November 30—Why do you November 30—Why do you think Hitler was able to think Hitler was able to become the dictator of become the dictator of

Germany?Germany?

Hitler and Nazi Hitler and Nazi GermanyGermany

Key TermsKey Terms

►Beer Hall PutschBeer Hall Putsch►Mein KampfMein Kampf►Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism►LebensraumLebensraum►Enabling ActEnabling Act►Third ReichThird Reich►SSSS

Lecture OutlineLecture Outline

► I. Adolf HitlerI. Adolf Hitler

A. Background and childhoodA. Background and childhood

B. WWIB. WWI

C. Nazis and the Rise to PowerC. Nazis and the Rise to Power

D. Creation of a totalitarian stateD. Creation of a totalitarian state

Hitler’s background and Hitler’s background and childhoodchildhood

►He was born in Austria on April 20, 1889.He was born in Austria on April 20, 1889.►His father died when he was 13.His father died when he was 13.►He moved to Vienna in 1907 but failed He moved to Vienna in 1907 but failed

to get into art school.to get into art school.►He lived in hostels in Vienna until 1913.He lived in hostels in Vienna until 1913.►Hitler moved to Munich in 1913 to avoid Hitler moved to Munich in 1913 to avoid

military service.military service.

World War IWorld War I►When World War I broke out in 1914, When World War I broke out in 1914,

Hitler volunteered to serve in a Hitler volunteered to serve in a Bavarian regiment.Bavarian regiment.

►After the war he was recruited by the After the war he was recruited by the Bavarian Army’s Bavarian Army’s Intelligence/Propaganda section to Intelligence/Propaganda section to undergo indoctrination. He was undergo indoctrination. He was employed to preach German employed to preach German nationalism and anti-Socialism to the nationalism and anti-Socialism to the troops.troops.

Hitler after World War IHitler after World War I

► In 1919 the army requested that he In 1919 the army requested that he infiltrate the German Workers’ Party, infiltrate the German Workers’ Party, one of several right wing extreme one of several right wing extreme nationalist parties in Munich.nationalist parties in Munich.

►He resigned from the army in 1920.He resigned from the army in 1920.►By 1921 he had taken control of the By 1921 he had taken control of the

party and it had been renamed the party and it had been renamed the National Socialist German Workers’ National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), or Nazi for short.Party (NSDAP), or Nazi for short.

Hitler after WWIHitler after WWI

► By 1923 party By 1923 party membership membership reached 55,000 with reached 55,000 with 15,000 militia 15,000 militia members, also members, also known as Storm known as Storm Troopers or Troopers or Brownshirts.Brownshirts.

Beer Hall PutschBeer Hall Putsch

►Hitler staged an uprising against the Hitler staged an uprising against the government in Munich in November government in Munich in November 1923.1923.

►The uprising was quickly crushed and The uprising was quickly crushed and Hitler was sentenced to prison.Hitler was sentenced to prison.

►While in prison he wrote While in prison he wrote Mein Kampf.Mein Kampf.

Mein KampfMein Kampf

►Means Means My StruggleMy Struggle► It is an account of his movement and It is an account of his movement and

his basic beliefshis basic beliefs► It links extreme nationalism, strong It links extreme nationalism, strong

anti-Semitism, and anti-communism anti-Semitism, and anti-communism with Social Darwinism.with Social Darwinism.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism► Attempted to apply Attempted to apply

Darwin’s theory of Darwin’s theory of evolution to modern evolution to modern human societieshuman societies

► The most popular The most popular advocate of it was the advocate of it was the British philosopher British philosopher Herbert Spencer. He Herbert Spencer. He argued that human argued that human progress was the result progress was the result of “the struggle for of “the struggle for survival,” as the “fit” survival,” as the “fit” advanced while the advanced while the weak declined.weak declined.

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

►Houston Stewart Houston Stewart Chamberlain, a Chamberlain, a Briton who had Briton who had become a German become a German citizen, believed citizen, believed that modern day that modern day Germans were the Germans were the only pure ancestors only pure ancestors of the Aryans.of the Aryans.

AryansAryans

►Historically, Historically, AryanAryan refers to many tribal refers to many tribal people from central Asia who are thought people from central Asia who are thought to have migrated to northern India, Iran, to have migrated to northern India, Iran, and parts of Europe about 2000 B.C.and parts of Europe about 2000 B.C.

►Chamberlain falsely portrayed the Chamberlain falsely portrayed the Aryans as a race and said that they were Aryans as a race and said that they were the original creators of Western culture, the original creators of Western culture, and that Jews were the racial enemy out and that Jews were the racial enemy out to destroy the superior Aryans.to destroy the superior Aryans.

LebensraumLebensraum

►Hitler used Social Darwinism to Hitler used Social Darwinism to emphasize the right of superior emphasize the right of superior nations to nations to lebensraumlebensraum—living space——living space—through expansion.through expansion.

►Hitler also emphasized the right of Hitler also emphasized the right of superior individuals to gain superior individuals to gain authoritarian leadershipauthoritarian leadership

Hitler’s Rise to PowerHitler’s Rise to Power

►While in prison, Hitler realized that the While in prison, Hitler realized that the Nazis would have to attain power by Nazis would have to attain power by legal means.legal means.

►After his release from prison, Hitler After his release from prison, Hitler expanded the Nazi Party to all parts of expanded the Nazi Party to all parts of Germany.Germany.

