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Environmental Geology, November 8

Revision of the syllabus:

Wednesday, 11/8—Groundwater ollution

!riday, 11/1"—Groundwater ollution

#onday, 11/1$%%Wetlands


2/71

Supply of Water Resources

Fig. 15-2 p. 307

Freshwater Readily accessible freshwater

Biota

0.0001%

Rivers

0.0001%

t!osphericwater vapor

0.0001%

"a#es0.0007%

$oil

!oistre

0.0005%

&ro'dwater

0.5(2%

)ce caps

a'd glaciers

0.5(2%

0.01*%


3/71

Use of Water Resources

&umans use about '() of reliable runoff

*gri+ulture

ndustry

-omesti+

.ower lants

Fig. 15-* p. 30(

+'ited $tates

)'dstry 11%

,blic 10%

,ower

cooli'g

3%

gricltre3%


4/71

Evaporation and transpiration

Evaporation

Stream

Infiltration

Water tableInfiltration

Unconfined aquifer

Confined aquifer

Lake

Well requiring a pump

Flowingartesian well

Runoff

recipitation

o'fi'ed

Recharge rea

/ifer

"ess per!eable !aterialsch as clayo'fir!i'g per!eable roc# layer

Ground Water

Fig. 15-3 p. 30


5/71

Water Resources

• Over the last century

– Human population has increased 3x

– Global water withdrawal has increased 7x

– Per capita water withdrawal has increased 4x

– About onesixth o! the world"s people don"t have

easy access to sa!e water

– #ost water resources are owned by $overnments

and are mana$ed as publicly owned resources


6/71

Too Little Water

-ry +limate

-rought

-esi++ation

Water stresscte shortagede/ate spply

$hortage

etropolita' regio's with

poplatio' greater tha' 1 !illio'Fig. 15- p. 310


7/71

Human water needs

• A person needs about % $allon water&day !orhydration

• 'n the () each person uses about %** $allons&day

• An additional +,7 $allons&person&day are used !orirri$ation- industrial use.

• /otal per capita use is about 0111 $al&person&day

• '! world"s water supply were %11 liters- the usablesupply would be about 1., tsp

• () has hi$hest per capita water withdrawal- !ollowed by 2anada- Australia- ussia- apan


8/71

Problems with Using Groundwater

Water table lowering

-eletion

ubsiden+e

altwater intrusion

0hemi+al +ontamination

Redu+ed stream flows


9/71

Groundwater Pollution

• 571-111 chemicals are used not6 e!!ects o! many arenot nown

• 8ach year another 711*11 new chemicals are

produced• ,, million tons o! ha9ardous chemical wastes are

produced in the () each year

• /he 01 most abundant compounds in $roundwater at

industrial waste disposal sites include /28- ben9ene-vinyl chloride:all are carcino$ens- and also a!!ectliver- brain- and nervous system


10/71

Kinds of Water Pollution

• 'nor$anic Pollutants

• Or$anic Pollutants

• ;iolo$ic Pollutants


11/71

norganic Pollutants

• 8xamples<• Pb in $asoline

• adionuclides

• Phosphorus- nitro$en =Great >aes?

• Other heavy metals


12/71

norganic Pollutants

• 3 $roups• %? Produce no heavlth e!!ects until a threshold

concentration is exceeded@e.$.- O3 –oo at -

,1m$&liter6 at hi$her levels< methaemo$lobinaemia• 0? o threshold@e.$.@$enotoxic substances< some

natural and synthetic or$anic compounds- microor$anic

compunds- some pesticides- arsenic

• 3? 8ssential to diets< B- '- )e@absence causes problems- but too much also causes problems


13/71

norganic Trace !ontaminants

• #ercury@methyl H$ and dimethyl H$ in !ish@ probably most si$ni!icant path to humans@ #inamata ;ay- apan- %C,1"s

• hine iver drains %*,-111 sD m@heavily polluted by %C71"s

• >ead@toxicity has been nown !or a lon$ time

– %*,C boo – /etraethyl lead@antinowc additive !or $as-

%C31%C++


14/71

Radionuclides

• ;iini Atoll in )outh Paci!ic< 5 01 tests- %C4+

%C,*

– 'nhabitants evacuated be!ore %C4+ tests6 their

descendents are still exiled

– Atmospheric testin$ o! nuclear weapons is now

banned

ational labs:now tryin$ to clean up =Han!ord?


