nov. 13, 2015 fr test latin america vocab and reading latin america notes latin america quiz...
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Revolution in Haiti Saint Domingue (Haiti) was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule 500,000 African slaves were the majority of the population White masters were severely outnumbered and used drastic tactics to keep them powerless August 1791: an African priest called Boukman called for revolution 100,000 rose in revolt a few days later led by Toussaint L’Ouverture (ex-slave)TRANSCRIPT
Nov. 13, 2015FR TestLatin America Vocab and ReadingLatin America NotesLatin America Quiz Thursday, Nov. 19HW: Study Vocabulary and Notes. Complete Country search– Due Monday, Nov. 23
*** Students will be able to describe Independence movement in Latin America and the people involved.
Latin American RevolutionsToussaint L’Ouverture; Simon Bolivar; and Fr. Miguel Hidalgo
Revolution in HaitiSaint Domingue (Haiti) was the first Latin American territory to free itself from European rule
500,000 African slaves were the majority of the population
White masters were severely outnumbered and used drastic tactics to keep them powerless
August 1791: an African priest called Boukman called for revolution
100,000 rose in revolt a few days later led by Toussaint L’Ouverture (ex-slave)
Toussaint L’OuvertureNo military or diplomacy trainingQuickly became a skilled general and diplomatMoved into Spanish Santo Domingo, took control and freed the slaves there
January 1802: French landed on Haiti to stop himToussaint agreed to stop the revolution if they ended slavery on the island
French agreedArrested Toussaint a few months later for planning another uprising
Sent to a jail in the French Alps and died 10 months later
Revolution in Haiti ContinuesToussaint’s general (Dessalines) continues the fight
January 1, 1804: Dessalines declared the colony an independent country
1st black colony to free itself from European control
Called it Haiti “mountainous land”
Revolution continues in Latin America
Latin American Colonial System Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain – Only ones
who could hold office
Creoles: Spaniards born in Latin America – could be officers in the colonial army but could not hold high offices
(least oppressed & best educated)
Mestizos: people born of European and Native American ancestry
Mulattos: people born of European and African ancestry
African slaves
Native Americas
The Spanish in Latin AmericaViceroy / Viceroyalties
After conquering the Native Americans…o The Conquistadors set up
governments to rule the New World
o Spanish divided their lands into VICEROYALTIES
o Mimicked the style used by the Spanish Monarchy
o Used practices from the Reconquista & Spanish Inquisition
Influences on the RevolutionsEnlightenment ideas were suppressed –
punishment was harsh (exile) if you were caught trying to spread Enlightenment ideas
Napoleon’s conquest of Spain in 1808 triggered revolts Many felt loyalty to the Spanish king, but not Napoleon’s
brother1810: rebellions broke out across Latin America1814: King Ferdinand returned to Spain, but the
momentum of the revolution had already started
Simon Bolivar & S. A. IndependenceSimon Bolivar was a wealthy Venezuelan Creole (“Libertador”)Venezuela declared independence in 1811Volunteer army had numerous defeats; been exiled 2x
August 1819 won a decisive battle at BogotaBy 1821, achieved indepedenceMarched to Ecuador and joined with San Martin
Jose de San Martin also helped liberate S. A. (modest Argentinian, brave in battle)
Bolivar and San MartinArgentina declared independence in 1816, forces in Peru and Chile still posed a threat
1817: San Martin freed Chile1821 Took army to Peru, then met Bolivar in Ecuador
Bolivar took control of army and San Martin went to Europe and died shortly after in France
Bolivar defeated Spanish in Peru at Battle of Ayacucho 1824 (last battle for independence from Spain in S. America)
Mexico Ends Spanish Rule1810: Padre Miguel Hidalgo took steps towards independence (poor BUT well-educated on Enlightenment)
Sept. 16, 1810: rang bells of village church and called for rebellion against the Spanish (grito de Dolores)
The next day Indian and mestizo followers marched towards Mexico City (60,000 men)
Mexico
Spanish army and Creoles joined against the army
Hidalgo was defeated 1811Fr. Morelos led the revolution for 4 years, but was also defeated by Iturbide
1820 a revolution in Spain put liberals in power – Creoles feared for their positions and united for ind
Mexican IndependenceIturbide proclaimed independence by 1821 but refused to recognize Central American independence
1823 Iturbide (who had declared himself emperor) was overthrown
Central America officially broke from Mexico and became the United Provinces of Central America
The Long-Term EffectsIncreased povertyDisrupted trade, devastated citiesBolivar’s Gran Colombia split into Colombia, Ecuador, and Venezuela by early 1830
By 1841, the United Provinces of Central America split into El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras
Monroe Doctrine: policy by the US that Europe can no longer interfere in affairs in the western hemisphere
Monroe Doctrine
“When…interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers....”
Miscellaneous FactsInstead of searching for gold, Europeans are now searching for silver. G,S,G
A Hacienda was a Spanish plantation that used slave/native labor
Creoles led the Revolutions in Latin America
Brazil had a bloodless revolution
Roman Catholicism spread throughout Latin America
Over 90% of the population in Latin America is Catholic
Christ the Redeemer Statue in Brazil