduptothebeginning
offloweringstageandlaterinanenclosureinpondrefugetilltheharvestofricecrop.Live-1Azollaisreleasedat0.5-1.0tha andismaintainedtosupplementduckfeedandalsotosome
extentfishfeed,besidesnutritiontothericecrop.Freshwaterpearlcultureisintegratedin
thesystemusingthehostmussel(Lamellidensmarginalis),whichisnormallyavailableinthe
lowlandriceecology.Componentscanhowever,beincludedinthesystembasedonlocation
–specificrequirements.
Productivityandeconomics:Thericefishfarmingsystemcanannuallyproducearound16
to18toffoodcrops,0.6toffishandprawn,0.55tofmeat,8000-12,000eggsbesidesflowers,
fuelwoodandanimalfeedasricestrawandothercropresiduesfromonehectareoffarm.The
netincomeinthesystemisaboutRs.76,000inthefirstyear.Subsequently,thisincreasesto
around1,30,000inthesixthyear.Thissystemthusincreasesfarmproductivitybyabout
fifteentimesandnetincomeby20foldsoverthetraditionalricefarminginrainfedlowlands
(Table 1). It also generates additional farm employment of around 250 – 300 man-
days/hectare/year.
Table1.Costofraisingrice-fish-horticulturalmodelin1haareaatNRRI
Sl.No Particular Amount(Rs.)
13Constructionofpondrefugeandtrenchesanddykes(2000m x35) 70,000
2 Constrictionofplatforms16No.@200/- 3200
3 Pitdigging,plantingoffruitandsilviculturalplants(125-130No.) 4000
4 Costofseeds/seedlings/saplings 8,000
5 CostofFYM/vermi-compost 5000
6 Costoffingerlings 8000
7 Costoffishfeed 5000
8 Smallfarmimplements/equipments 5000
9 [email protected] 60,000
Total 1,68,200
ProductionTechnology:ProductionTechnologybroadly involvesgrowingof improved
photo-periodsensitivesemitallandtallwetseasonricevarietiestoleranttomajorinsect-
pestsanddiseases.ThesuitablericevarietiesareGayatri,Sarala,CRDhan500,CRDhan505,
Jalmani, Varshadhan, etc. forOdisha; Sabita, Jogen,Hanseswari, Varshadhanetc. forWest
Bengal;SudhaforBihar;MadhukarandJalpriyaforeasternUttarPradeshandRanjit,Mashuri
andSabitaforAssam.Managementofinsect-pestsinricecropisdonewiththeuseofsex
pheromentraps,lighttrapsandbotanicals(Netherin/Nimbicidinsprayat1%).
Indian major carps i.e., Catla [Catla catla(Ham.)]; Rohu [Labeo rohita(Ham.)]; Mrigal
[Cirrhinus mrigala(Ham.)]; exotic carps, common carp [Cyprinus carpio(L.)];silver carp
[Ctenopharyngodonidella(Val.)];silverbarb[Puntiusgonionotus(Bleeker)]andfreshwater
giantprawn[Macrobrachiumrosenbergii]fingerlingsof3-4”sizeandprawnjuvenilesof2-3”
sizearereleasedinaratioof75%and25%,respectivelyat10,000perhectareofwaterarea
aftersufficientwateraccumulationintherefugeandinthefield.Fishandprawnareregularly
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
Multi-tierrice-fish-prawn-horticulture-agro-forestrybasedfarmingsystemfordeepwater
10
ModelII:Multi-tierrice-fish-horticulture-agro-forestry-basedfarmingsystem
fordeepwater
Withtheaimofenhancingfarmproductivityindeepwaterareas(50-100cmwaterdepth),a
multi-tierrice-fish–prawnhorticulturecrops-agro-forestry-basedfarmingsystemmodelhas
alsobeendevelopedin0.06hectaresareaatInstituteFarm.
Fig2.Rice-Fish–Horticulture-basedfarmingsystemmodelindeepwater(1haarea)
April, 2019 11
ProductionMethodology:Thedesignofthesystemincludeslandshapingintheformof
uplands(tierIandtierII)coveringabout15%offieldareafollowedbyricefieldareaof40%
asrainfedlowland(tierIII)anddeepwater(tierIV).Thisricefieldisconnectedtoamicro
watershed-cumfishrefuge(pond)of20%areaforgrowingfishes(catla,rohu,mrigal,silver
carp,silverbarb) andfreshwatergiantprawnalongwiththericecrop.Raisedandwide
bundsaremadeallaroundusing25%ofthefarmarea.Theproductiontechnologyincludes
growingofhighyieldingvarietiesofrainfedlowlandrice(Gayatri,Sarala,Pooja)intierIIIand
deepwaterrice(JayantiDhan,CRDhan500,CRDhan505CRDhan508,PradhanDhanand
Varshadhan)intierIValongwiththefishandprawnduringwetseason.Dryseasoncropslike
sweetpotato,mung,sunflower,groundnut,vegetablesaregrownafterlowlandriceintierIII.
DryseasonriceiscultivatedafterthedeepwaterriceisharvestedintheirIV.Harvestedrain
waterinthepondrefugeisusedforirrigationofthedryseasoncrops.Improvedvarietiesof
perennial(mango,guava,sapota)andseasonalfruitcrops(papaya,banana,pineapple,etc.)
aregrowninTierI.Roundtheyeardifferentseasonalvegetablesandtubercropsviz.,sweet
potato,elephantfootyam,yambean,colocasiaandgreateryamarecultivatedinTierII.Agro-
forestry(Acaciamangium)andplantationcrops(Coconutandarecanut)areplantedonthe
northernsideofthebunds.Greateryamisgrownwiththesupportoftrunkofagroforestry
tree.Poultryandduckerycomponentsareintegratedonbundsofthepondrefuge.
Productivityandeconomics :Multi-tier rice-fish-horticulture-based farmingsystemcan
annuallyproduceabout14-15toffoodcrops,1toffishandprawn,0.5-0.8tofmeat,10000-
12000eggsinadditiontoflowersand3-5tofanimalfeedfrom1hectarefarmarea.The
productivityoffoodcropsfurtherincreasesto16-17tbesides,10-12toffiber/fuelwood
fromeightyearonwardsduetoadditionofproducefromperennialfruitcropsandagro-
forestrycomponents.ThenetincomeinthissystemisaroundRs.100000/hainthefirstyear.
ThiswillincreasetoRs1,50,000ormorefromtheeightyearonwards.
Fig3.TransverseSectionthroughlengthofaDeepwaterRice-fishFarm(1haarea)
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
Multi-tierrice-fish-prawn-horticulture-agro-forestrybasedfarmingsystemfordeepwater
10
ModelII:Multi-tierrice-fish-horticulture-agro-forestry-basedfarmingsystem
fordeepwater
Withtheaimofenhancingfarmproductivityindeepwaterareas(50-100cmwaterdepth),a
multi-tierrice-fish–prawnhorticulturecrops-agro-forestry-basedfarmingsystemmodelhas
alsobeendevelopedin0.06hectaresareaatInstituteFarm.
Fig2.Rice-Fish–Horticulture-basedfarmingsystemmodelindeepwater(1haarea)
April, 2019 11
ProductionMethodology:Thedesignofthesystemincludeslandshapingintheformof
uplands(tierIandtierII)coveringabout15%offieldareafollowedbyricefieldareaof40%
asrainfedlowland(tierIII)anddeepwater(tierIV).Thisricefieldisconnectedtoamicro
watershed-cumfishrefuge(pond)of20%areaforgrowingfishes(catla,rohu,mrigal,silver
carp,silverbarb) andfreshwatergiantprawnalongwiththericecrop.Raisedandwide
bundsaremadeallaroundusing25%ofthefarmarea.Theproductiontechnologyincludes
growingofhighyieldingvarietiesofrainfedlowlandrice(Gayatri,Sarala,Pooja)intierIIIand
deepwaterrice(JayantiDhan,CRDhan500,CRDhan505CRDhan508,PradhanDhanand
Varshadhan)intierIValongwiththefishandprawnduringwetseason.Dryseasoncropslike
sweetpotato,mung,sunflower,groundnut,vegetablesaregrownafterlowlandriceintierIII.
DryseasonriceiscultivatedafterthedeepwaterriceisharvestedintheirIV.Harvestedrain
waterinthepondrefugeisusedforirrigationofthedryseasoncrops.Improvedvarietiesof
perennial(mango,guava,sapota)andseasonalfruitcrops(papaya,banana,pineapple,etc.)
aregrowninTierI.Roundtheyeardifferentseasonalvegetablesandtubercropsviz.,sweet
potato,elephantfootyam,yambean,colocasiaandgreateryamarecultivatedinTierII.Agro-
forestry(Acaciamangium)andplantationcrops(Coconutandarecanut)areplantedonthe
northernsideofthebunds.Greateryamisgrownwiththesupportoftrunkofagroforestry
tree.Poultryandduckerycomponentsareintegratedonbundsofthepondrefuge.
Productivityandeconomics :Multi-tier rice-fish-horticulture-based farmingsystemcan
annuallyproduceabout14-15toffoodcrops,1toffishandprawn,0.5-0.8tofmeat,10000-
12000eggsinadditiontoflowersand3-5tofanimalfeedfrom1hectarefarmarea.The
productivityoffoodcropsfurtherincreasesto16-17tbesides,10-12toffiber/fuelwood
fromeightyearonwardsduetoadditionofproducefromperennialfruitcropsandagro-
forestrycomponents.ThenetincomeinthissystemisaroundRs.100000/hainthefirstyear.
ThiswillincreasetoRs1,50,000ormorefromtheeightyearonwards.
Fig3.TransverseSectionthroughlengthofaDeepwaterRice-fishFarm(1haarea)
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
ModelIII:Rice-basedfarmingsystemunderirrigatedlowlands
Withtheobjectiveofimprovementoflivelihoodofsmallandmarginalfarmers,rice-based
integratedfarmingsystemmodelforirrigatedareashasbeendevelopedatNRRI,Cuttack.
Fig4.Transversesectionofthericebasedintegratedfarmingsystemforirrigatedarea
Ricebasedintegratedfarmingsystemmodelforsmallandmarginalfarmers
12 April, 2019 13
ProductionMethodology:Aboutanacreofintegratedfarmareahasbeenreorientedforthe
farmingsystemofwhich30%oftheareaisconvertedtotworice-fishfieldsof600sq.marea
eachwitharefugeof15%areaandanother30%areaisdevelopedintotwonurseryfish2
pondsofequalsize for fingerlingsrearing(Fig.4).Theremaining40%(1500m )area is
utilizedasbundsforgrowingvegetables,horticulturalcropsandagro-forestry.Threerice
cropsaregrowninsequenceofkharifrice(var.CRDhan505/Varshadhan)followedbyrabi
rice(Naveen/Highproteinrice)andthensummerrice(Vandana/Sidhant).Yellowstemborer
iscontrolledbyusingpheromonetrapsorbyapplying1%Nethrin/Nimbecidine.Fishculture
istakenupwithcatla,rohuandmrigalspecies.Thefishfingerlingsarerearedinthetwo
nurserypondsandareusedforculturewithricecropinthesystem.Theexcessfingerlingsare
soldout.Onthebundsagro-forestryplantsliketeak,Accacia,Sisoo,Neem,Aonlaandbamboo
areplantedonthenorthernandsouthernbunds.
Horticulturalcropssuchasbanana,papayaandarecanutaregrownonthebunds.Pineapple
andspicesarecultivatedintheshade.FlowerslikeMarigold,HibiscusandJasminearealso2cultivatedinthewesternbundin50m area.Twoplantsoflemonandeachofguava,jackfruit,
mangoandlitchiarealsoplantedonthesouthernbundnearthefarmhousetomeetthe
householdrequirement.Onepoultryandoneduckeryunitareintegratedinthesystemin
which40poultrybirdsareraisedduringthedryseasons(OctobertoApril)and20ducksare
rearedduringthewetseason(JulytoDecember).
Productivityandeconomics:Threecropofriceyields800to1000kgofgrainperyear.Entire
produceissufficienttocatertheneedofthesmallfarmfamily.Thestrawisusedforthecattle
feed,mushroombaseandroofofthefarmhouse.RestofthestrawissoldtoearnRs.500-1000
peryear.Aftertwotothreemonthsofrearing,fishfryworthofRs.4000-5000issoldtoother
farmers.Fishareharvestedaccordingtotheneedafterthesizebecomes250-300gafter6
monthsor0.5-1.0kgafterayear.TheincomefromfishrearinginthesystemisRs.20,000.
Pulses(greengram,blackgramandpigeonpea)takenontheslopeandbundsarejustenough
tomeettheproteinrequirementofthefarmfamily.
