nouns
TRANSCRIPT
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I. Singular and plural
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Rule 1Most nouns at the end
Book booksCar cars
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Rule 2Nouns that end in s, ss, sh, ch, and x: add es
Class classesDish dishesBox boxes
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Rule 3
Nouns that end in vowel + y: add s
Boy boysKey keys
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Rule 4Nouns that end in consonant + y : ies
Party partiesBabybabies
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Rule 5Nouns that end in o: add es
EchoHeroPotatoTomato
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Rule 6Some nouns that end in o add only s:
Auto piano videoGhetto radio zooKangaroo soloKilo sopranoMemo studioPhoto tatoo
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Rule 7Some nouns that end in o and add s or es:
MementoMosquitoTornadoVolcanoZero
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Rule 8Nouns that end in f or fe change to ves:
Calf shelfHalf thiefKnife wolfLeaf scarf scarves/scarfsLifeLoafSelf
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exceptionsBelief beliefsChief chiefsCliff cliffsRoof roofs
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Other exceptionsman menwoman womenChild childrenOx oxenFoot feetGoose geeseTooth teethMouse miceLouse lice
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Some that stay the same
Deer deerFish fishMeans meansOffspring offspringSeries seriesSheep sheepShrimp shrimpSpecies species
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More exceptionsCriterion criteriaPhenomenon phenomena
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Cactus cacti/catusesFungus fungiNucleus nucleiStimulus stimuliSyllabus syllabi/syllabuses
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Analysis analysesBasis basesCrisis crisesHypothesis hypothesesOasis oasesParenthesis parenthesesThesis theses
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Latin rootBacterium bacteriaCurriculum curriculaDatum dataMedium mediaMemorandum memoranda
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Formula formulaeVertebra vertebrae
Appendix appendices/appendixesIndex indices/indexes
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Possessive nounsSingular noun+apostrophe+s+possessionBoy’s eyesCarlos’s house
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Plural nouns that end in sPlural noun+apostrophe+possession
The boys’ carThe girls’ sport
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Plural noun exceptionPlural noun+apostrophe+s+possession
The children’s toysThe mice’s tails
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Using nouns as modifiersWhen a noun is used as modifiers, it is used
in its singular form:
Vegetable soup> they add as adjectives and adjectives never take s
A five-year-old son
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Count nounsMay be preceded by a/an in the singularIt can change to plural
Chair chairsA book three books
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Noncount nounsMany nouns refer to a whole that is made up
of different parts:Furniture fruit mailSugar garbage makeupCoffee hardware moneyBaggage jewelry cash/changeClothing junk postageEquipment luggage sceneryFood machinery traffic
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A phenomenon of natureSunshine rainWeather sleetDew snowFog thunderHail windHeat darknessHumidity lightLightning electricityRain fire
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fluidsWater CoffeeTeaMilkOilSoupGasolineBlood
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solidsIce paperBread woodButter cottonCheese woolMeatGoldIronSilverglass
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gasesSteamAirOxygenNitrogenSmokeSmogPollution
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particlesRiceChalkCornDirtDustFlourGrassHairPepperSaltSandSugarwheat
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abstractionsBeauty, confidence, courage, education,
enjoymentFun, happiness, health, help, honesty, hospitality,Importance, intelligence, justice, knowledge,
laughter, luck, music, patience, peace, pride, progress, sleep,
Recreation, significance, truth, violence, wealthAdvice, information, news, evidence, proofTime, space, energyHomework, workGrammar, slang, vocabulary
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languagesArabic, Chinese, English
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Fields of studyChemistryEngineeringHistoryLiteratureMathematics
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recreationBaseballSoccer\tennisChessBridgepoker
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Activities : gerundsDrivingStudyingSwimmingTraveling
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Some can be count or noncountAna has brown hair.
I found a hair in the soup.
I let the light in.
Don’t forget to turn on the light of the room.
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Guidelines for article usageThe: 1. when you assume the listener is familiarPlease open the door.
2. for the second mention of an indefinite noun
The man was outside.
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3. don’t use the for plural count or noncount when are making a generalization
Gold is a metal.
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Expressions used with count nounsOne a number ofEach noEvery some/anyTwo plentyBoth mostA couple of allA fewSeveralmany
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Expressions used with noncountsA littleMuchA great deal ofNoSome/anyA lot/lots ofPlenty ofMostall
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A few and a littleGive a positive idea, they indicate that
something exists:
She has a few friends.I’m glad, I have saved a little money.
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Few and littleGive a negative ideaThey indicate that something is largely absentI feel sorry for her, she has few friends.
I have little money.
Very+ few/littleI have very little money. I don’t even have
money to buy food.
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Expressions of quantity that always contain ofA lot ofLots ofA number ofA great deal ofA majority ofPlenty of
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Expressions that sometimes have of and sometimes notAll bothMost severalAlmost all someMany anyMuch when the noun is specific
preceded:A few myA little thisOne theTwo
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Don’t use of with nonspecificMany books are here.
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All of/ both ofSpecific: of is optional
All of the students are here.All students are here.
Both of those men are here.