15/71

Phosphates and "itrates

• Phosphates@mostly a result o! sewa$e

out!low and phosphate deter$ents

– Additional phosphate $rows excess al$ae:oxy$en

depletion- >ae 8rie:%C70 phosphate

mana$ement plant:E7.+ billion

• itrates@sewa$e and !ertili9ers


16/71

!ase Study# The Great La$es


17/71

How water is used

• 'n the western ()- irri$ation maes up *,F o!

all water use

,1F to $row !ood !or livestoc

3,F to $row crops

ot sustainable:cost o! water is heavilysubsidi9ed by the !ederal $overnment


18/71

%rganic Pollutants

• /hree classes o! compounds

– Pesticides and Herbicides

– #aterials !or common household and industrial

use

– #aterials !or industrial use


19/71

Scale of Pesticide Use in US

• )ince %C,C< ,1!old increase in pesticide use

• #ost present pesticides are %1%11 x more

toxic than those used in %1,1"s

• About 0,F o! pesticide use in () is in houses-

$ardens- lawns- pars- swimmin$ pools- and

$ol! courses

• Avera$e lawn receives %1x more pesticides

than eDuivalent area o! cropland


20/71

Pesticides&&more

• 8ach year about 0,1-111 people are admitted

to hospitals and&or emer$ency rooms with

pesticide poisonin$

• ;road spectrum vs narrow spectrum

• Persistence


21/71

'ach (ear in the US

• About 0.4 million tons o! pesticides are used

• +11 active chemicals mixes with %011

solvents- inactive" in$redients

• About 0,111 commercial pesticide products


22/71

Pesticides

• 2hlorinated hydrocarbons

– /- heptachlor- etc@0%, years

•Or$anophosphates – #alathion- methyl parathion@%0 wees

• 2arbamates

– 2arbaryl- maneb- aldicarb@days to wees

• Pyrethroids

– Pemethrin- decamethrin@days to wees


23/71

Herbicides

2ontact

/ria9ines@e.$. atra9ine- paraDuat

=inter!ere with photosynthesis?

)ystemic@phenoxy compounds- compounds- Alar-$lyphosate

=create excess $rowth hormones?

)oil sterilants

tri!luralin- dalapon

=ill soil microor$anisms?


24/71

)d*antages of +odern Pesticides

• )ave human lives =malaria- bubonic pla$ue-

typhoid !ever?

• 'ncrease !ood supplies =even now ,,F o!

world"s potential !ood supply is lost" to other

species?

• 'ncrease pro!it !or !armers =E%investment E4

increased pro!it

• /hey wor !ast


25/71

,isad*antages of +odern Pesticides

• /hey accelerate the development o! $enetic resistanceto pesticides by pest or$anisms

)ince %C4,- I%111 species o! insects and rodents and ,,1 species o!

weeds and plant diseases

• /hey can put !armers on a !inancial treadmill

• )ome ill natural predators and parasites that controlpests"

– 311 most destructive insects in ()< %11 were once minor • /hey don"t stay put

@only 1.% to 0F o! stu!! applied reaches tar$et insect- ,F reachestar$et plant@the rest@into air- water- humans- wildli!e


26/71

,isad*antages- continued

• Harm wildli!e

– ()A- ()BJ)< each year pesticides wipe out about 01Fo! honeybee population- dama$e another %,F- losin$ ()!armers about E011 million&yr. Kill +%4 million !ish- I+7

million birds&year • /hreaten human health

Poison 3.,, million worers in developin$ countries- and atleast 311-111 in ()6 cause about 0111141111 deaths =about

0, in ()? per year. Prob $reatly underestimated.'n !ood causes about 411101111 cases o! cancer&year in ()=at"l Academy o! )ciences?6 $enetic mutations- birth de!ects-nervous systems disorders- endocrine disorders.


27/71

How they.re regulated

• 8PA- ()A- BA

• Bederal 'nsecticide- Bun$icide- and odenticide Act =%C47- %C70?

• Bewer than %1F o! active in$redients have been evaluated

• %CC+@Bood Luality Protection Act@eDuires 8PA to reduce

allowed levels o! residues on !ood by a !actor o! %1 i! inadeDuatein!o about e!!ects on children

• Poor en!orcement6 ational Academy study< IC*F o! potentialcancer ris would be eliminated i! 8PA standards were as strict!or pre%C70 chemicals as they are !or later ones.