Model IV : Rice-fish-horticulture farming system for rainfed lowland rice
ecologyatRRLRRS,Gerua,Assam
Thoughtraditionallyrice-fishfarmingisacommonpracticeinAssambuttheproductivityof
theexisting local systems is lowdue to lackofproper scientific interventions.Rice-fish-
horticulturemodelforrainfedlowlandriceecologydevelopedatNRRI,Cuttackhasbeen
modifiedandvalidatedinthefarmofRegionalRainfedLowlandRiceResearchStation(NRRI-
RRLRRS),Gerua,Assam.
Rice-fish-horticulturefarmingsystemforrainfedlowlandriceecologyatGerua,Assam
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
ModelIII:Rice-basedfarmingsystemunderirrigatedlowlands
Withtheobjectiveofimprovementoflivelihoodofsmallandmarginalfarmers,rice-based
integratedfarmingsystemmodelforirrigatedareashasbeendevelopedatNRRI,Cuttack.
Fig4.Transversesectionofthericebasedintegratedfarmingsystemforirrigatedarea
Ricebasedintegratedfarmingsystemmodelforsmallandmarginalfarmers
12 April, 2019 13
ProductionMethodology:Aboutanacreofintegratedfarmareahasbeenreorientedforthe
farmingsystemofwhich30%oftheareaisconvertedtotworice-fishfieldsof600sq.marea
eachwitharefugeof15%areaandanother30%areaisdevelopedintotwonurseryfish2
pondsofequalsize for fingerlingsrearing(Fig.4).Theremaining40%(1500m )area is
utilizedasbundsforgrowingvegetables,horticulturalcropsandagro-forestry.Threerice
cropsaregrowninsequenceofkharifrice(var.CRDhan505/Varshadhan)followedbyrabi
rice(Naveen/Highproteinrice)andthensummerrice(Vandana/Sidhant).Yellowstemborer
iscontrolledbyusingpheromonetrapsorbyapplying1%Nethrin/Nimbecidine.Fishculture
istakenupwithcatla,rohuandmrigalspecies.Thefishfingerlingsarerearedinthetwo
nurserypondsandareusedforculturewithricecropinthesystem.Theexcessfingerlingsare
soldout.Onthebundsagro-forestryplantsliketeak,Accacia,Sisoo,Neem,Aonlaandbamboo
areplantedonthenorthernandsouthernbunds.
Horticulturalcropssuchasbanana,papayaandarecanutaregrownonthebunds.Pineapple
andspicesarecultivatedintheshade.FlowerslikeMarigold,HibiscusandJasminearealso2cultivatedinthewesternbundin50m area.Twoplantsoflemonandeachofguava,jackfruit,
mangoandlitchiarealsoplantedonthesouthernbundnearthefarmhousetomeetthe
householdrequirement.Onepoultryandoneduckeryunitareintegratedinthesystemin
which40poultrybirdsareraisedduringthedryseasons(OctobertoApril)and20ducksare
rearedduringthewetseason(JulytoDecember).
Productivityandeconomics:Threecropofriceyields800to1000kgofgrainperyear.Entire
produceissufficienttocatertheneedofthesmallfarmfamily.Thestrawisusedforthecattle
feed,mushroombaseandroofofthefarmhouse.RestofthestrawissoldtoearnRs.500-1000
peryear.Aftertwotothreemonthsofrearing,fishfryworthofRs.4000-5000issoldtoother
farmers.Fishareharvestedaccordingtotheneedafterthesizebecomes250-300gafter6
monthsor0.5-1.0kgafterayear.TheincomefromfishrearinginthesystemisRs.20,000.
Pulses(greengram,blackgramandpigeonpea)takenontheslopeandbundsarejustenough
tomeettheproteinrequirementofthefarmfamily.
Model IV : Rice-fish-horticulture farming system for rainfed lowland rice
ecologyatRRLRRS,Gerua,Assam
Thoughtraditionallyrice-fishfarmingisacommonpracticeinAssambuttheproductivityof
theexisting local systems is lowdue to lackofproper scientific interventions.Rice-fish-
horticulturemodelforrainfedlowlandriceecologydevelopedatNRRI,Cuttackhasbeen
modifiedandvalidatedinthefarmofRegionalRainfedLowlandRiceResearchStation(NRRI-
RRLRRS),Gerua,Assam.
Rice-fish-horticulturefarmingsystemforrainfedlowlandriceecologyatGerua,Assam
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
ProductionMethodology:Thefielddesignandcomponentsofrice-fish-horticulturemodel
covering0.5haareaconsistsofriceasthemajorcomponentoccupying60%ofthetotalarea
followedbyhorticultureandagro-forestry(23%).Thepondrefuge(30mx12mx2m)was
constructedatthelowerend(downslope)ofthefieldoccupying7.2%area.Thetwotrenches
of2.5mwidthoccupying10%ofthetotalareawereconstructedadjacenttothedykesalong
thelongitudinalsideofthefieldandthoseconnectedtothepondrefugeatoneend.The
trenchbottomhadagentleslopeof0.75%towardsthepondrefuge.Thedug-outsoilfromthe
pond refuge and side trencheswasused for constructionofwidedykes all aroundwith
bottomandtopwidthof4mand2m,respectively.Theaverageheightofthedykeswas1m,
whichwas 0.4m higher than the usualmaximumwater level in the field (Fig 5). Eight
platformsof4mx3.5msizewereconstructedfromtheinnersideofthedykehangingoverthe
14 April, 2019
Table2.Economicsofrice-fish-horticulturefarmingsystemcovering0.5haarea
(pooleddataof5years)
Component GR(Rs.)COC(Rs.)
NR(Rs.)
B:CratioREY-I(t/ha)
MDYs
Riceandotherfieldcrops 37190 21820 15370 1.70 - -
Fish 30180 16220 13960 1.86
Vegetables 23180 10190 12990 2.27
Fruits 10700 4120 6580 2.59
Floriculture 3290 1620 1670 2.03
Duckery 16700 13890 2810 1.20
Total 121240 67860 53380 1.79 9.05 206
15
Fig5.LayoutofRice–Fish–Livestock–Horticulturebased
farmingsystemforlowlandareasatGerua,Assam
trenchesforplantingthecreepervegetablesattheinnersideofthedykeandallowingthe
plantstocreepoverit.
Thecroppingsystemsrecommendedforricemainfieldarerice-rice-rice,rice-pulses-rice
and rice-vegetables. Several high yielding varietieswere tested and found thatRanjeet,
Bahadur,Swarnasub-1,CR-Dhan505forsaliandAnjaliandVandanainahuaresuitablefor
growinginrice-fishsystem.CompositefishcultureslikeRohu,Mrigal,Catla,Silvercarpand
Commoncarpwerefoundsuitableforrice-fishfarming.Assamlemon,Coconut,Arecanut,
Banana,Papaya,guavawereestablishedinponddykeandvegetablesweregrownthroughout
theyearinponddykewithacroppingintensityof 300ormorebyusingtheharvestedrain
water.TwentyfiveducklingsofbreedChara-chameliwereintroducedintothesystemfor
betterrecyclingofthebyproducts.
Productivityandeconomics:Therice-fish-horticulturesystemonandaverageproduces5to-1
5.5and3.5to4tha ofriceinsaliandahuseasonrespectively.Thesystem produce5-6
quintalsoffish,25-30quintalsofvegetablesandbesidestheseitalsoyieldedfruits,flowers,
fuelwood,fodder,eggsandmeat.AfterestablishmentyearsthesystemproducesREYof9.05
t/haandgeneratesaveragenetincomeofRs.52380perannumfrom0.5haarea.Besidesthat
italsogeneratesemploymentof206man-days/ha/year(Table2).
On Station Researchi. Riceandfishgrowth
Rice-fish interactions in integrated farming creates an environment of mutualism and
synergismwherebothriceandfishbenefitfromeachotherandultimatelyrendertherice
fieldecosystemmoreproductive,profitableaswellasenvironmentallysustainable.Rice-fish
farminginrainfedlowlandincreaseseffectivetillersby9-14%andpanicleweightby5-17%
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
ProductionMethodology:Thefielddesignandcomponentsofrice-fish-horticulturemodel
covering0.5haareaconsistsofriceasthemajorcomponentoccupying60%ofthetotalarea
followedbyhorticultureandagro-forestry(23%).Thepondrefuge(30mx12mx2m)was
constructedatthelowerend(downslope)ofthefieldoccupying7.2%area.Thetwotrenches
of2.5mwidthoccupying10%ofthetotalareawereconstructedadjacenttothedykesalong
thelongitudinalsideofthefieldandthoseconnectedtothepondrefugeatoneend.The
trenchbottomhadagentleslopeof0.75%towardsthepondrefuge.Thedug-outsoilfromthe
pond refuge and side trencheswasused for constructionofwidedykes all aroundwith
bottomandtopwidthof4mand2m,respectively.Theaverageheightofthedykeswas1m,
whichwas 0.4m higher than the usualmaximumwater level in the field (Fig 5). Eight
platformsof4mx3.5msizewereconstructedfromtheinnersideofthedykehangingoverthe
14 April, 2019
Table2.Economicsofrice-fish-horticulturefarmingsystemcovering0.5haarea
(pooleddataof5years)
Component GR(Rs.)COC(Rs.)
NR(Rs.)
B:CratioREY-I(t/ha)
MDYs
Riceandotherfieldcrops 37190 21820 15370 1.70 - -
Fish 30180 16220 13960 1.86
Vegetables 23180 10190 12990 2.27
Fruits 10700 4120 6580 2.59
Floriculture 3290 1620 1670 2.03
Duckery 16700 13890 2810 1.20
Total 121240 67860 53380 1.79 9.05 206
15
Fig5.LayoutofRice–Fish–Livestock–Horticulturebased
farmingsystemforlowlandareasatGerua,Assam
trenchesforplantingthecreepervegetablesattheinnersideofthedykeandallowingthe
plantstocreepoverit.
Thecroppingsystemsrecommendedforricemainfieldarerice-rice-rice,rice-pulses-rice
and rice-vegetables. Several high yielding varietieswere tested and found thatRanjeet,
Bahadur,Swarnasub-1,CR-Dhan505forsaliandAnjaliandVandanainahuaresuitablefor
growinginrice-fishsystem.CompositefishcultureslikeRohu,Mrigal,Catla,Silvercarpand
Commoncarpwerefoundsuitableforrice-fishfarming.Assamlemon,Coconut,Arecanut,
Banana,Papaya,guavawereestablishedinponddykeandvegetablesweregrownthroughout
theyearinponddykewithacroppingintensityof 300ormorebyusingtheharvestedrain
water.TwentyfiveducklingsofbreedChara-chameliwereintroducedintothesystemfor
betterrecyclingofthebyproducts.
Productivityandeconomics:Therice-fish-horticulturesystemonandaverageproduces5to-1
5.5and3.5to4tha ofriceinsaliandahuseasonrespectively.Thesystem produce5-6
quintalsoffish,25-30quintalsofvegetablesandbesidestheseitalsoyieldedfruits,flowers,
fuelwood,fodder,eggsandmeat.AfterestablishmentyearsthesystemproducesREYof9.05
t/haandgeneratesaveragenetincomeofRs.52380perannumfrom0.5haarea.Besidesthat
italsogeneratesemploymentof206man-days/ha/year(Table2).
On Station Researchi. Riceandfishgrowth
Rice-fish interactions in integrated farming creates an environment of mutualism and
synergismwherebothriceandfishbenefitfromeachotherandultimatelyrendertherice
fieldecosystemmoreproductive,profitableaswellasenvironmentallysustainable.Rice-fish
farminginrainfedlowlandincreaseseffectivetillersby9-14%andpanicleweightby5-17%
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1716 March, 2019 17
inrice.ThissystemalsoenhancesNitrogen(N)
uptake by 10-11.8% and Iron (Fe) uptake in
straw by two folds over rice alone. Higher
concentrationanduptakeofPhosphorus(P)in
ricestrawwasalsoobservedinthissystem,but
notinthecaseofothernutrientslikeK,Ca,Mg
andMn.Increasednitrogenuptakeisconsistent
withhighergrainyieldofriceinthepresenceof
fish.(Sinhababuetal,1983,1992;Pandaetal
1987).Riceinthisfarmingsystem,benefitsin
termsofincreaseingrainyieldofaround5to
15%andstrawyieldof5to9%underrainfed
lowlandecologies(Sinhababu,etal,1998).
Fishgrowthinrainfedlowlandsystem(ModelI)rangesfrom300-500gforcatla,150-450g
for rohu, 125-300g formrigal, 350-600g for common carp, and250-450 for silver barb.
