NovoFELNovoFEL((NovosibirskNovosibirsk Free Electron Laser) Free Electron Laser) and opportunities for Russia and opportunities for Russia –– EC EC

scientific and technological cooperationscientific and technological cooperation

Gennady Kulipanov Gennady Kulipanov BudkerBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Institute of Nuclear Physics, NovosibirskNovosibirsk, Russia, Russia

Opportunities for Russia Opportunities for Russia -- EC EC scientific and technological cooperationscientific and technological cooperation

February February 22, 2022, 200707, , MoscowMoscow

•• The powerful terahertz rangeThe powerful terahertz range FELFEL for the Siberian Center of for the Siberian Center of Photochemical ResearchPhotochemical Research. .

•• NovoFELNovoFEL as useras user’’s facility. s facility.

•• Development of Development of THzTHz range experimental equipment. range experimental equipment. Experiments with Experiments with THzTHz radiation. radiation.

•• Second stage of the NovosibirskSecond stage of the Novosibirsk acceleratoraccelerator--recuperatorrecuperator andandFELFEL. .

•• Conclusion. Conclusion.

2

CContentsontents..

11. . The powerful terahertz rangeThe powerful terahertz range FELFEL

for the Siberian Center of Photochemical for the Siberian Center of Photochemical Research Research

3

At present, at the At present, at the BudkerBudker Institute of Nuclear Physics (Institute of Nuclear Physics (BudkerBudker INP SB INP SB

RAS, RAS, NovosibirskNovosibirsk), the powerful terahertz and IR range FEL are being ), the powerful terahertz and IR range FEL are being

developed, manufactured and put into operation for the Siberiandeveloped, manufactured and put into operation for the Siberian

Center of Photochemical Research.Center of Photochemical Research.

The first stage project have a one track acceleratorThe first stage project have a one track accelerator--recuperator with a recuperator with a

maximum energy up to 14 MeV.maximum energy up to 14 MeV.

4

LayoutLayout ofof thethe NovosibirskNovosibirsk FEL (1FEL (1stst stagestage))

Electron beam from the injector after its passage through thebuncher (a bunching RF cavity), drift section, 2 MeV for-accelerating cavitiesand the main accelerating structure is directed to the undulator, where a fraction of its energy is put into the laser radiation.

After that, the beam returning to the main accelerating structure ina decelerating phase, looses its energy practically to its injection value (2 MeV) is dropped into the absorber. 5

General view of NovoGeneral view of NovoFEL (1FEL (1stst stagestage))

6

On April 4, 2003, a lasing in the range of 120 µm was obtained at a 1st stage FEL. At present, this FEL is the most powerful generator of the

terahertz radiation with tunable wavelength (120-235 µm).7

Radiation parameters of the 1st stage NovoFEL

The power and relative line width obtained in a teraherThe power and relative line width obtained in a teraherttz z regionregionare the record parameters.are the record parameters.

8

1st harmonic 2nd harmonic 3rd harmonic Wavelength, µm

120 - 235

60 - 117

40 - 78

Relative line width at a half-height, %

0.3 – 1.0

0.2 - 1

0.1 - 1

Maximum average power, W

400 6 2.4

Maximum peak power, kW

600 9 3.6

Pulse duration, ps

40 - 100 40 - 70 40 - 70

Pulse repetition rate, MHz

2.8 - 5.6 - 11.2

Linear polarization degree, %

> 99.6

Gaussian beam diameter at the user stations, mm

60

Average spectral power density of the light sources

9

Far IR

High average power of radiation (up to 400 W) High average power of radiation (up to 400 W) in combination with high peak power (up to 0.6 MW) in combination with high peak power (up to 0.6 MW) enables performing high power density experimentsenables performing high power density experiments

Laser beam focused in the atmosphere with a parabolic mirror (f=1.0 cm) ignites a continuous optical discharge.

Unfocused laser beam drills an opening in 50-mm organic glass slab within three minutes (ablation without burning).

These fenomena can be used for many fundamental and applied experiments (plasma physics, aerodynamics, chemistry, material processing and modification, biology…)

fed

cba

Continuous optical discharge

10

22. .