► In July 1932 the Nazis had 800,000 In July 1932 the Nazis had 800,000 members and had become the largest members and had become the largest party in the Reichstag.party in the Reichstag.

Hitler’s Rise to PowerHitler’s Rise to Power

► In July 1932 the Nazis demanded that In July 1932 the Nazis demanded that Hitler be named Chancellor, but Hitler be named Chancellor, but President von Hindenburg refused.President von Hindenburg refused.

► In November 1932 new elections were In November 1932 new elections were held and the Nazis lost votes while the held and the Nazis lost votes while the Communists gained.Communists gained.

Hitler’s Rise to PowerHitler’s Rise to Power►The good showing of the Communists The good showing of the Communists

frightened conservatives so they frightened conservatives so they formed an alliance with the Nazis.formed an alliance with the Nazis.

► In January 1933, Hitler was invited by In January 1933, Hitler was invited by the conservatives to head a coalition the conservatives to head a coalition government.government.

►On January 30, 1933, Hindenburg On January 30, 1933, Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor.appointed Hitler Chancellor.

►Hitler’s first step was to abolish civil Hitler’s first step was to abolish civil rights protecting the opposition.rights protecting the opposition.

The Nazi StateThe Nazi State►On February 27, 1933, arsonists set fire to On February 27, 1933, arsonists set fire to

the Reichstag building. Hitler blamed the the Reichstag building. Hitler blamed the Communists. The police, who were largely Communists. The police, who were largely controlled by the Nazis, attacked the controlled by the Nazis, attacked the Communists. The party was outlawed and Communists. The party was outlawed and their leaders were arrested.their leaders were arrested.

► ““Political” and “criminal” offenses were Political” and “criminal” offenses were handed over to the political police (the handed over to the political police (the Gestapo) Gestapo) and “People’s Courts.” Regular and “People’s Courts.” Regular courts were forbidden from interfering with courts were forbidden from interfering with the police and confined to civil suits.the police and confined to civil suits.

Enabling ActEnabling Act

► In March 1933 the Reichstag passed the In March 1933 the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act which gave all power to Hitler.Enabling Act which gave all power to Hitler.

►As Chancellor, Hitler could issue laws, even As Chancellor, Hitler could issue laws, even those violating the constitution, without those violating the constitution, without consulting the Reichstag for four years to consulting the Reichstag for four years to deal with the country’s problems.deal with the country’s problems.

►1934—President von Hindenburg dies and 1934—President von Hindenburg dies and the office of the president is abolished.the office of the president is abolished.

The Third ReichThe Third Reich

►Hitler called his government the Third Hitler called his government the Third Reich or the third German empire.Reich or the third German empire.

►The First Reich was the Holy Roman The First Reich was the Holy Roman Empire and the Second Reich was Empire and the Second Reich was founded by Bismarck.founded by Bismarck.

Hitler’s Totalitarian StateHitler’s Totalitarian State

► In 1933 all political parties were In 1933 all political parties were disbanded and the Nazi party was disbanded and the Nazi party was declared the only lawful political declared the only lawful political organization in the country.organization in the country.

►Labor unions were abolished and Labor unions were abolished and strikes were forbidden.strikes were forbidden.

►The government assumed increasing The government assumed increasing controls over industry, while leaving controls over industry, while leaving ownership in private hands.ownership in private hands.

Hitler’s Totalitarian StateHitler’s Totalitarian State

►Churches were “coordinated” and Churches were “coordinated” and their clergy were forbidden to criticize their clergy were forbidden to criticize the governmentthe government

►A Nazi Youth Movement and schools A Nazi Youth Movement and schools and universities indoctrinated youth in and universities indoctrinated youth in Nazi concepts.Nazi concepts.

Shutzstaffeln or Guard Shutzstaffeln or Guard Squadrons (SS)Squadrons (SS)

► The SS began as a The SS began as a bodyguard whose bodyguard whose members took the members took the oath of personal oath of personal loyalty to Hitler and loyalty to Hitler and swore carry out swore carry out without question any without question any orders issued.orders issued.

► They were the They were the concentration camp concentration camp guards.guards.

► Was controlled by Was controlled by Heinrich HimmlerHeinrich Himmler

Hitler and the EconomyHitler and the Economy►Hitler used public works and grants to Hitler used public works and grants to

private construction firms to put people private construction firms to put people back to work and end the depression.back to work and end the depression.

►A massive rearmament program was the A massive rearmament program was the key to solving the unemployment key to solving the unemployment problem.problem.

►Between 1932 and 1935 German steel Between 1932 and 1935 German steel production increased by 300%.production increased by 300%.

►Hitler expected the armed forces and the Hitler expected the armed forces and the economy to be ready for war by 1940.economy to be ready for war by 1940.

Hitler Speech QuestionsHitler Speech Questions

►What were the effects of the end of What were the effects of the end of WWI on Germany according to Hitler?WWI on Germany according to Hitler?

►What does National Socialism mean?What does National Socialism mean?►How does Hitler describe the political, How does Hitler describe the political,

social, and economic situation of the social, and economic situation of the Jews?Jews?

►What techniques does Hitler use to What techniques does Hitler use to make his argument?make his argument?

UN p. 793-801UN p. 793-801

►Washington ConferenceWashington Conference►Kellogg-Brian PactKellogg-Brian Pact►Dawes PlanDawes Plan►ManchuriaManchuria►Neutrality ActsNeutrality Acts►AnschlussAnschluss►SudetenlandSudetenland►Munich agreementMunich agreement