Freshwatergiantprawngrowswithin30-70g.Sinhababu(1996)reportedagrowthrateof
150-400gforfishand50-70gforprawninthissystem,andamongfishes,commoncarp
attainedmaximumgrowthfollowedbycatla.Thisgrowthrateisattainedwithinaseasonof
5-7monthsunderastockingdensityof10,000fingerlings/haofwaterarea.Inthemultitier
modelindeepwater(ModelII),fishandprawnregisterabettergrowthrateof,500-800gin
catla,350-500ginrohu,200-400ginmrigal,and40-75ginprawnwithinaseason(7-9
months)underastockingdensityof7,000/ha(7fish:3prawn).
Theproteincontent(dryweightbasis)inthemuscletissueoffishrearedinricefieldwas
74.6%incatla,69.7%inmrigaland69.3%inrohuspecies,respectively(Unpublisheddata).
UseoforganicslikeFYMandfishfeedproduceshigherharvestfishseedandprotein(71.57
and72.50%)infishfleshunderrice-fishseedfarminginrainfedlowland(Sinhababuand
Sarkar,1998).
Experimentconductedduringwetseason2014withrice+fishandricealoneinthemainplot
anddifferentspacinginthesubplotsrevealedthatgrainyieldandfishgrowthwasmaximum
withwiderspacedcrop.Moreover,grainyieldwassignificantlyhigher(4.92t/ha)withthe
presenceoffish(Poonametal.2016).
Table3.Fishgrowthinfluencedbyplantgeometryunderricefishsystem
Treatment Survival(%)Specificgrowthrate(%Bodyweight/day)
FishYield-1(kgha )
S -RandomPlanting1
d44.1c1.51 b202.76
rdS -SkiponeRowafterevery3 rowwith2
15cmx15cma65.8 a1.99 a288.07
S -15cmx15cm3
c50.8 c1.60 b209.47
S -20cmx15cm4
b59.2 b1.79 b227.13
S -25cmx15cm5
ab65.0 a1.91 a280.96
60
65
70
75
80
Catla Rohu Mrigal
Pond Rice-fish
Fig6.Proteincontent(%,drywt.basis)inmuscletissueoffishunderrice-fishfarming
Main Plot Treatments: M Rice Fish, M – Rice-Mono Sub Plot Treatments: S - Random Planting, 1 – 2 1
rdS - Skip one Row after every 3 row with 15 cm x 15 cm, S - 15 cm x 15 cm,S - 20 cm x 15 cm, 2 3 4
S - 25cm x 15 cm.5
Fig7.Grainyield(t/ha-¹)asinfluencedbyplantgeometryunderrice-fishsystem
ii. Rice–fishenvironment
Rice-fish interactions in integrated farming creates an environment of mutualism and
synergismwherebothriceandfishbenefitfromeachotherandultimatelyrendertherice
fieldecosystemmoreproductive,profitableaswellasenvironmentallysustainable.
Nutrientchangeinsoilunderricefishsystem
Rice-fishfarminginrainfedlowland increasesorganiccarboncontentofsoil by7%and
exchangeableammoniumby25%,besides6%increaseintheavailableP O (Sinhababuetal.2 5
1998).Continuousadditionoffishexcretainthissystemmayhavesomeroleinenrichingthe
soilnutrients.
Physio-chemicalparametersunderricefishsystem
Available information on soil-water environment of rainfed low land rice-fish farming
indicates compatibility of this system. In shallow and intermediate deepwater rice-fish
ecologies, the pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) content in water remain
favourable.ThepHofsoilisnearneutral(6.5-7.1)comparingwellwiththemostproductive
pondsoil.DOcontentinwaterintherangeof3.5-5.3ppmunderrice–fishculturecompared
to3.6-6.7ppminricealoneduringtheperiodofAugusttoNovemberinrainfedlowland.DO
contentinwaterincreasesintheafternoon,andiscomparativelyhigherinricefieldwithout0
fish.Thewatertemperatureduringthesameperiod,rangedinbetween25.8–35 Cinrice0
–fishfieldcomparedto26.2-34.5 Cinricealone(Sinhababuetal.1983).However,thenatural
fish food organisms (plankton) status (72 to 282 unit/littre) is low in shallow lowland
ecology, requiring enrichment through manuring and supplemental feeding to the fish
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1716 March, 2019 17
inrice.ThissystemalsoenhancesNitrogen(N)
uptake by 10-11.8% and Iron (Fe) uptake in
straw by two folds over rice alone. Higher
concentrationanduptakeofPhosphorus(P)in
ricestrawwasalsoobservedinthissystem,but
notinthecaseofothernutrientslikeK,Ca,Mg
andMn.Increasednitrogenuptakeisconsistent
withhighergrainyieldofriceinthepresenceof
fish.(Sinhababuetal,1983,1992;Pandaetal
1987).Riceinthisfarmingsystem,benefitsin
termsofincreaseingrainyieldofaround5to
15%andstrawyieldof5to9%underrainfed
lowlandecologies(Sinhababu,etal,1998).
Fishgrowthinrainfedlowlandsystem(ModelI)rangesfrom300-500gforcatla,150-450g
for rohu, 125-300g formrigal, 350-600g for common carp, and250-450 for silver barb.
Freshwatergiantprawngrowswithin30-70g.Sinhababu(1996)reportedagrowthrateof
150-400gforfishand50-70gforprawninthissystem,andamongfishes,commoncarp
attainedmaximumgrowthfollowedbycatla.Thisgrowthrateisattainedwithinaseasonof
5-7monthsunderastockingdensityof10,000fingerlings/haofwaterarea.Inthemultitier
modelindeepwater(ModelII),fishandprawnregisterabettergrowthrateof,500-800gin
catla,350-500ginrohu,200-400ginmrigal,and40-75ginprawnwithinaseason(7-9
months)underastockingdensityof7,000/ha(7fish:3prawn).
Theproteincontent(dryweightbasis)inthemuscletissueoffishrearedinricefieldwas
74.6%incatla,69.7%inmrigaland69.3%inrohuspecies,respectively(Unpublisheddata).
UseoforganicslikeFYMandfishfeedproduceshigherharvestfishseedandprotein(71.57
and72.50%)infishfleshunderrice-fishseedfarminginrainfedlowland(Sinhababuand
Sarkar,1998).
Experimentconductedduringwetseason2014withrice+fishandricealoneinthemainplot
anddifferentspacinginthesubplotsrevealedthatgrainyieldandfishgrowthwasmaximum
withwiderspacedcrop.Moreover,grainyieldwassignificantlyhigher(4.92t/ha)withthe
presenceoffish(Poonametal.2016).
Table3.Fishgrowthinfluencedbyplantgeometryunderricefishsystem
Treatment Survival(%)Specificgrowthrate(%Bodyweight/day)
FishYield-1(kgha )
S -RandomPlanting1
d44.1c1.51 b202.76
rdS -SkiponeRowafterevery3 rowwith2
15cmx15cma65.8 a1.99 a288.07
S -15cmx15cm3
c50.8 c1.60 b209.47
S -20cmx15cm4
b59.2 b1.79 b227.13
S -25cmx15cm5
ab65.0 a1.91 a280.96
60
65
70
75
80
Catla Rohu Mrigal
Pond Rice-fish
Fig6.Proteincontent(%,drywt.basis)inmuscletissueoffishunderrice-fishfarming
Main Plot Treatments: M Rice Fish, M – Rice-Mono Sub Plot Treatments: S - Random Planting, 1 – 2 1
rdS - Skip one Row after every 3 row with 15 cm x 15 cm, S - 15 cm x 15 cm,S - 20 cm x 15 cm, 2 3 4
S - 25cm x 15 cm.5
Fig7.Grainyield(t/ha-¹)asinfluencedbyplantgeometryunderrice-fishsystem
ii. Rice–fishenvironment
Rice-fish interactions in integrated farming creates an environment of mutualism and
synergismwherebothriceandfishbenefitfromeachotherandultimatelyrendertherice
fieldecosystemmoreproductive,profitableaswellasenvironmentallysustainable.
Nutrientchangeinsoilunderricefishsystem
Rice-fishfarminginrainfedlowland increasesorganiccarboncontentofsoil by7%and
exchangeableammoniumby25%,besides6%increaseintheavailableP O (Sinhababuetal.2 5
1998).Continuousadditionoffishexcretainthissystemmayhavesomeroleinenrichingthe
soilnutrients.
Physio-chemicalparametersunderricefishsystem
Available information on soil-water environment of rainfed low land rice-fish farming
indicates compatibility of this system. In shallow and intermediate deepwater rice-fish
ecologies, the pH, temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) content in water remain
favourable.ThepHofsoilisnearneutral(6.5-7.1)comparingwellwiththemostproductive
pondsoil.DOcontentinwaterintherangeof3.5-5.3ppmunderrice–fishculturecompared
to3.6-6.7ppminricealoneduringtheperiodofAugusttoNovemberinrainfedlowland.DO
contentinwaterincreasesintheafternoon,andiscomparativelyhigherinricefieldwithout0
fish.Thewatertemperatureduringthesameperiod,rangedinbetween25.8–35 Cinrice0
–fishfieldcomparedto26.2-34.5 Cinricealone(Sinhababuetal.1983).However,thenatural
fish food organisms (plankton) status (72 to 282 unit/littre) is low in shallow lowland
ecology, requiring enrichment through manuring and supplemental feeding to the fish
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1718 April, 2019
Table 4. Cumulative CH , N O and yield in rainfed shallow rice-fish farming system4 2
(2011wetseason).
19
(Sinhababuetal,1992). Inmediumdeepandsemi-deepwater(upto70cmwaterdepth)
condition,thezooplanktonpopulationaverages689units/litre.Amongthezooplankters,
copepodsaredominant(65%),followedbycladocera(28%)androtifers(6%).Diaptomus,
amongcopepods,MoinaandDaphniaamongcladocerans,andBrachionusamongrotifersare
dominantgenerainrice-fishsystem(DasandSinhababu1999).
Methaneandnitrousoxideemissions
Dattaetal.(2009)reportedthatmethane(CH )emissionfromfieldplotssownwithtworice4
cultivars,withorwithoutfish,variedconsiderably.TheCH emissionwaslowinalltheplots4
upto30daysaftersowing(DAS).PresenceoffishresultedinanincreaseinCH emissionfrom4
boththericecultivarswithtwosharppeaksrecordedatfloweringandmaturitystagesofthe2 _1
ricecrop.ThemeanCH emission(mgCH m- h )fromsowingtillharvestfollowedtheorder:4 4
Varshadhan+fish(2.52)>Durga+fish(2.48)>Durga(1.47)>Varshadhan(1.17).Cumulative-1CH emissionwashighestinthetreatmentVarshadhan+fish(96.33kgha )whilethelowest4
emissionwasrecordedinfieldplotsplantedtocv.Varshadhanwithoutfish(45.38kgha_1).
Thus,percentageincreaseinCH emissionasaresultoffishrearingwas112incaseofcv.4
Varshadhanand74incaseofcv.Durga.CH emissionfromtherefugepondfollowedasimilar4
patternasthatfromricefields.
Onthecontrary,unlikeCH ,nitrousoxide(N O)fluxfromricefieldsexhibitedapeakalmost4 2
immediately after germination and stand establishment, at 30–36 DAS and declined
thereafter. In general, N O fluxes were relatively low during the entire cropping period2
increasingonlytowardsmaturityofthericecropwhenthefloodwaterrecededandthefield
starteddrying.N OPercentagedecreaseinN Oemissionasaresultoffishrearingwas29in2 2
caseofVarshadhanand22inDurga.Amongthefourfishspecies(catla,rohu,mrigal,common
carp)grownalongwithrainfedlowlandrice(Varshadhan),themaximumemissionofCH4
(36%higher)wasfoundunderrice+commoncarp,followedbyrice+catla,rice+rohuand
rice+mrigalfarming.Oncontrary,theemissionofN Owassignificantlylowerby9%under2
rice-fishcomparedtoricealone(Table4).