NovoFELNovoFEL as useras user’’s facility s facility

11

Layout of terahertz FEL and user stations

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OU-5 OU-5 OU-5

User Stations(ground and first floors)

Accelerator-recuperator and Terahertz free electron laser (basement level)

RF generator system(ground floor)

Control room(ground floor)

Beamlines for radiation transport

BG1st

120 m

12

Laser radiation is transmitted through an optical beamline filled with dry nitrogen to the two experimental halls. Four user stations are now operating. Another two stations are under construction. The commissioning of this stations is in prospect of beginning of 2007.

BeamlinesBeamlines and first stage userand first stage user stationsstations at at NovoFELNovoFEL

Gasdynamic station

Chemistry stationChemistry station

Metrology stationMetrology station

Molecular spectroscopyMolecular spectroscopy

Biology stationBiology station

Station for introscopyand spectroscopy

Station status:Station status:

1. Operating1. Operating

2. Under construction2. Under construction

13

14

Four stations in the lower experimental hall

15

The features of the Novosibirsk THz FEL:

Short pulse duration (40 - 100 ps)

High pulse power (up to 0.6 MW)

High average power (up to 400 W)

Full space coherence

High longitudinal coherence (~ 2 cm)

Polarisation (degree of linear polarisation

is more than 99 percents)16

Some important specific features of THz-radiation:

• Radiation is non-ionizing

• The Rayleigh scattering is suppressed ~ 1 / λ4

• The eigen frequencies of many physical, chemical and

biological systems are within this range (hydrogen bonds)

• Trasparency windows are different from windows for

visible and IR radiation

17

33. .

Development of Development of THzTHz range experimental range experimental equipment. equipment.

EExperiments with THz radiation xperiments with THz radiation

18

Some spectral devices developed or upgraded for NovoFEL

Mesh Fabry-Perot interferometer:a) high spectral resolutionb) compactness and simplicity

Upgraded MDR-23 monochromator:a) wide spectral range 0.3 - 300 µmb) real harmonic separation, on-line adjustment

Bruker vacuum Fourier spectrometer IFS-66v:a) clear vacuum spectrumsb) wide spectral range 1-1000 µm

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Zone Zone FresnelFresnel plates and plates and kinoformkinoform lens for terahertz regionlens for terahertz region

100x140 mm kinoform lens

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

r,mm

h/λ

Профиль ДОЭ вдоль короткой оси, F=250мм ,λ=0.13

20

THzTHz imaging with a highimaging with a high--power free electron laserpower free electron laser

High average power of the FEL enables development of imaging techniques based on the thermal effect of radiation

We have developed and implemented several methods for THz radiation visualization based on the thermal effects

21

THz imaging with an IR thermograph

Infrared image

Converter

Terahertz image

THz beam

IR-sensitive array

IR lens

(conversion of radiation to 3 m)130 mµ µ

Converter of THz radiation is a carbon paperTime resolution is limited by thermal relaxation time (about 1 sec for this screen) Converters with fast relaxation time are under consideration

22

THz imaging with the thermograph

THz laser beam cross-section at the beamlineoutput (13 meters from the laser)

10 cm

17 c

mKeys in an opaque paper envelope Image of 6-mm holes drilled in a metal plate

(“FEL BINP” letters)

Diffraction pattern produced by two circularapertures (d=6 mm, ∆=14 mm)

10 cmAt the distance of 108 cm

17 c

m

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RoomRoom--temperature temperature microbolometermicrobolometer matrix for terahertz region matrix for terahertz region (V. (V. ShashkinShashkin et al. et al. Institute of Semiconductor PhysicsInstitute of Semiconductor Physics SB RAS, SB RAS, NovosibirskNovosibirsk))

Vanadium oxide matrix Size – 20x20 mm2, number of pixels 169x120

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THz imaging THz imaging with with ““Thermal Image PlateThermal Image Plate”” (TIP)(TIP)

Calibration of thermal image plate using terahertz radiation froCalibration of thermal image plate using terahertz radiation from m NovoFELNovoFEL..

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Thermal image plate, Thermal image plate, MickanMickan InstrumentsInstruments

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0-0.2

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

QuenchingBest linear fit

Lum

ines

cenc

equ

ench

ing

(a.u

.)