• ;i$ problem@chemicals banned in () can be manu!acturedhere and shipped to other countries


28/71

Roundup /glyphosate0

• /wo recent studies< oundup disrupts hormones and is associated with birthde!ects in humans

• Barm !amilies that applied pesticides to their crops in #innesota were studied tosee i! their elevated exposure to pesticides caused birth de!ects in their children.;oth !un$icides and the herbicide oundup were lined to statisticallysi$ni!icant increases in birth de!ects. oundup was lined to a 3!old increase inneurodevelopmental =attention de!icit? disorders. =8nvironmental HealthPerspecitves- v %%1- p. 44%44C?

• oundup inter!eres with a !undamental protein )tA =steroido$enic acutere$ulatory protein?. /he )tA protein is ey to the production o! testosterone in

men =thus controllin$ male characteristics- includin$ sperm production? but alsothe production o! adrenal hormone =essential !or brain development?-carbohydrate metabolism =leadin$ to loss or $ain o! wei$ht?- and immune system!unction. /he authors point out that Ma disruption o! the )tA protein mayunderlie many o! the toxic e!!ects o! environmental pollutants.M N8HP ol. %1*-

o. * =Au$ust 0111?- p$s. 7+C77+.


29/71

%rganic Pollutants

• /hree classes o! compounds

– Pesticides and Herbicides

– #aterials !or common household and industrial

use

– #aterials !or industrial use


30/71

P!1.s

• Polychlorinated biphenyls

• %C41"s%C77< G8

• 2on$ress banned production o! P2;"s in %C7C b&c hi$hly toxic to !ish and mammals

• )triped bass in Q- >on$ 'sland@P2;"s5,

ppm6 ban on commercial !ishin$6 Great >aes


31/71

+onitoring water 2uality

• umber o! colonies o! !ecal coli!orm bacteria

• ;acterial source tracin$ =;)/?

• #easure biolo$ical oxy$en demand =;O?• 2hemical analysis

• 'ndicator species

• Genetic development o! indicator or$anisms


32/71

1iologic !ontaminants

• Greater obvious problems than or$anic and

inor$anic contaminants in ()

• April- %CC3- #ilwauee@cryptosporidium

=parasite?@source< water plant with a water

intae pipe R0mi !rom a sewa$e treatment

plant6 411-111 ill people- 40 deaths


33/71

Scale of 1iologic !ontaminant Problem

• #aSor cause o! in!ant deaths in third world

• iarrhea ills 4%, million children&year

• ;acteria- viruses- parasites• /ables %0C and %0%1 !rom Holland and

Peterson


34/71

3ederal Water Legislation

• e!use Act o! %*CC

e!use only into navi$able water"

• Bederal Jater and Pollution 2ontrol Act o!%C,+

• Bish and Jildli!e 2oordination Act o! %C,*

consider wildli!e in water proSects

• ational 8nvironmental Policy Act o! %C+C

reDuire environmental impact statements


35/71

Legislation- continued

• Jater Luality 'mprovement Act o! %C71

control o! oil pollution6 wor to eliminate acidmine draina$e- pollution o! Great >aes

• 2>8A JA/8 A2/ OB %C70

billions o! E to clean up nation"s waters6modern sewa$e treatment plants@hu$e a!!ect

• 2omprehensive 8nvironmental esponse-2ompensation- and >iability Act o! %C*1

super!undT


36/71

+ore legislation

• Ha9ardous and )olid Jaste Amendments to282>A o! %C*4

re$ulates under$round stora$e tans

• Jater Luality Act o! %C*7

national policy !or controlllin$ nonpointsources o! water pollution

• )a!e rinin$ Jater Act o! %CC+risbased water Duality standards- consumerawareness


37/71

Lo*e !anal

• >and!ill near ia$ara Balls- Q

• Hooer 2hemicals and Plastics 2orporation putwastes in abandoned canal- covered it- deeded %+

acres to ia$ara Balls ;oard o! 8ducation in %C,3.• 8lementary school built on site6 houses built aroundschool

• %C7+@chemicals leain$ into basements

• 8nv emer$ency declared in %C7*• )tate and !ederal $ov"ts bou$ht 5,11 contaminated

houses in %C*16 %C*C people be$an to return

T 'ff t d S f W t


38/71

Types- 'ffects and Sources of WaterPollution

.oint sour+es

Nonoint sour+es

Water uality

Fig. 22-3 p. *(*


39/71

Point and "onpoint Sources

,)4 $+R$

+rba' streets

$brba'develop!e't

6astewatertreat!e'tpla't

Rral ho!es

ropla'd

Factory

'i!al feedlot

,)4$+R$

Fig. 22-* p. *(*


40/71

456 billion7year for 8&9: years to

bring clean drin$ing water tothose who don.t ha*e it

• 2onseDuences o! a warmer world• Pollution o! !reshwater streams

• ilution and biode$radatoin

• ;readown o! pollutants by bacteria@oxy$ensa$ curve


41/71

.oint sour+e vs non%oint sour+e

ollution2 develoed vs non%develoed

-eveloing +ountries: half of

world3s '"" ma4or rivers are heavily

olluted


42/71

ississippi

River Basi'

+issouri Ri*er

%hio

Ri*er

+ississippi Ri*er

"+)$)

+ississippi Ri*er

epleted

8yge'

Gulf of +e;ico

Solutions# Pre*enting and Reducing


43/71

Solutions# Pre*enting and ReducingSurface Water Pollution

Nonoint our+es .oint our+es

Redu+e runoff

5uffer 6one

vegetation

Redu+e soil erosion

0lean Water *+t

Water 7uality *+t


44/71

Pollution of La$es

Eutrohi+ation

Fig. 22-7 p. *((


45/71

Groundwater Pollution# !auses

ow flow rates

!ew ba+teria

0old temeratures

oal strip!i'e r'off

,!pi'gwell

6aste lagoo'

ccide'talspills

&ro'dwater

flow

o'fi'ed a/ifer

ischarge

"ea#age fro! faltycasi'g

9a:ardos waste i';ectio' well,esticides

&asoli'estatio'

Bried gasoli'ea'd solve't ta'#

$ewer

esspoolseptic ta'#

e-ici'groad salt

+ ' c o

' f i ' e

d f r e s

h w a t e

r a / %

i f e r

. o ' f i ' e

d f r e s

h w a t e

r a / %

i f e r

6ater p!pi'gwell

"a'dfill

ow o9ygen

Fig. 22-( p. 502


46/71

Groundwater Pollution Pre*ention

#onitor auifers

ea dete+tion systems

tri+tly regulating ha6ardous waste disosal

tore ha6ardous materials above ground

!ind less ha6ardous substitutes


47/71

;ne or more organi+ +hemi+als

+ontaminate about (') of muni+ial

groundwater sulies in the """ industrial waste onds in


48/71

!ase Study# !hesapea$e 1ay

argest


49/71

%cean Pollution

Fig. 22-11 p. 50*

, i t i th


50/71

,umping wastes in the oceans

• umpin$ industrial wastes o!! () coasts has stopped-

but dred$e products are le$ally dumped at %%1 sites in

Atlantic- Paci!ic- and Gul! 2oasts

• () has banned dumpin$ sewa$e slud$e in oceansince %CC0

• ,1 countries rep I*1F o! world"s shippin$ !leet have

a$reed not to dump sewa$e and $arba$e

• >ondon umpin$ 2onvention o! %C706 %CC4

%il S ill


51/71

%il Spills

our+es: offshore wells, taners, ielines and

storage tans

Effe+ts: death of organisms, loss of animal

insulation and buoyan+y, smothering

ignifi+ant e+onomi+ ima+ts

#e+hani+al +leanu methods: simmers andblotters

0hemi+al +leanu methods: +oagulants and

disersing agents

%il P ll ti i th %


52/71

%il Pollution in the %ceans

• Oil Pollution Act o! %CC1

• Only about %,F o! an oil spill can now be

recovered

• 2rude oil@3 years

• e!ined oil– %101 years

' < ld


53/71

';;on


54/71

,reve'tio' lea'p

Ba' d!pi'g of wastes a'd

sewage by !ariti!e a'd crise

ships i' coastal waters

Redce i'pt of to8ic pollta'ts

$eparate sewage a'd

stor! li'es

Reglate coastal

develop!e't

Recycle sed oil

Re/ire doble hlls for oil ta'#ers

Re/ire at least seco'dary

treat!e't of coastal sewage

+se wetla'ds< solar-a/atic< or

other !ethods to treat sewage

$pri'#le 'a'oparticles over a'

oil or sewage spill to dissolve

the oil or sewage withot

creati'g har!fl byprodcts

=still 'der develop!e't>

,rotect se'sitive areas fro!

develop!e't< oil drilli'g< a'd oil

shippi'g

Ba' ocea' d!pi'g of sldge a'd

ha:ardos dredged !aterial

)!prove oil-spill clea'pcapabilities

oastal 6ater ,olltio'

R d i t ll ti


55/71

Reducing water pollution

• on point source

• )eptic tans and sewers

Reducing agriculturally produced


56/71

Reducing agriculturally producedpollution

• 0110< !eed lot rulin$

• 2redit tradin$

•A$ricultural< soil erosion- re!orestation- covercrops- reduced !ertili9ers and pesticides- bu!!er

9ones

Technological )pproach# Septic


57/71

Technological )pproach# SepticSystems

Reuire suitable soils and maintenan+e

Fig. 22-15 p. 510


58/71

Sewage Treatment

.hysi+al and biologi+al treatmentFig. 22-1 p. 511

)d*anced /Tertiary0 Sewage


59/71

)d*anced /Tertiary0 SewageTreatment


60/71

Technological )pproach# UsingWetlands to Treat Sewage

Fig. 22-1 p. 513

,rin$ing Water > alit


61/71

,rin$ing Water >uality

afe -rining Water *+t

#a9imum +ontaminant levels A#0sB

.urifi+ation of urban drining water

5ottled water

.rote+tion from terrorism

.urifi+ation of rural drining water

$oltio's


62/71

6ater ,olltio'

!,reve't gro'dwater co'ta!i'atio'

!&reatly redce 'o'poi't r'off

!Rese treated wastewater for irrigatio'

!Fi'd sbstittes for to8ic pollta'ts

!6or# with 'atre to treat sewage

!,ractice for R?s of resorce se =refse<

redce< recycle< rese>

!Redce resorce waste

!Redce air polltio'

!Redce poverty!Redce birth rates

W l d


63/71

Wetlands

&ome to C$$) of nation3s threatened and endangered se+ies

tatisti+s— '") loss sin+e 1D"" in


64/71


65/71

How Wetlands are ,estroyed

• #ostly by drainin$ !or development or

!armin$

• /o reclaim" land alon$ coastlines


66/71

Wetlands .rote+tion

* federal ermit is reuired to fill or to deosit dredged material into

wetlands o++uying more than $ a+res A0ut average annual wetland loss by

8") between 1D>D and =""=B

0ontinuing efforts to weaen wetlands rote+tion) of remaining inland wetlands are federally

rote+ted2 laws are wea

#itigation baning

The '*erglades


67/71

The '*erglades

• I77-111 sD m6 3 subbasins

• /hin sheet o! water 41+1 miles wide

• Bormed I,111 yrs a$ohow

• Human in!luences<

late %**1"s@!irst dred$in$

%C17 and %C0*< canals@saltwater6 drainin$ south o! >ae O.

%C+%%C7%< Kissimee iver channeli9ed

• +,F now drained

• Plants and animals depend on water level timin$@seriouslydisturbed

• umber o! species o! wadin$ birds@dropped C,F since %C47

Wetlands Protection Laws


68/71

Wetlands Protection Laws

• 2lean Jater Act o! %C70< provisions- en!orcement

• Bood )ecurity Acts o! %C*, and %CC1

• Jetland eserve Pro$ram o! %CC1

• an C- 011% )upreme 2ourt decision< )olid Jaste A$ency o! orthern

2oo 2ounty vs. () Army 2orps o! 8n$ineers• Oct 3%- 011% Army 2orps o! 8n$ineers e$ulation Guidance >etter

• anuary %,- 0110 new JP"s

• 0110- 0113- #arch- 011,@2lean Jater Authority estoration Act@in

response to )upreme 2t. decision

Protecting- Sustaining- and


69/71

Protecting- Sustaining- andRestoring Wetlands

Regulations

#itigation baning

Wetlands rote+tion

Wetlands restoration

0ontrol of invasive

se+ies

Threats besides draining


70/71

Threats besides draining

• #illinery< Harriet >. Hemenway and #inna ;.

Hall@%*C+

• Bertili9ers6 su$ar industry

• onnative plants< melaleuca@!rom

Australian@used by developers to drain

wetlands.

'*erglades Legislation


71/71

'*erglades Legislation

• %C**< () Bederal >awsuit a$ainst Blorida

• %CC%< () and Blorida action a$ainst $rowers

• %CC4< 8ver$lades Borever Act

• 0111< Passa$e o! 8ver$lades estoration

'nvestment Act

• 0113< Proposed amendments to %CC4 and 0111acts

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