TreatmentCH emission4
-1(kgha )N O-Nemission2
-1(kgha )Riceyield
-1(tha )Fishyield
-1(kgha )Ricestrawyield
-1(tha )
Ra109.3 c0.89 a4.1
a0.0 a7.7
RF-A b125.6 a0.78 ab4.6b195.1 b9.3
RF-B bc136.0 a0.79 a4.1bc207.3 b9.3
RF-Cd148.5 b0.82 b5.1
d238.4 a8.3
RF-D cd141.5 b0.81 a4.3cd226.3 a8.4
CD5% 10.9 0.01 0.62 29.6 0.77
R=Riceonly;RF-A=Rice+Fish(mrigal);RF-B=Rice+Fish(rohu);R-FC=Rice+Fish(commoncarp);RF-D=Rice+Fish(catla),Rice,Varshadhan(transplanted,NPK50:25:25)
Source:Bhattacharyyaetal.(2013)
iii. Bio-controlofricepests
Fishactsaseffectivebio-controlagentformajorricepestslikehoppers,caseworm,stem
borer,gallmidge,leaffolder,besidessnails.Laboratory,greenhouseandfieldstudiesindicate
commoncarpasaneffectivebio-controlagentforthemajorleaffeedinginsectslikeplant
hoppers (60% control), leaf folders (47% control) and case worm (50% control).
ConcentrationofproteolyticenzymeinthegutofBPHfedfishcorroboratesnaturalfeedingof
thepest(Table5).Thisfishisalsoeffectiveinreducingstemborerincidenceinthevegetative
stageandalsotosomeextentinheadingstage(SinhababuandMajumdar,1981;Xiao,1992).
Inastudyunderasimulatedrice–fishconditionatNRRIduring2007-2010,itwasfoundthat
among the fourpotential insectivorous fishspecies,magurshowedhighest bio-control
efficiency(32.5%reduction indeadhurts) foryellowstemborer(YSB) followedbykoi
(27.2%) commoncarp (22.3%) andColisa (13.7%).Magurwasalsohighlyeffective in
contro l (53 .3%) o f brown p lant hopper (BPH) pest o f r i ce , fo l lowed by
koi(41.2%),Colisa(29.8%)and common carp(25.1%).Koi showedmaximumbio-control
efficiency(60.2%)inthecaseofcasewormpestofrice,followedbymagur(21.9%)under
similarsituations.
Sinhababu and Rajamani (2000) studied the feasibility and efficacy of different
recommendedinsecticidesforuseinrainfedlowlandrice-fishseedsystem.Theinsecticides
(phosphamidon,monocrotophos,quinalphos,ethofenprox,carbofuran)thoughdidnotkill
the reared fishes(common carp, catla, mrigal), instantly, but showed varying degree of
deleteriouseffectsongrowth,survivalandyield.Amongtheinsecticides,carbofuranthough
wasfoundmosteffectiveagainstyellowstemborer,butwasmosttoxictofishes.Ethofenprox
(animprovedsyntheticpyrethroid)wasfoundcomparativelysaferforuseinrice–fishfield.
However, two botanicals namely neem (Azadirachta indica) oil and the leaf extract of
Polygonumhydropipercanbe usedattheirrecommended doselevels forcontrolof rice
insectpestsintherice-fisheco-systemavoidinganymortalityintheculturedfishspecies
(Dasetal,2005)
Table5.Feedingintensityandproteolyticactivityinthegutofcommoncarpfedonbrownplant
hopper(BPH).
RepsNoofBPHOffered
No.ofBPHConsumed
Proteolyticenzymeml/gofwettissue
Control Treated
1. 215 129 0.50 0.74
2. 252 145 0.52 0.75
3. 276 172 0.50 0.74
4. 204 120 0.51 0.75
5. 298 186 0.52 0.77
Mean 0.51 0.75
Source:SinhababuandMajumdar,1981
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1718 April, 2019
Table 4. Cumulative CH , N O and yield in rainfed shallow rice-fish farming system4 2
(2011wetseason).
19
(Sinhababuetal,1992). Inmediumdeepandsemi-deepwater(upto70cmwaterdepth)
condition,thezooplanktonpopulationaverages689units/litre.Amongthezooplankters,
copepodsaredominant(65%),followedbycladocera(28%)androtifers(6%).Diaptomus,
amongcopepods,MoinaandDaphniaamongcladocerans,andBrachionusamongrotifersare
dominantgenerainrice-fishsystem(DasandSinhababu1999).
Methaneandnitrousoxideemissions
Dattaetal.(2009)reportedthatmethane(CH )emissionfromfieldplotssownwithtworice4
cultivars,withorwithoutfish,variedconsiderably.TheCH emissionwaslowinalltheplots4
upto30daysaftersowing(DAS).PresenceoffishresultedinanincreaseinCH emissionfrom4
boththericecultivarswithtwosharppeaksrecordedatfloweringandmaturitystagesofthe2 _1
ricecrop.ThemeanCH emission(mgCH m- h )fromsowingtillharvestfollowedtheorder:4 4
Varshadhan+fish(2.52)>Durga+fish(2.48)>Durga(1.47)>Varshadhan(1.17).Cumulative-1CH emissionwashighestinthetreatmentVarshadhan+fish(96.33kgha )whilethelowest4
emissionwasrecordedinfieldplotsplantedtocv.Varshadhanwithoutfish(45.38kgha_1).
Thus,percentageincreaseinCH emissionasaresultoffishrearingwas112incaseofcv.4
Varshadhanand74incaseofcv.Durga.CH emissionfromtherefugepondfollowedasimilar4
patternasthatfromricefields.
Onthecontrary,unlikeCH ,nitrousoxide(N O)fluxfromricefieldsexhibitedapeakalmost4 2
immediately after germination and stand establishment, at 30–36 DAS and declined
thereafter. In general, N O fluxes were relatively low during the entire cropping period2
increasingonlytowardsmaturityofthericecropwhenthefloodwaterrecededandthefield
starteddrying.N OPercentagedecreaseinN Oemissionasaresultoffishrearingwas29in2 2
caseofVarshadhanand22inDurga.Amongthefourfishspecies(catla,rohu,mrigal,common
carp)grownalongwithrainfedlowlandrice(Varshadhan),themaximumemissionofCH4
(36%higher)wasfoundunderrice+commoncarp,followedbyrice+catla,rice+rohuand
rice+mrigalfarming.Oncontrary,theemissionofN Owassignificantlylowerby9%under2
rice-fishcomparedtoricealone(Table4).
TreatmentCH emission4
-1(kgha )N O-Nemission2
-1(kgha )Riceyield
-1(tha )Fishyield
-1(kgha )Ricestrawyield
-1(tha )
Ra109.3 c0.89 a4.1
a0.0 a7.7
RF-A b125.6 a0.78 ab4.6b195.1 b9.3
RF-B bc136.0 a0.79 a4.1bc207.3 b9.3
RF-Cd148.5 b0.82 b5.1
d238.4 a8.3
RF-D cd141.5 b0.81 a4.3cd226.3 a8.4
CD5% 10.9 0.01 0.62 29.6 0.77
R=Riceonly;RF-A=Rice+Fish(mrigal);RF-B=Rice+Fish(rohu);R-FC=Rice+Fish(commoncarp);RF-D=Rice+Fish(catla),Rice,Varshadhan(transplanted,NPK50:25:25)
Source:Bhattacharyyaetal.(2013)
iii. Bio-controlofricepests
Fishactsaseffectivebio-controlagentformajorricepestslikehoppers,caseworm,stem
borer,gallmidge,leaffolder,besidessnails.Laboratory,greenhouseandfieldstudiesindicate
commoncarpasaneffectivebio-controlagentforthemajorleaffeedinginsectslikeplant
hoppers (60% control), leaf folders (47% control) and case worm (50% control).
ConcentrationofproteolyticenzymeinthegutofBPHfedfishcorroboratesnaturalfeedingof
thepest(Table5).Thisfishisalsoeffectiveinreducingstemborerincidenceinthevegetative
stageandalsotosomeextentinheadingstage(SinhababuandMajumdar,1981;Xiao,1992).
Inastudyunderasimulatedrice–fishconditionatNRRIduring2007-2010,itwasfoundthat
among the fourpotential insectivorous fishspecies,magurshowedhighest bio-control
efficiency(32.5%reduction indeadhurts) foryellowstemborer(YSB) followedbykoi
(27.2%) commoncarp (22.3%) andColisa (13.7%).Magurwasalsohighlyeffective in
contro l (53 .3%) o f brown p lant hopper (BPH) pest o f r i ce , fo l lowed by
koi(41.2%),Colisa(29.8%)and common carp(25.1%).Koi showedmaximumbio-control
efficiency(60.2%)inthecaseofcasewormpestofrice,followedbymagur(21.9%)under
similarsituations.
Sinhababu and Rajamani (2000) studied the feasibility and efficacy of different
recommendedinsecticidesforuseinrainfedlowlandrice-fishseedsystem.Theinsecticides
(phosphamidon,monocrotophos,quinalphos,ethofenprox,carbofuran)thoughdidnotkill
the reared fishes(common carp, catla, mrigal), instantly, but showed varying degree of
deleteriouseffectsongrowth,survivalandyield.Amongtheinsecticides,carbofuranthough
wasfoundmosteffectiveagainstyellowstemborer,butwasmosttoxictofishes.Ethofenprox
(animprovedsyntheticpyrethroid)wasfoundcomparativelysaferforuseinrice–fishfield.
However, two botanicals namely neem (Azadirachta indica) oil and the leaf extract of
Polygonumhydropipercanbe usedattheirrecommended doselevels forcontrolof rice
insectpestsintherice-fisheco-systemavoidinganymortalityintheculturedfishspecies
(Dasetal,2005)
Table5.Feedingintensityandproteolyticactivityinthegutofcommoncarpfedonbrownplant
hopper(BPH).
RepsNoofBPHOffered
No.ofBPHConsumed
Proteolyticenzymeml/gofwettissue
Control Treated
1. 215 129 0.50 0.74
2. 252 145 0.52 0.75
3. 276 172 0.50 0.74
4. 204 120 0.51 0.75
5. 298 186 0.52 0.77
Mean 0.51 0.75
Source:SinhababuandMajumdar,1981
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1720 April, 2019
Nethouseandfieldtrialsonpestcontrol
Weedfloraofdifferentrainfedlowlandecosystemswasstudiedwithspecialreferencetorice-
fishsystematthefarmofNRRI,Cuttackrevealedthattheweedfloradecreasedwithincrease
ofwaterdepth.Therewasreductioninweedsby39%underrice–fishsystemindicatingfish
asapotentialbio-controlagentforaquaticweeds(PatraandSinhababu,1995).Sinhababuet
al.(2013)indicatedthatexoticcarps(grasscarp,silverbarbandcommoncarpinorder)were
moreeffectivethanIndiancarpsforcontrolofweedinrainfedlowlandricefieldsandamong
theIndiancarps,rohushowedpotentialforweedcontrol.Atotalof13majorweedsunderthe
categoriesofgrassy,sedges,broadleafandaquaticweedswereobservedinthericefields.
Grasscarpreducedmaximumweedbiomass(weedcontrolefficiency(WCE)63%at60days
aftertransplanting(DAT)and62%at100DATfollowedbysilverbarbandcommoncarp.
AmongtheIndiancarps,onlyRohuwaseffectiveincontrolofweeds(WCE,23%at60DAT).
21
Fig8.Control(%)ofYSB(DH)andBPHbyfishfingerlingsundercontrolledconditionTable6.Weedfloraandfaunaunderrice-fishsystem
Table7.Weedbiomassandweedcontrolefficiency(WCE)inricealoneandrice-fishfields.
TreatmentsWeedbiomass
(g/sqm)60DAT
WCE(%)
60DAT
Weedbiomass
(g/sqm)100DAT
WCE(%)
100DAT
Rice+grasscarpd0.28 a63.34 d13.87 a62.31
Rice+silverbarbcd0.32 a60.54 cd15.62 ab56.55
Rice+commoncarpc0.43 a46.89 c21.72 b41.81
Rice+rohub0.61 b23.10 b28.40 c23.22
Rice+catla a0.77 c4.99 ab32.86 c8.49
Rice+mrigal a0.76 c3.44 ab31.75 c11.23
Rice a0.80 – a36.42 –
Source;Sinhababuetal.(2013)
Grassyweeds Sedges: Broadleafweeds: Aquaticweeds
Echinochloacolona(L.)Leersiahexandra(Sw.)
Cyperusiria(L.)Schoenoplectusarticulatus(L.)
Ludwigiaadscendens(L.)Ludwigiaoctovalvis(Jacq.),Sphenocleazeylanica(Gaern)
Marsileaquadrifolia(L.),Ipomoeaaquatica(Forsk.)Otelliaalismoides(L.)Vallisneriaspiralis(L.)Limnophilaindica(L)
iv. Lowlandweedsandtheirbio-control
Fishfarmingcontrolsweedinricefieldbothdirectlybyfeedingandindirectlybyincreasing
waterturbidity,doingmechanicalinjuryandconstantflooding.Amongthefishes,mostuseful
species are, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Puntius gonionotus, Oreochromis mossambicus,
TrichogasterpectoralisandCyprinuscarpio.
v. VarietiesforRiceFishSystem
Riceisthemajorcomponentinthissystemasitoccupies60-65%ofthetransformedfarm
areaandwaterdepthremainshigh(20-70cm)inthemainricefieldduringrainyseason,
selection of suitable high yielding, non-lodging andwater stagnation tolerant variety is
neededforenhancingproductivityandprofitabilityofthesystems.