THz power (a.u.)

50 100 1500

4000

8000

12000

Fluo

resc

ence

Inte

nsity

(a.u

.)

Coordinate (pixels)

A

A

B

B

y = x

THz imaging THz imaging with with ““Thermal Image PlateThermal Image Plate”” (TIP)(TIP)

Calibration of TIP sensitivity vs. Calibration of TIP sensitivity vs. THz THz beam intensity. beam intensity. Image of a diffraction pattern.Image of a diffraction pattern.

Red – out of THz beam area (B)Blue – in the area of THz beam (A)

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Thermal image plate, Thermal image plate, MickanMickan InstrumentsInstruments

∆

Space and temporal coherence

27

Measurement of the coherenceMeasurement of the coherencelength by length by FreshelFreshel bibi--mirror methodmirror method

Space and temporal coherence

28

Diffraction picture for the mirror displacement ∆ = 0

Image with thermal image plate(luminescence quenching)

-120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0 RatioFitting

Tmax = 0.93 0.03Tmin = 0.0037 0.0003λ= 128 micrometersTheta_0 = 17 deg

Tran

smiss

ion

Rotation angle (deg)

k

E

θ0

++

Transmission of the QMC Instruments Ltd polarizer(metal stripes on the mylar film)

This result was obtained for average power of 25 WThe polarizer was tested for the maximum power density up to 8 W/cm2

Linear polarization of radiation from Linear polarization of radiation from THzTHz FELFEL

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Started studying of rather unusual novel objects. In ISP SB RAS suggested novel technology allowing fabrication of precise 3D shells of various shapes and arrays on their basis. Some examples of realized 3D shell-structures are presented on the next figures. Such structures can be made of different materials including metals and doped semiconductors. Multiformity of configurations, repeatability of shapes, scalability of sizes make arrays of such shell-structures very attractive as a basis for novel artificial composite media with tailored electromagnetic properties for different spectral ranges including THz one.

Rotation of the polarization plane by Rotation of the polarization plane by helicalhelical structutesstructutes

Maximum of rotation corresponds to the length of structure elements of 75 µm that close to a half wavelength for λ=142.8 µm

The single layer of metal-semiconductor helices with the thickness just about 1/15th of the wavelength rotates the polarization plane by 17 degrees.

135 140 145 150 155 1600

5

10

15

20

Rot

atio

n an

gle

(Deg

)

Wavelength (µm)

Rotation of the polarization plane by helical structuresRotation of the polarization plane by helical structures

λ µ=117 m

СO-line

a

2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Abso

rptio

n(a

.u.)

f (THz)

ExperimentGauss fit

f_c = 2.569 THzw = 0.010 THz

(a) Absorption in CO gas cell vs. laser wavelength; the dash line is calculated profile of CO-molecule

transition.

Absorption spectrum of DCl gas (transition line J = 6,7)

D35Cl

D37Cl

Using of tUsing of tunabilityunability of of NovoFELNovoFEL..

SSeparation of eparation of Cl Cl isotopesisotopes in ain absorption spectrumbsorption spectrum. .

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NONDESTRUCTIVE TRANSFER OF COMPLEX MOLECULAR NONDESTRUCTIVE TRANSFER OF COMPLEX MOLECULAR

SYSTEMS INTO AEROSOL PHASE BY MEANS OF SYSTEMS INTO AEROSOL PHASE BY MEANS OF TERAHERTZTERAHERTZ

IRRADIATION OF FREE ELECTRON LASER (FEL)IRRADIATION OF FREE ELECTRON LASER (FEL)

Experimental cell cross-section

Equipment used for detection of aerosol products of ablationEquipment used for detection of aerosol products of ablation

• Automated diffusion battery

• Photoelectric particle counter

• Filter sampling

• Electronic microscopy

• Specific testing for biological activity

Size range covered: 3nm to 10µm Measurement time: 4 min

Ablation of crystal minerals (marble)Ablation of crystal minerals (marble)

Ablation of marbleмрамормрамор

Mo368 – 5,6 нм; {Mo368}2 – 11,2 нм

10 100-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800dN

/dLo

gD, c

m-3

Diam., nm

Mo368 (experimental)Lognormal Fit1_X0 = 5.6nmLognormal Fit2_X0 = 11nm

Ablation of Ablation of fullerenesfullerenes

THz laser radiation

Sample Silufol

Diffusion aerosol

spectrometer

N2-flow

Ultra-soft laser ablation of DNA

Phage DNA

Phage DNA + plasmide DNA

Demonstration of ultra-soft ablation of DNA samples without denaturation: when the power density of THz radiation is optimal, particle size spectra contain only the peaks corresponding to the initial particles. For higher power densities multi-peak spectra are observed.

39Alexander S. Kozlov et al. NONDESTRUCTIVE TRANSFER OF COMPLEX MOLECULAR SYSTEMS INTO AEROSOL PHASE BY MEANS OF SUBMILLIMETER IRRADIATION OF FREE ELECTRON LASER (FEL).

In order to reveal whether the enzymatic activity of ablation products is conserved, we carried out a test for histochemical coloring of the collected aerosol of horseradish (хрен)

peroxidase.

The tests showed that this complicated enzyme and DNA (with the mean molecular mass of up to 60000 a.m.u.) remained active after ablation.

Alive after laser pulseAlive after laser pulse

Alexander S. Kozlov et al. NONDESTRUCTIVE TRANSFER OF COMPLEX MOLECULAR SYSTEMS INTO AEROSOL PHASE BY MEANS OF SUBMILLIMETER IRRADIATION OF FREE ELECTRON LASER (FEL). Presented at this Conference. 40

Horseradishperoxidase

We believe that this result is We believe that this result is extremely important for biotechnologyextremely important for biotechnology..

Results overviewResults overview(new features in terahertz FEL application)(new features in terahertz FEL application)

• Nondestructive effect of terahertz FEL irradiation to biological systems

• Possibility of analysis of fraction content of disperse/colloid nanosystems

• Wavelength effect to the enzyme activity

44..Second stage of Second stage of the the Novosibirsk Novosibirsk acceleratoraccelerator--recuperatorrecuperator andand FELFEL

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Second stage of acceleratorSecond stage of accelerator--recuperator and FELrecuperator and FEL

A full-scale 4-track accelerator-recuperator uses the same

accelerating structure as the accelerator-recuperator of the

1st stage but in contrast to the latter, it is placed in the

horizontal plane. Thus, there is no need in dismounting one

for installing another.

The choice of operation regime at one of two machines and

one of three FEL will be achived by simple reswitching of the

bending magnets.43

2

1 5

34

3 66

2-nd stage Novosibirsk FEL (under construction)

Top view

90 MHzMaximum repetition rate

150 mAMaximum mean current

up to 50 MeVE-beam energy

10 – 100 kWAverage power

3 – 100 µmRadiation wavelength

20 – 100 µm2007

3 –20 µm2008

Beam size 100 – 200 µm (in vertical plane)

Energy-recovery linac

44

Lasing (1)

Lasing (4)

Lasing (2)

Full scale Full scale NovosibirskNovosibirsk FEL (bottom view)FEL (bottom view)

Four tracks in horizontal planeFour tracks in horizontal planewith two groups of undulators and IR with two groups of undulators and IR FELs FELs (under construction and fabrication)(under construction and fabrication)

One track in vertical planeOne track in vertical planewith one undulator with one undulator (terahertz FEL (terahertz FEL -- exists)exists)

Common for all Common for all FELs FELs accelerator systemaccelerator system(exists)(exists)

45

2006-2007: fabrication and assembling of the components of 2-nd stage Novosibirsk FEL

Vacuumchamber

Quadrupolelens

separation magnet

The FEL under construction will generate the monochromaticradiation in the form of repeated micropulses of ~10 picosecond duration and energy of ~ millijoules with the wavelength retuningfrom 3 to 100 µm.

This will enable the resonance action at any oscillation in

molecules. FEL will enable the unique experiments in the fields of

physics, chemistry, biology and medicine.

For example, one can selectively excite or dissociate one kind of

molecules in a mixture (isotopes, isomers, microadmixtures), study

the influence of the oscillation excitation of molecules and radicals

on the rate of biomolecular reactions, which is extremely

important, in particular, for understanding the chemical processes

in atmosphere, study the fast reactions and spectroscopy of excited

states.