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1720 April, 2019
Nethouseandfieldtrialsonpestcontrol
Weedfloraofdifferentrainfedlowlandecosystemswasstudiedwithspecialreferencetorice-
fishsystematthefarmofNRRI,Cuttackrevealedthattheweedfloradecreasedwithincrease
ofwaterdepth.Therewasreductioninweedsby39%underrice–fishsystemindicatingfish
asapotentialbio-controlagentforaquaticweeds(PatraandSinhababu,1995).Sinhababuet
al.(2013)indicatedthatexoticcarps(grasscarp,silverbarbandcommoncarpinorder)were
moreeffectivethanIndiancarpsforcontrolofweedinrainfedlowlandricefieldsandamong
theIndiancarps,rohushowedpotentialforweedcontrol.Atotalof13majorweedsunderthe
categoriesofgrassy,sedges,broadleafandaquaticweedswereobservedinthericefields.
Grasscarpreducedmaximumweedbiomass(weedcontrolefficiency(WCE)63%at60days
aftertransplanting(DAT)and62%at100DATfollowedbysilverbarbandcommoncarp.
AmongtheIndiancarps,onlyRohuwaseffectiveincontrolofweeds(WCE,23%at60DAT).
21
Fig8.Control(%)ofYSB(DH)andBPHbyfishfingerlingsundercontrolledconditionTable6.Weedfloraandfaunaunderrice-fishsystem
Table7.Weedbiomassandweedcontrolefficiency(WCE)inricealoneandrice-fishfields.
TreatmentsWeedbiomass
(g/sqm)60DAT
WCE(%)
60DAT
Weedbiomass
(g/sqm)100DAT
WCE(%)
100DAT
Rice+grasscarpd0.28 a63.34 d13.87 a62.31
Rice+silverbarbcd0.32 a60.54 cd15.62 ab56.55
Rice+commoncarpc0.43 a46.89 c21.72 b41.81
Rice+rohub0.61 b23.10 b28.40 c23.22
Rice+catla a0.77 c4.99 ab32.86 c8.49
Rice+mrigal a0.76 c3.44 ab31.75 c11.23
Rice a0.80 – a36.42 –
Source;Sinhababuetal.(2013)
Grassyweeds Sedges: Broadleafweeds: Aquaticweeds
Echinochloacolona(L.)Leersiahexandra(Sw.)
Cyperusiria(L.)Schoenoplectusarticulatus(L.)
Ludwigiaadscendens(L.)Ludwigiaoctovalvis(Jacq.),Sphenocleazeylanica(Gaern)
Marsileaquadrifolia(L.),Ipomoeaaquatica(Forsk.)Otelliaalismoides(L.)Vallisneriaspiralis(L.)Limnophilaindica(L)
iv. Lowlandweedsandtheirbio-control
Fishfarmingcontrolsweedinricefieldbothdirectlybyfeedingandindirectlybyincreasing
waterturbidity,doingmechanicalinjuryandconstantflooding.Amongthefishes,mostuseful
species are, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Puntius gonionotus, Oreochromis mossambicus,
TrichogasterpectoralisandCyprinuscarpio.
v. VarietiesforRiceFishSystem
Riceisthemajorcomponentinthissystemasitoccupies60-65%ofthetransformedfarm
areaandwaterdepthremainshigh(20-70cm)inthemainricefieldduringrainyseason,
selection of suitable high yielding, non-lodging andwater stagnation tolerant variety is
neededforenhancingproductivityandprofitabilityofthesystems.
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1722 April, 2019
Table8.Grainyieldandeconomicsofricevarietiesunderrice-fish-horticulturesystem
atGerua,Assam.
Varieties*Grainyield
-1(tha )NetReturn
-1(Rs.ha )B:CRatio
LodgingBehaviour
Ranjit 5.35 24,739 1.82 NonLodging
Sabita 4.60 14,887 1.52 Lodgingatmaturity
Pooja 4.24 10,745 1.38 NonLodging
Jalpriya 3.72 3965 1.14 SusceptibletoLodging
Mahsuri 4.12 13,109 1.18 SusceptibletoLodging
Swarna 5.50 26,073 1.83 NonLodging
SwarnaSub1 5.22 22,793 1.75 NonLodging
Among the rice varieties evaluated under high level ofwater (>20 cm at transplanting)
Swarnaperformedbetterwhenwaterlevelwaslowduringtilleringstage.Thesubmergence
tolerantvarietySwarnasub-1wasnotsuperiortoexistingSwarnawhenmeanwaterdepth
remained below 40 cm. Ranjit, the popular high yielding variety for shallow lowland
performedconsistentlybetterunderrice-fishsystematAssam.Duringthewetseasontall
varietiesVarshadhan,CRDhan505,CRDhan500,Jalmani,Durga,Poojaperformedbetter
underricefishsystemwiththewaterdepthvaryingbetween20-50cmunderthecoastal
ecosystemofOdisha.VarietyJalmaniresultedinlowyieldduetoitslodgingbehaviorduring
theripeningstage.While,varietiesNaveen,CRDhan305,CRDhan205,Pyariprovedtobe
betteroverCRDhan205,CRDhan202withlimitedirrigationfromwatershedduringdry
seasonatNRRI.
Fig9.Performanceofricevarietiesunderricefishsystemduringthedryandwetseason
23
*Dataaremeansfor3years Suitablevarietiesundertobegrownunderrice–fishsystem
vi. Importantcropsinmainfieldafterrice
Withproperwatermanagementbyutilizingtheharvestedrainwaterstoredinpondrefuge,
togetherwithsoilreclamationandcropmanagementstrategies,itispossibletogrowcertain
pulses,oilseedsandvegetablesinricefieldsduringwinter/summerseasons.Cropslikechilli,
sunflower,groundnut,lady'sfinger,watermelon,Basellacanbegrownafterriceduringdry
season.Thesecropsmustbecarefullyselectedbasedontheirsuitabilitytolocalagro-climatic
conditions,soilsalinity,profitabilityandfarmers'preferences(Sahaet.al.,2007).Thetropical
tubercropssuchassweetpotato,yamsarewelladaptedtothesecoastalagro-ecosystems.
This canensure food,nutrition, economic, employmentandalsoenvironmental security.
Nedunchzhiyanetal,(2013)reportedthatsweetpotatocanbegrowninlowlandricefallow
indeepwaterrice–fishsystemwiththevarietyKishanunderconventionaltillageandSourin
underminimumtillageconditionrealizingrootyieldof20.98and13.95t/ha,respectively.
EasternIndiaishavingpotentialtoharvestrainwaterduringpeakmonsoonperiod(July-
September)thatstoredinthepondrefugecanhelptogrowseveralwintervegetableslike
pumpkin,bittergourd,lady'sfinger,chillietc.eitheronbundsorinmainricefield.Othercrops
viz.,pulseslikeblackgram,greengrametc.oroilseedsviz.,sunflower,groundnut,sesamum
etc.canbegrownduringthedryseason(January–earlyApril)withlimitedirrigationby
storedwater(SahaandBiswal,2004).
Fromearlierstudy,itwasfoundthatsunflowerisoneofthemostpromisingcropsafterrice
with2-3limitedirrigationsbyutilizingthewaterstoredinpond.Ithasbeenfoundthatthe
sunflowerhybridslikeKBSH1,BSH1,PAC36,PAC308,ICI308,TNAUSUF7etc.performed-1
verywellwithanaverageseedyieldof12.8to27.1qha .Theyieldincreaseofthesecultivars
over standard check varietyMorden ranged from54 to75%.All thesehybridsmatured
within90-102days(Sahaet.al.,2006).However,consistentlystableyieldwasrecordedwith-1
hybrid,KBSH1.Thehighestseedyield(23.7qha )wasrecordedbysowingduringsecond
fortnightofJanuaryataspacingof45X30cmwithafertilizerdoseof80:40:40kgN,P O and2 5-1K Oha (SahaandMoorthy2001).2
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1722 April, 2019
Table8.Grainyieldandeconomicsofricevarietiesunderrice-fish-horticulturesystem
atGerua,Assam.
Varieties*Grainyield
-1(tha )NetReturn
-1(Rs.ha )B:CRatio
LodgingBehaviour
Ranjit 5.35 24,739 1.82 NonLodging
Sabita 4.60 14,887 1.52 Lodgingatmaturity
Pooja 4.24 10,745 1.38 NonLodging
Jalpriya 3.72 3965 1.14 SusceptibletoLodging
Mahsuri 4.12 13,109 1.18 SusceptibletoLodging
Swarna 5.50 26,073 1.83 NonLodging
SwarnaSub1 5.22 22,793 1.75 NonLodging
Among the rice varieties evaluated under high level ofwater (>20 cm at transplanting)
Swarnaperformedbetterwhenwaterlevelwaslowduringtilleringstage.Thesubmergence
tolerantvarietySwarnasub-1wasnotsuperiortoexistingSwarnawhenmeanwaterdepth
remained below 40 cm. Ranjit, the popular high yielding variety for shallow lowland
performedconsistentlybetterunderrice-fishsystematAssam.Duringthewetseasontall
varietiesVarshadhan,CRDhan505,CRDhan500,Jalmani,Durga,Poojaperformedbetter
underricefishsystemwiththewaterdepthvaryingbetween20-50cmunderthecoastal
ecosystemofOdisha.VarietyJalmaniresultedinlowyieldduetoitslodgingbehaviorduring
theripeningstage.While,varietiesNaveen,CRDhan305,CRDhan205,Pyariprovedtobe
betteroverCRDhan205,CRDhan202withlimitedirrigationfromwatershedduringdry
seasonatNRRI.
Fig9.Performanceofricevarietiesunderricefishsystemduringthedryandwetseason
23
*Dataaremeansfor3years Suitablevarietiesundertobegrownunderrice–fishsystem
vi. Importantcropsinmainfieldafterrice
Withproperwatermanagementbyutilizingtheharvestedrainwaterstoredinpondrefuge,
togetherwithsoilreclamationandcropmanagementstrategies,itispossibletogrowcertain
pulses,oilseedsandvegetablesinricefieldsduringwinter/summerseasons.Cropslikechilli,
sunflower,groundnut,lady'sfinger,watermelon,Basellacanbegrownafterriceduringdry
season.Thesecropsmustbecarefullyselectedbasedontheirsuitabilitytolocalagro-climatic
conditions,soilsalinity,profitabilityandfarmers'preferences(Sahaet.al.,2007).Thetropical
tubercropssuchassweetpotato,yamsarewelladaptedtothesecoastalagro-ecosystems.
This canensure food,nutrition, economic, employmentandalsoenvironmental security.
Nedunchzhiyanetal,(2013)reportedthatsweetpotatocanbegrowninlowlandricefallow
indeepwaterrice–fishsystemwiththevarietyKishanunderconventionaltillageandSourin
underminimumtillageconditionrealizingrootyieldof20.98and13.95t/ha,respectively.
EasternIndiaishavingpotentialtoharvestrainwaterduringpeakmonsoonperiod(July-
September)thatstoredinthepondrefugecanhelptogrowseveralwintervegetableslike
pumpkin,bittergourd,lady'sfinger,chillietc.eitheronbundsorinmainricefield.Othercrops
viz.,pulseslikeblackgram,greengrametc.oroilseedsviz.,sunflower,groundnut,sesamum
etc.canbegrownduringthedryseason(January–earlyApril)withlimitedirrigationby
storedwater(SahaandBiswal,2004).
Fromearlierstudy,itwasfoundthatsunflowerisoneofthemostpromisingcropsafterrice
with2-3limitedirrigationsbyutilizingthewaterstoredinpond.Ithasbeenfoundthatthe
sunflowerhybridslikeKBSH1,BSH1,PAC36,PAC308,ICI308,TNAUSUF7etc.performed-1
verywellwithanaverageseedyieldof12.8to27.1qha .Theyieldincreaseofthesecultivars
over standard check varietyMorden ranged from54 to75%.All thesehybridsmatured
within90-102days(Sahaet.al.,2006).However,consistentlystableyieldwasrecordedwith-1
hybrid,KBSH1.Thehighestseedyield(23.7qha )wasrecordedbysowingduringsecond
fortnightofJanuaryataspacingof45X30cmwithafertilizerdoseof80:40:40kgN,P O and2 5-1K Oha (SahaandMoorthy2001).2
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
Watermelonwasfoundanotherpromisingcropinthissystemwhensownduringmiddleof-1
Januaryinpitswithspotirrigation.Itproducedthehighestriceequivalentyield(18.0tha ),-1netreturn(Rs.63423ha )andB:Cratio(8.5).Thewaterproductivity(kgriceequivalent
3yieldm waterapplied)wasalsothehighestforwatermelon(83.2).Chilli,anotherimportant
-1 -1cashcrop,performedwellwithriceequivalentyield(8.7tha )andnetreturn(Rs.29272ha )-1 -1followedbysunflower(6.4tha ;Rs17936ha )insandyloamsoil,whereasinotherlocation
withclayloamsoilriceequivalentyieldandnetreturnwasthehighestforwatermelon(13.0t-1 -1ha ,Rs.49865ha ).Itwasfoundthattherewaswidelocation-wisevariabilityinperformance
ofsomecropsowingtosoiltypeandavailabilityforirrigationwaterinpondrefuge.Basedon
theresearchworkcarriedoutunderdifferenton-farmIFSmodelsincoastalsalineareasof
Jagatsinghpur,watermelon,chilliandsunflowerareprobablythemostpromisingcropsfor
both medium and high salinity areas, while lady's finger is suitable and the most
remunerativeunderlowtomediumsalinityconditions(Singhet.al.,2006).
24 April, 2019
Adoption of rice-fish farming system in eastern India
vii. Rainwaterbudgetingandproductivity
SinhababuandMahata(2007)reportedtheamountofrainwaterharvest,itsutilizationand
waterproductivityinrainfedlowlandrice-fishfarmingsystem.Thewaterharvestedinthe2 3
pondrefugeof1300m areais1820m equivalentto140cmaveragedepthofwater.The
irrigationwaterrequirementfordryseasoncropsinthefieldis21.4%andthatforother
componentsonbundsis10%ofthestoredwater.Thewaterlossduetoevaporationand
percolationis40%.Thus,savingofexcesswatertotheextentof28.6%ispossibleinrainfed
rice–fishsystemundershallowgroundwatertableandlowlandconditioninMahanadidelta3,
areasofOdisha.Thenetwaterproductivityofrainfedrice-fishsystemisRs13.8m ofwhich3 3
wetseasonricecontributesRs1.2m comparedtoRs2.2m inthecaseoffishandprawn.
viii. Rice-ornamentalfishculture
Inordertoutilizethericeecologyforvalueaddedaquaculture,thetechniqueofbreedingand
culture of ornamental fishes in irrigated lowland rice fieldhas beendeveloped atNRRI,
Cuttack.Thericefieldhasbeenrenovatedtomakeapondrefugeandraisebundsallaround.
25
The rainfed rice-fish systemmodel was also developed in ICAR-NRRI Regional Rainfed
LowlandRiceResearchStation(RRLRRS),GeruafarminAssamtofacilitateextensioninthe
StateofAssamandotherStatesofNorthEasternregion.
A) SuccessstoryincoastalOdisha
KunjoMullick of village Gadkujang, Jagasinghpur district belongs to small farmers
category.Hisricefieldwaspronetoflashfloodandsubmergenceduringwetseasondueto
poordrainage,backwaterandremainwaterloggedfornearly4-5months.Riseinsalinity
levelwasanotherproblemduringMarchonwardstotillmonsoonseason.Thefarmermostly-1grewlocalricevarietieswithlowinputsandcouldgetverylowriceproduce(0.8-1.0tha )
andhencecouldnotsustainhislivelihood.
RicebasedintegratedfarmingsystemmodeldevelopedandvalidatedatfarmersfieldinthecoastalSalinesoil
Before After
Ornamentalfishinthericefield
OrnamentalfisheslikeBluegourami,
Redgourami,Pearlgourami,Guppies
are bred and cultured with rice
(lowlandvarieties) cropduringwet
season. During the dry season, rice
(Naveen)cropwasgrownalongwith
ornamental fishes with irrigation.
About25,000-6,00000ornamental
fish/hawasproducedinthesystem,
inaddition to3.5 tand5.0 tof rice
grain during wet and dry season,
respectively(Nayaketal2008).
TheNRRIscientistdidsomebasicsurveyintheJagatsinghpurdistrictandselectedthefarmer
basedonhisavailableresources.Thefarmerlackvisiontoutilizehislandandwaterforcrop
diversification and inability to generate his livelihood from his land. KunjoMullickwas
advisedtoreshapehisriceareaandwastrainedforcropdiversificationbyvisitingNRRI
farmingsystemmodels.WiththeinitialinvestmentofRs72,000wasdonebythefarmerfor
establishmentandshapingofhisricearea(4acres)intowatershed/pondareaofabout1acre
wherehewasadvisedtoputtheIndianmajorcarpsandthedugoutsoilwastransformedinto
raised dykeswhere the farmer grew banana, coconut and vegetable crops like cowpea,
pumpkin,leafygreens,drumsticketc.Poultryandduckerywastakeninthehousemadewith
locallyavailablematerials.AttheendoftheyearhegotnetincomeofRs.150000/-withthe
costbenefitratioof1:2.1.
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 17
Watermelonwasfoundanotherpromisingcropinthissystemwhensownduringmiddleof-1
Januaryinpitswithspotirrigation.Itproducedthehighestriceequivalentyield(18.0tha ),-1netreturn(Rs.63423ha )andB:Cratio(8.5).Thewaterproductivity(kgriceequivalent
3yieldm waterapplied)wasalsothehighestforwatermelon(83.2).Chilli,anotherimportant
-1 -1cashcrop,performedwellwithriceequivalentyield(8.7tha )andnetreturn(Rs.29272ha )-1 -1followedbysunflower(6.4tha ;Rs17936ha )insandyloamsoil,whereasinotherlocation
withclayloamsoilriceequivalentyieldandnetreturnwasthehighestforwatermelon(13.0t-1 -1ha ,Rs.49865ha ).Itwasfoundthattherewaswidelocation-wisevariabilityinperformance
ofsomecropsowingtosoiltypeandavailabilityforirrigationwaterinpondrefuge.Basedon
theresearchworkcarriedoutunderdifferenton-farmIFSmodelsincoastalsalineareasof
Jagatsinghpur,watermelon,chilliandsunflowerareprobablythemostpromisingcropsfor
both medium and high salinity areas, while lady's finger is suitable and the most
remunerativeunderlowtomediumsalinityconditions(Singhet.al.,2006).
24 April, 2019
Adoption of rice-fish farming system in eastern India
vii. Rainwaterbudgetingandproductivity
SinhababuandMahata(2007)reportedtheamountofrainwaterharvest,itsutilizationand
waterproductivityinrainfedlowlandrice-fishfarmingsystem.Thewaterharvestedinthe2 3
pondrefugeof1300m areais1820m equivalentto140cmaveragedepthofwater.The
irrigationwaterrequirementfordryseasoncropsinthefieldis21.4%andthatforother
componentsonbundsis10%ofthestoredwater.Thewaterlossduetoevaporationand
percolationis40%.Thus,savingofexcesswatertotheextentof28.6%ispossibleinrainfed
rice–fishsystemundershallowgroundwatertableandlowlandconditioninMahanadidelta3,
areasofOdisha.Thenetwaterproductivityofrainfedrice-fishsystemisRs13.8m ofwhich3 3
wetseasonricecontributesRs1.2m comparedtoRs2.2m inthecaseoffishandprawn.
viii. Rice-ornamentalfishculture
Inordertoutilizethericeecologyforvalueaddedaquaculture,thetechniqueofbreedingand
culture of ornamental fishes in irrigated lowland rice fieldhas beendeveloped atNRRI,
Cuttack.Thericefieldhasbeenrenovatedtomakeapondrefugeandraisebundsallaround.
25
The rainfed rice-fish systemmodel was also developed in ICAR-NRRI Regional Rainfed
LowlandRiceResearchStation(RRLRRS),GeruafarminAssamtofacilitateextensioninthe
StateofAssamandotherStatesofNorthEasternregion.
A) SuccessstoryincoastalOdisha
KunjoMullick of village Gadkujang, Jagasinghpur district belongs to small farmers
category.Hisricefieldwaspronetoflashfloodandsubmergenceduringwetseasondueto
poordrainage,backwaterandremainwaterloggedfornearly4-5months.Riseinsalinity
levelwasanotherproblemduringMarchonwardstotillmonsoonseason.Thefarmermostly-1grewlocalricevarietieswithlowinputsandcouldgetverylowriceproduce(0.8-1.0tha )
andhencecouldnotsustainhislivelihood.
RicebasedintegratedfarmingsystemmodeldevelopedandvalidatedatfarmersfieldinthecoastalSalinesoil
Before After
Ornamentalfishinthericefield
OrnamentalfisheslikeBluegourami,
Redgourami,Pearlgourami,Guppies
are bred and cultured with rice
(lowlandvarieties) cropduringwet
season. During the dry season, rice
(Naveen)cropwasgrownalongwith
ornamental fishes with irrigation.
About25,000-6,00000ornamental
fish/hawasproducedinthesystem,
inaddition to3.5 tand5.0 tof rice
grain during wet and dry season,
respectively(Nayaketal2008).
TheNRRIscientistdidsomebasicsurveyintheJagatsinghpurdistrictandselectedthefarmer
basedonhisavailableresources.Thefarmerlackvisiontoutilizehislandandwaterforcrop
diversification and inability to generate his livelihood from his land. KunjoMullickwas
advisedtoreshapehisriceareaandwastrainedforcropdiversificationbyvisitingNRRI
farmingsystemmodels.WiththeinitialinvestmentofRs72,000wasdonebythefarmerfor
establishmentandshapingofhisricearea(4acres)intowatershed/pondareaofabout1acre
wherehewasadvisedtoputtheIndianmajorcarpsandthedugoutsoilwastransformedinto
raised dykeswhere the farmer grew banana, coconut and vegetable crops like cowpea,
pumpkin,leafygreens,drumsticketc.Poultryandduckerywastakeninthehousemadewith
locallyavailablematerials.AttheendoftheyearhegotnetincomeofRs.150000/-withthe
costbenefitratioof1:2.1.
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1726 April, 2019 27
B) Multi-locationdemonstrationofrice-fishsystemmodels
Both the 'Integrated rice-fish farming system models' (rainfed lowland and multitier
deepwatermodels)ofICAR-NRRI,Cuttackweresuccessfullydemonstratedandpopularised
in thefarmers'fieldsofthestatesofOdishaandWestBengal throughExternallyAided
Projects(EAPs)andcollaborationwithNGOs,andbyprovidingtechnicalsupporttofarmers,
NGOsandotherorganizations.Abriefaccountofsomeofthedevelopedrice–fishfarmsis
givenbelow;
I. Rice-fishfarmsdevelopedthroughEAPsofICAR-NRRI
Rice-fish-horticulture based farming system was developed in different villages under
Ersama block of Jagatsinghpur and Astarang block of Puri districts of Odisha with the
supportoffollowingprojects.
III. Rice-fishfarmsdevelopedundertechnicalguidanceofICAR-NRRIScientist
S.No.
ProjectsNameoffarmer
Farmarea(Acre)
Village/District
1.NWDPRAProjectGovtofOdisha,(1997-2000)
AshokeParida 2.2 Kimilo,Jagatsinghpur
2.ICDP-RiceProject,MinistryofAgriculture,Govt.ofIndia(1998-99)
UttamPadaNaik 2.3Oraisal,Jagatsinghpur
3.NATPCoastalProject,ICAR(2001-05)
SukumarJena 1.4 Kiada,Jagatsinghpur
4.NATPProject,ICAR(2001-05)
PurnaChandraJena
1.5Chaulia,Jagatsinghpur
5.NATPCoastalProject,ICAR(2001-05)
RupanDas 1.3 Hiradeipur,Puri
6.NATPCoastalProject,ICAR(2001-05)
LakhsmanSwain
1.2 Sundar,Puri
7. Adoptionbyfarmers15farmersinacluster
15farmswithav.areaof1.5acre
PadampurPanchayat,Jagatsinghpur
S.No.
NGOs/organizationsNameoffarmer
Farmarea(Acre)
Village/District
1. BikramanandaInstituteofRuralDevelopment(BIRD),PuriunderNABARDfinancialsupportofNABARDduring2011-12
SarbeswarPaikray
4.0(rainfedlowlandmodel)
Apithi,Puri
2. do SudamPradhan
2.0(multitierdeepwatermodel)
Bhikaripara,Puri
3. ParadeepPhosphateLtd(PPL),Bhubaneswar,2009-10
SubhasPanda
0.5(rainfedlowlandmodel)
Barakumari,Khurda
Aclusterofrice-fishfarmsinrainfedwaterloggedlowlandsalongwithsomefarmersinErsama,JagatsinghpurdistrictinOdisha
II. Rice–fishfarmsdevelopedthroughcollaboration/MoUswithNGOs
No. FarmersName&Village FarmArea(Acre) Components
A. Regional Centre for Development Cooperation(RCDC), Bhubaneswar, in Rajnagar block ofKendrapara and Balikuda block of Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha during 2012-2013(bothrainfedlowlandandmultitierdeepwatermodels)
1SriPunyabrataMandalVill:GopaljeePatna
1.1Rice,Fish,Horticulture-Vegetables
2SriBhiguramMandalVill:Udyan
0.75Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
3SriGopalCh.GiriVill:Birabhanjpur
0.40Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
4SriRamakantaPradhanVill:Natchhipada
2.0Rice-fish-Horticulture-Vegetables
5SriAshokDasVill:Junapangara
0.80Rice-fish-Horticulture-Vegetables
6SarbeswarPradhanVill:Baurnipala
2.0Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
7SriNandadulalMandalVill:Dekni
1.30Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
8PatitpabanKhandaVill:Naupala
0.90Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
B. VivekanandaInstituteofBiotechnology(VIB),SriRamkrishnaAshram,Nimpith,WestBengal,inCoastalvillagesofSouth24,Parganasdistrict,WestBengalduring2012.
Total 13 rice-fish farms,mostlymultitiermodel (rice, fish, vegetables, tuber crops, banana) of0.3-1.7acreareadeveloped
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1726 April, 2019 27
B) Multi-locationdemonstrationofrice-fishsystemmodels
Both the 'Integrated rice-fish farming system models' (rainfed lowland and multitier
deepwatermodels)ofICAR-NRRI,Cuttackweresuccessfullydemonstratedandpopularised
in thefarmers'fieldsofthestatesofOdishaandWestBengal throughExternallyAided
Projects(EAPs)andcollaborationwithNGOs,andbyprovidingtechnicalsupporttofarmers,
NGOsandotherorganizations.Abriefaccountofsomeofthedevelopedrice–fishfarmsis
givenbelow;
I. Rice-fishfarmsdevelopedthroughEAPsofICAR-NRRI
Rice-fish-horticulture based farming system was developed in different villages under
Ersama block of Jagatsinghpur and Astarang block of Puri districts of Odisha with the
supportoffollowingprojects.
III. Rice-fishfarmsdevelopedundertechnicalguidanceofICAR-NRRIScientist
S.No.
ProjectsNameoffarmer
Farmarea(Acre)
Village/District
1.NWDPRAProjectGovtofOdisha,(1997-2000)
AshokeParida 2.2 Kimilo,Jagatsinghpur
2.ICDP-RiceProject,MinistryofAgriculture,Govt.ofIndia(1998-99)
UttamPadaNaik 2.3Oraisal,Jagatsinghpur
3.NATPCoastalProject,ICAR(2001-05)
SukumarJena 1.4 Kiada,Jagatsinghpur
4.NATPProject,ICAR(2001-05)
PurnaChandraJena
1.5Chaulia,Jagatsinghpur
5.NATPCoastalProject,ICAR(2001-05)
RupanDas 1.3 Hiradeipur,Puri
6.NATPCoastalProject,ICAR(2001-05)
LakhsmanSwain
1.2 Sundar,Puri
7. Adoptionbyfarmers15farmersinacluster
15farmswithav.areaof1.5acre
PadampurPanchayat,Jagatsinghpur
S.No.
NGOs/organizationsNameoffarmer
Farmarea(Acre)
Village/District
1. BikramanandaInstituteofRuralDevelopment(BIRD),PuriunderNABARDfinancialsupportofNABARDduring2011-12
SarbeswarPaikray
4.0(rainfedlowlandmodel)
Apithi,Puri
2. do SudamPradhan
2.0(multitierdeepwatermodel)
Bhikaripara,Puri
3. ParadeepPhosphateLtd(PPL),Bhubaneswar,2009-10
SubhasPanda
0.5(rainfedlowlandmodel)
Barakumari,Khurda
Aclusterofrice-fishfarmsinrainfedwaterloggedlowlandsalongwithsomefarmersinErsama,JagatsinghpurdistrictinOdisha
II. Rice–fishfarmsdevelopedthroughcollaboration/MoUswithNGOs
No. FarmersName&Village FarmArea(Acre) Components
A. Regional Centre for Development Cooperation(RCDC), Bhubaneswar, in Rajnagar block ofKendrapara and Balikuda block of Jagatsinghpur district of Odisha during 2012-2013(bothrainfedlowlandandmultitierdeepwatermodels)
1SriPunyabrataMandalVill:GopaljeePatna
1.1Rice,Fish,Horticulture-Vegetables
2SriBhiguramMandalVill:Udyan
0.75Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
3SriGopalCh.GiriVill:Birabhanjpur
0.40Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
4SriRamakantaPradhanVill:Natchhipada
2.0Rice-fish-Horticulture-Vegetables
5SriAshokDasVill:Junapangara
0.80Rice-fish-Horticulture-Vegetables
6SarbeswarPradhanVill:Baurnipala
2.0Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
7SriNandadulalMandalVill:Dekni
1.30Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
8PatitpabanKhandaVill:Naupala
0.90Rice-Fish-Horticulture-Duckery-vemi-compost
B. VivekanandaInstituteofBiotechnology(VIB),SriRamkrishnaAshram,Nimpith,WestBengal,inCoastalvillagesofSouth24,Parganasdistrict,WestBengalduring2012.
Total 13 rice-fish farms,mostlymultitiermodel (rice, fish, vegetables, tuber crops, banana) of0.3-1.7acreareadeveloped
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1728 April, 2019 29
4. VivekanandaRegionalRuralDevelopmentOrganization(VRRDO),WestBengalfundedbyDSTProjectduring2010-11,
15farmersin8villages
15smallfarms(multitiermodel)
PatharpratimaandMathurapurblocks,South24Parganasdistrict
5. KVK,Lohit,ICAR-NRConYak,ArunachalPradeshfundedbyNABARDin2012.Rainfedlowlandmodel(rice,fish,pigs,fruitcrops,arecanut,Tocopatatree)
1.5 Lohit,ArunachalPradesh
Sinhababu et al (2006) reported that the rainfed rice–fish diversified farming system
technologynotonlyincreasednetfarmincomebyaroundfifteentimes(Rs44,500/ha/yr)
overtraditionalricefarming,butalsogeneratedadditionalemploymentof110man-daysin
theSuper-cycloneaffectedcoastalvillagesinOdishaunderNATPProject.On-farmvalidationoftheMDWrice-fishfarmingsystemduring2010-12
Rice-fishfarmsinSouth24ParganasW.BthroughcollaborationwithVIB,SRK,Nimpith,2012
Rice–fish–farmatLohit,KVKNRCYak,ArunachalPradesh,2012
AdoptionofRicebasedintegratedFarmingsysteminEasternIndia ConstraintsTherice–fishsystemsinvolvesaconsiderableamountofinitialcapitalcostforlandshaping
andotherinfrastructureslikesmallhousesforbirdsandanimalsetc.Thisconditionimpedes
largescaleadoptionoftherice–fishtechnologies,sincemostofthetargetfarmersineastern
India are small andmarginalwith poor economic condition. Linkageswith the relevant
variousCentralandStateGovernmenton-goingschemesforcostoflandshapingwilleasethe
problem.Fragmentationandmultiownershipofland,andsmallholdingsalsostandinwayof
adoption of this system. Land consolidation and suitablemodification /down scaling of
technologiesforsmallholdingsareneededinthesesituations.Timelyavailabilityofrequired
inputsforthissystem,likeseedandplantingmaterialsofdifferentcrops,fishandprawnseed,
andoffspringofbirdsandanimals,aretobeensuredinthelocality.Marketingofvarious
produces fromthesystem isvery important.Rice–fish farmdevelopment inclusterand
linkageswith themarket chainwill facilitatepropermarketing.Rice–fish–horticulture-
livestock farming is a specialized system, which requires necessary skill development.
Awarenessdevelopmentandcapacitybuildingofthefarmersarenecessaryforsuccessful
adoptionofthissystem.
Challenges and policy issuesRice-fishbasedintegratedfarmingsystemcouldbeaviableoptionforcropdiversification
andreducingtheriskoverricemonocropping.Thisshouldbeencouragedinthelargescaleto
fullyexploitthepotentialareas.Necessaryinitiativesandpublicandprivatesectorinvestments
areneededtorealizethepotentialgrowthofthissystem.Amuchgreaterbenefitcouldbe
obtainedifgovernmentpoliciesencouragethepromotionofintegratedrice-fishfarming,as
wellastheimplementationofaworkablestrategyforlargescaleadoptionindifferentagro-
climatic regions of the eastern India. It is also necessary to provide institutional and
organizationalsupport,especiallysoftbankloanforsuccessofthisfarmingsystem.
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1728 April, 2019 29
4. VivekanandaRegionalRuralDevelopmentOrganization(VRRDO),WestBengalfundedbyDSTProjectduring2010-11,
15farmersin8villages
15smallfarms(multitiermodel)
PatharpratimaandMathurapurblocks,South24Parganasdistrict
5. KVK,Lohit,ICAR-NRConYak,ArunachalPradeshfundedbyNABARDin2012.Rainfedlowlandmodel(rice,fish,pigs,fruitcrops,arecanut,Tocopatatree)
1.5 Lohit,ArunachalPradesh
Sinhababu et al (2006) reported that the rainfed rice–fish diversified farming system
technologynotonlyincreasednetfarmincomebyaroundfifteentimes(Rs44,500/ha/yr)
overtraditionalricefarming,butalsogeneratedadditionalemploymentof110man-daysin
theSuper-cycloneaffectedcoastalvillagesinOdishaunderNATPProject.On-farmvalidationoftheMDWrice-fishfarmingsystemduring2010-12
Rice-fishfarmsinSouth24ParganasW.BthroughcollaborationwithVIB,SRK,Nimpith,2012
Rice–fish–farmatLohit,KVKNRCYak,ArunachalPradesh,2012
AdoptionofRicebasedintegratedFarmingsysteminEasternIndia ConstraintsTherice–fishsystemsinvolvesaconsiderableamountofinitialcapitalcostforlandshaping
andotherinfrastructureslikesmallhousesforbirdsandanimalsetc.Thisconditionimpedes
largescaleadoptionoftherice–fishtechnologies,sincemostofthetargetfarmersineastern
India are small andmarginalwith poor economic condition. Linkageswith the relevant
variousCentralandStateGovernmenton-goingschemesforcostoflandshapingwilleasethe
problem.Fragmentationandmultiownershipofland,andsmallholdingsalsostandinwayof
adoption of this system. Land consolidation and suitablemodification /down scaling of
technologiesforsmallholdingsareneededinthesesituations.Timelyavailabilityofrequired
inputsforthissystem,likeseedandplantingmaterialsofdifferentcrops,fishandprawnseed,
andoffspringofbirdsandanimals,aretobeensuredinthelocality.Marketingofvarious
produces fromthesystem isvery important.Rice–fish farmdevelopment inclusterand
linkageswith themarket chainwill facilitatepropermarketing.Rice–fish–horticulture-
livestock farming is a specialized system, which requires necessary skill development.
Awarenessdevelopmentandcapacitybuildingofthefarmersarenecessaryforsuccessful
adoptionofthissystem.
Challenges and policy issuesRice-fishbasedintegratedfarmingsystemcouldbeaviableoptionforcropdiversification
andreducingtheriskoverricemonocropping.Thisshouldbeencouragedinthelargescaleto
fullyexploitthepotentialareas.Necessaryinitiativesandpublicandprivatesectorinvestments
areneededtorealizethepotentialgrowthofthissystem.Amuchgreaterbenefitcouldbe
obtainedifgovernmentpoliciesencouragethepromotionofintegratedrice-fishfarming,as
wellastheimplementationofaworkablestrategyforlargescaleadoptionindifferentagro-
climatic regions of the eastern India. It is also necessary to provide institutional and
organizationalsupport,especiallysoftbankloanforsuccessofthisfarmingsystem.
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1730 April, 2019 31
Future perspectiveTheneedfordiversificationoffarmingpracticeisneededastheincomeoffarmerswho
dependsolelyontheproduceoftheirtraditionalmonocropofricepatternisdecreasing
due to limited profitmargin and changed food habits. Tomeet the continuous rise in
demandforfood,stabilityofincomeanddiverserequirementsoffoodgrains,vegetables,
milk,eggandmeat, integratedfarmingsystems(IFS)seemstobethefeasiblesolution,
therebyimprovingthenutritionofthesmallandmarginalfarmerswithlimitedavailable
resources. Integration of different related enterprises with agriculture crops provides
waystorecycleproductsandby-productsofonecomponentasinputofanotherlinked
componentwhichlessenthecostofproductionandthusraisesthetotalincomeofthefarm.
The expenditure on inorganic fertilizersmay alsodeclinedue to availability of a good
amountofmanure,whichresultedintoasavingupto50%ascomparedtoarablefarming.
Multiplelandusethroughintegrationofcrops,minorlivestockwithaquaculturecanresult
in thebestandoptimumproduction fromunit landarea.Theruralyouthscantakeup
'Integrated farming system' asmicro business through entrepreneurship for achieving
income at regular interval and self-employment. This model should be validated in
differentagro-climaticzonesof thecountry for locationspecific refinementand finally
wide-scaleadoptionwithlowinvestcapitalforsmallandmarginalfarmersaswellasagro-
entrepreneurs.
ConclusionThereisastrongneedtomonitortheentirerice-basedproductionsystemintermsofcrop
varieties,nutrientdynamics,watertableandqualityofirrigationwater,insect,diseaseand
weed problems to evolve site specific appropriatemanagement techniques. Economic
feasibility isanother importantcriterion foracceptanceofanycroppingsystemby the
farming community. The large scale adoption of any improved cropping and farming
system by the farming community dependsmostly on socio-economic factors such as
labouravailability,creditrequirement,costofinputs,processing,marketabilityandpriceof
produce,riskinvolvedandsocialacceptabilityofthenewsystem.Thusbeforedesigninga
particular farming systemmodel, care should be given on its technical and economic
feasibility.
ReferencesBhattacharyyaP,SinhababuDP,RoyKS,DashPK,SahuPK,DandapatR,NogiS,Mohanty
Sangita(2013)Effectoffishspeciesonmethaneandnitrousoxideemissioninrelation
tosoilC,Npoolsandenzymaticactivitiesinrainfedshallowlowlandrice-fishfarming
system.Agriculture,EcosystemsandEnvironment176:53-62.
DasPCandSinhababuDP(1999)Seasonalchangesinthezooplanktonpopulationinrainfed
rice-fishsystem.JournalofAquaculture.7:55-58.
DasPC,JenaMandSinhababuDP(2005)Acutetoxicityofbotanicalpesticides,viz.,neemoil
(Azadirachtaindica) and Polygonumhydropiper leaf extracts, in fingerlings of
Catlacatla(Ham.).JournalofAquaculture.13:17-21
DattaA,NayakDR,SinhababuDPandAdhyaTK(2009)Methaneandnitrousoxideemission
from an integrated rainfed rice-fish farming system of Eastern India agriculture
EcosystemandEnvironment129:228–237
FAO(2012b)FAOSTAT,http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx
FurunoT(2001)ThePowerofDuck(IntegratedRiceandDuckFarming)Australia:Tagari
Publications.
Gill MS, Singh JP and Gangwar KS (2010) Integrated farming system and agriculture
sustainability.IndianJournalofAgronomy54(2):128-39.
GovernmentofIndia(2009)EconomicSurveyofIndia,pp.199-200.http://Indiabudget.nic.in
JayanthiC(2002)SustainableFarmingSystemandlowlandfarmingofTamilNadu.IFSAdhoc
SchemeCompletionReport.
NedunchezhiyanM,SinhababuDP,SahuPKandPandeyV(2013)Growthandyieldofsweet
potato(IpomoeabatatasL.)inricefallows:Effectoftillageandvarieties.JournalofRoot
Crops39(2):110-116.
NayakPK,SinhababuDP, RaoKSandSahuPK(2008)OrnamentalFishes:Breedingand
CultureinRiceEcologies.CRRITechnologyBulletin33.CentralRiceResearchInstitute,
Cuttack,Orissa,India.
PandaMM,GhoshBCandSinhababuP(1987)Uptakeofnutrientsbyriceunderrice-cum-fish
cultureinintermediatedeepwatersituation(upto50cmwaterdepth).Plant&Soil
102:131-132.
PathakH,SamalPandShahidM(2018)RevitalizingRiceSystemsforEnhancingProductivity,
ProfitabilityandClimateResiliencepp1-17editedbyPathakH,NayakAK, JenaM,
SinghON,SamalPandSharmaSG(2018)RiceResearchforEnhancingprductivity,
ProfitabilityandClimateResilience, ICAR-NationalRiceResearch Institute,Cuttack
OdishaIndiapp275-289
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1730 April, 2019 31
Future perspectiveTheneedfordiversificationoffarmingpracticeisneededastheincomeoffarmerswho
dependsolelyontheproduceoftheirtraditionalmonocropofricepatternisdecreasing
due to limited profitmargin and changed food habits. Tomeet the continuous rise in
demandforfood,stabilityofincomeanddiverserequirementsoffoodgrains,vegetables,
milk,eggandmeat, integratedfarmingsystems(IFS)seemstobethefeasiblesolution,
therebyimprovingthenutritionofthesmallandmarginalfarmerswithlimitedavailable
resources. Integration of different related enterprises with agriculture crops provides
waystorecycleproductsandby-productsofonecomponentasinputofanotherlinked
componentwhichlessenthecostofproductionandthusraisesthetotalincomeofthefarm.
The expenditure on inorganic fertilizersmay alsodeclinedue to availability of a good
amountofmanure,whichresultedintoasavingupto50%ascomparedtoarablefarming.
Multiplelandusethroughintegrationofcrops,minorlivestockwithaquaculturecanresult
in thebestandoptimumproduction fromunit landarea.Theruralyouthscantakeup
'Integrated farming system' asmicro business through entrepreneurship for achieving
income at regular interval and self-employment. This model should be validated in
differentagro-climaticzonesof thecountry for locationspecific refinementand finally
wide-scaleadoptionwithlowinvestcapitalforsmallandmarginalfarmersaswellasagro-
entrepreneurs.
ConclusionThereisastrongneedtomonitortheentirerice-basedproductionsystemintermsofcrop
varieties,nutrientdynamics,watertableandqualityofirrigationwater,insect,diseaseand
weed problems to evolve site specific appropriatemanagement techniques. Economic
feasibility isanother importantcriterion foracceptanceofanycroppingsystemby the
farming community. The large scale adoption of any improved cropping and farming
system by the farming community dependsmostly on socio-economic factors such as
labouravailability,creditrequirement,costofinputs,processing,marketabilityandpriceof
produce,riskinvolvedandsocialacceptabilityofthenewsystem.Thusbeforedesigninga
particular farming systemmodel, care should be given on its technical and economic
feasibility.
ReferencesBhattacharyyaP,SinhababuDP,RoyKS,DashPK,SahuPK,DandapatR,NogiS,Mohanty
Sangita(2013)Effectoffishspeciesonmethaneandnitrousoxideemissioninrelation
tosoilC,Npoolsandenzymaticactivitiesinrainfedshallowlowlandrice-fishfarming
system.Agriculture,EcosystemsandEnvironment176:53-62.
DasPCandSinhababuDP(1999)Seasonalchangesinthezooplanktonpopulationinrainfed
rice-fishsystem.JournalofAquaculture.7:55-58.
DasPC,JenaMandSinhababuDP(2005)Acutetoxicityofbotanicalpesticides,viz.,neemoil
(Azadirachtaindica) and Polygonumhydropiper leaf extracts, in fingerlings of
Catlacatla(Ham.).JournalofAquaculture.13:17-21
DattaA,NayakDR,SinhababuDPandAdhyaTK(2009)Methaneandnitrousoxideemission
from an integrated rainfed rice-fish farming system of Eastern India agriculture
EcosystemandEnvironment129:228–237
FAO(2012b)FAOSTAT,http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx
FurunoT(2001)ThePowerofDuck(IntegratedRiceandDuckFarming)Australia:Tagari
Publications.
Gill MS, Singh JP and Gangwar KS (2010) Integrated farming system and agriculture
sustainability.IndianJournalofAgronomy54(2):128-39.
GovernmentofIndia(2009)EconomicSurveyofIndia,pp.199-200.http://Indiabudget.nic.in
JayanthiC(2002)SustainableFarmingSystemandlowlandfarmingofTamilNadu.IFSAdhoc
SchemeCompletionReport.
NedunchezhiyanM,SinhababuDP,SahuPKandPandeyV(2013)Growthandyieldofsweet
potato(IpomoeabatatasL.)inricefallows:Effectoftillageandvarieties.JournalofRoot
Crops39(2):110-116.
NayakPK,SinhababuDP, RaoKSandSahuPK(2008)OrnamentalFishes:Breedingand
CultureinRiceEcologies.CRRITechnologyBulletin33.CentralRiceResearchInstitute,
Cuttack,Orissa,India.
PandaMM,GhoshBCandSinhababuP(1987)Uptakeofnutrientsbyriceunderrice-cum-fish
cultureinintermediatedeepwatersituation(upto50cmwaterdepth).Plant&Soil
102:131-132.
PathakH,SamalPandShahidM(2018)RevitalizingRiceSystemsforEnhancingProductivity,
ProfitabilityandClimateResiliencepp1-17editedbyPathakH,NayakAK, JenaM,
SinghON,SamalPandSharmaSG(2018)RiceResearchforEnhancingprductivity,
ProfitabilityandClimateResilience, ICAR-NationalRiceResearch Institute,Cuttack
OdishaIndiapp275-289
NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1732 April, 2019 33
Patra,BCandSinhababuDP(1995)Weedfloraunderrainfedlowlandriceecosystemwith
referencetorice-fishsystem.Oryza32(2):121-124.
PoonamAnnie,SahaSanjoy,NayakPK,ShahidMd.(2016)Optimizationofriceplantdensity
forenhancinggrainyieldandgrowthoffishunderrice–fishsystemincoastallowlands
OralPresentationandabstractpp109at11thNationalSymposiumISCAR'Innovationsin
CoastalAgriculture-CurrentStatusandPotentialunderChangingEnvironmentatICAR-
IIWM,Bhubaneswarduring14-17January,2016.'
Ruaysoongnern S and Suphanchaimant N (2001) land-use patterns and agricultural
productionsystemswithemphasisonchangesdrivenbyeconomicforcesandmarket
integration.In:Kam,S.P.,Hoanh,C.T.,Trebuil,G.andHardy,B.(Eds.).Naturalresource
management issues in the Korat basin of northeast Thailand: An Overview.
Proceedings of the Planning Workshop on Ecoregional Approaches to Natural
Resource Management in the Korat Basin, Northeast Thailand: Towards Further
ResearchCollaboration,heldon26-29October1999,KhonKaen,Thailand.LosBanos
(Philippines):InternationalRiceResearchInstitute,pp67-77.
SanjeevKumar,SinghSS,ShivaniandDeyA(2011)IntegratedFarmingSystemsforEastern
India.IndianJournalofAgronomy56(4):297-304
SahaSanjoyandMoorthyBTS(2001)Performanceofsunflowerhybridsinrice-sunflower
croppingsequence.AgronomyDigest1:91-92.
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suitablecropplanningunderrainfedrice-basedcropproductionsysteminBalasore
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basedhighlyprofitablesysteminrainfedlowlandsineasternIndia.pp.,83-89.InWater
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NRRI Research Bulletin No. 1732 April, 2019 33
Patra,BCandSinhababuDP(1995)Weedfloraunderrainfedlowlandriceecosystemwith
referencetorice-fishsystem.Oryza32(2):121-124.
PoonamAnnie,SahaSanjoy,NayakPK,ShahidMd.(2016)Optimizationofriceplantdensity
forenhancinggrainyieldandgrowthoffishunderrice–fishsystemincoastallowlands
OralPresentationandabstractpp109at11thNationalSymposiumISCAR'Innovationsin
CoastalAgriculture-CurrentStatusandPotentialunderChangingEnvironmentatICAR-
IIWM,Bhubaneswarduring14-17January,2016.'
Ruaysoongnern S and Suphanchaimant N (2001) land-use patterns and agricultural
productionsystemswithemphasisonchangesdrivenbyeconomicforcesandmarket
integration.In:Kam,S.P.,Hoanh,C.T.,Trebuil,G.andHardy,B.(Eds.).Naturalresource
management issues in the Korat basin of northeast Thailand: An Overview.
Proceedings of the Planning Workshop on Ecoregional Approaches to Natural
Resource Management in the Korat Basin, Northeast Thailand: Towards Further
ResearchCollaboration,heldon26-29October1999,KhonKaen,Thailand.LosBanos
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