47

TheThe mostmost importantimportant applicationsapplications ofof suchsuch a a powerfulpowerful andand expensiveexpensivemachinemachine areare inin thethe fieldfield ofof highhigh technologiestechnologies..

TechnologicalTechnological applicationsapplications ofof a a powerfulpowerful tunabletunable IR FELIR FEL ofof continuouscontinuousoperationoperation

• Separation of isotopes. The basic process is a selective multiphotondissociation of molecules. The resonance wavelength range is 2—50 µm. Therequired pulse energy is not less than 0.1 mJ and monochromaticity of 10-2 —10-4 depending on the type of reaction. Maximum pressure (and efficiency) inreactor is inversely proportional to the radiation pulse duration and at t ~ 10 ps it can exceed the atmospheric pressure.

• Mass production of stable isotopes:28Si –radiation resistant material (space, weapon industry, nuclear energetics). The thermal conductivity of the pure isotope is over 50% higher than that inthe natural mixture. This circumstance provides a great gain in production ofpowerful semiconductor apparatuses and microchips. 28Si is also used inmetrology and in the future technology - spin electronics.

13C – is a spin mark for NMR-tomography in the development of newmedications and in medical diagnostics.

15N – is also the spin mark for the study and current control of use of nitrogenfertilizers in agriculture and agrochemistry. 48

TechnologicalTechnological applicationsapplications ofof a a powerfulpowerful IR FEL IR FEL ofof continuouscontinuous operationoperation

• Treatment of polymer surfacesThe aim:mechanical (sharp increase of surface area), chemical (transformation ofthe amides into amines groups) modification or pyrolysis (conversion intopure carbon) of surfaces of the polymer films and synthetic fibers.

New properties:o Improvement of the film adhesion with respect to each other or othersurfaces.o Dull surface with no mirror reflection . More colorful when painting(mechanical modification)o Anticeptic properties of a surface (chemical modification) o Conducting surface (pyrolysis)

• Energy transfer to cosmos.

49

ResearchResearch applicationsapplications ofof a a powerfulpowerful tunabletunable IR FELIR FELofof continuouscontinuous operationoperation

Physics:

• Semiconductors - admixture levels, excitation, recombinationdynamics. Superconductivity-conductivity zones, admixtures. • Optical reflecting surfaces and monomolecular layers.• Physics of surfaces.• Spectroscopy. • Molecular rotating and oscillating transitions.• Diagnostics of the combustion zones.• Lidar.• Calibration of IR-radiation detectors.

Chemistry:

• Selective reactions and separation of isotopes. • Dynamics of molecule excitations.• Laser catalysis.

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55..ConclusionConclusion

51

At present, an intense work on creation of powerful FELs (> 1 kW of average power) is carried out worldwide. For thepurposes of industrial technologies, it is necessary to reachthe average power level of ~10 kW.

• In some cases, the problem is a rather wide line ofgeneration (usually, no less that 1-3%). For some industrialapplications (for example, separation of isotopes), therequired monochromaticity should be not worse than a fewhundredths of per cent.

52

Electromagnetic waves

Radio frequency and UHF Infra-red andvisible light

10GHz 0.3THz 1THz 10THz 100THz 1PHz

30mm 1mm 300µm 30µm 3µm 300nm

PhotonicsElectronics

Sub-mmTerahertzTerahertz

rangerangeFar Far

InfraInfra--redred

53

NovoFEL

• Novosibirsk terahertz free electron laser becomes a user facility.

• Radiation transmission line to the user stations hall has been assembled.

• First user stations are under design and construction.• New users from European Community are welcomed.

Summary

NovosibirskNovosibirsk High Power High Power Terahertz Free Electron LaserTerahertz Free Electron Laser

56

We invite the researchers, who want to perform interesting experiments with a high-power, monochromatic, coherent,

tunable THz radiation,to do it in to do it in NovosibirskNovosibirsk..

NovosibirskNovosibirsk High Power High Power Terahertz Free Electron LaserTerahertz Free Electron Laser

57

SiberianSiberian CenterCenter ofof PhotochemicalPhotochemical ResearchResearch

58

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention