Noun ClausesNoun Clauses

AANOUN CLAUSENOUN CLAUSE

is a group of words is a group of words with a subjectwith a subject

and a verband a verb

WHOWHO WHOMWHOMWHENWHENWHICHWHICH HOWHOWWHEREWHEREIFIF WHYWHY THAT THAT WHAT WHAT WHETHER WHETHER

WHOEVERWHOEVERWHEREVERWHEREVERWHICHEVERWHICHEVERHOWEVERHOWEVERWHOMEVERWHOMEVER WHATEVERWHATEVERWHENEVERWHENEVER

You can recognize a You can recognize a noun noun clauseclause by one of the by one of the relative relative

pronounspronouns or or adverbsadverbs that that begin the clausebegin the clause

A A noun clausenoun clause consists of consists of three components:three components:

A relative pronoun or adverbA relative pronoun or adverb

A subjectA subject

A verbA verb

Noun clausesNoun clauses function like function like nounsnouns..They can be:They can be:subjectsubject

subject complementsubject complement

objectobject

object of prepositionsobject of prepositions

Uses of Uses of Noun ClausesNoun Clauses

After some verbs and adjectivesAfter some verbs and adjectives

To include a question in a statement To include a question in a statement (embedded questions)(embedded questions)

To report what someone has said or To report what someone has said or askedasked

Noun clausesNoun clauses can follow certain can follow certain verbs and adjectives that verbs and adjectives that express mental activitiesexpress mental activities

AgreeAgree noticenotice afraidafraid positivepositive BelieveBelieve realizerealize angryangry sorrysorry DecideDeciderememberremember awareaware surprisedsurprised DoubtDoubt seesee certaincertain suresure FeelFeel showshow clearclear worriedworried ForgetForget supposesuppose convincedconvinced GuessGuess thinkthink disappointeddisappointed HearHear understandunderstand gladglad HopeHope wonderwonder happyhappy ImagineImagine saysay pleasedpleased KnowKnow telltell sadsad

To include a To include a question in a question in a

statementstatementI don’t know what time it is.I don’t know what time it is.

I wonder how he found outI wonder how he found out..

To report what To report what someone has said someone has said

or askedor askedHe said that he would return.He said that he would return.

He asked me what I wantedHe asked me what I wanted

•

There are There are threethree types of types of Noun Noun Clauses:Clauses:

noun clauses with noun clauses with thatthat

noun clauses withnoun clauses with WH-word WH-word

noun clauses with noun clauses with ifif and and whetherwhether

Noun clausesNoun clauses with with THATTHAT can can be used with all verbs be used with all verbs mentioned except mentioned except wonderwonder

I think that this book will I think that this book will be interesting.be interesting.

The word The word thatthat can often be can often be omitted. However it can not omitted. However it can not be omitted if it is in the be omitted if it is in the subject positionsubject position

The fact thatThe fact that is used as the is used as the object of the prepositionobject of the preposition

We are curious We are curious aboutabout the the fact thatfact that she is here today. she is here today.

Noun clauses with Noun clauses with WhWh--wordswords

They have statement word They have statement word order, even when they order, even when they occur within questionsoccur within questionsWh + subject + verbWh + subject + verb

I don’t know what he is I don’t know what he is doingdoing

I wonder how he feels I wonder how he feels today.today.

Where I put my book is a Where I put my book is a mystery.mystery.

In conversation, In conversation, noun noun clausesclauses can be replaced by can be replaced by

soso after afterthinkthinkhopehope

believebelievesupposesupposeexpectexpectknowknow

Noun clausesNoun clauses with with If/whetherIf/whether

are often followed by are often followed by or or notnot. .

They are often used in They are often used in statements that express statements that express

uncertaintyuncertainty

Noun clausesNoun clauses after verbs after verbs that show that show importanceimportance or or urgencyurgency::

adviseadviseforbidforbid recommendrecommendaskask insistinsist requirerequirebegbeg orderorder suggestsuggesturgeurge requestrequest demanddemand

Some expressions that show Some expressions that show importanceimportance or or urgencyurgency::

It is advisableIt is advisableIt is essentialIt is essentialIt is imperativeIt is imperativeIt is importantIt is importantIt is necessaryIt is necessaryIt is urgentIt is urgent

After verbs that show After verbs that show importanceimportance or or urgency,urgency, the the base formbase form is used. is used.

Use the Use the subject pronounsubject pronoun before a base form.before a base form.

For negatives, put For negatives, put notnot before the base formbefore the base form

It is essential that babies It is essential that babies havehave stimulation. stimulation.

I advise that she I advise that she staystay home home with her children.with her children.

DirectDirect (quoted) (quoted) SpeechSpeech vs vsIndirectIndirect (reported) (reported) SpeechSpeech

Direct speechDirect speech

Simple present ----------Simple present ----------

Present Present progressive-----------progressive-----------

Simple past---------------------Simple past---------------------

Present Present perfect-----------------perfect-----------------

Indirect speechIndirect speech

Simple pastSimple past

Past progressivePast progressive

Past perfectPast perfect

Past perfectPast perfect

Direct (quoted) Direct (quoted) speechspeech

States the exact words a speaker States the exact words a speaker used. In writing, use quotation used. In writing, use quotation

marks.marks.

John said, “ I love this class.”John said, “ I love this class.”

Indirect Indirect (reported) (reported)

speechspeechReports what a speaker said Reports what a speaker said

without using the exact words. without using the exact words. There are no quotation marks.There are no quotation marks.

John said that he loved this class.John said that he loved this class.

The reporting verbs The reporting verbs saysay and and telltell are usually in the are usually in the

simple past for both direct simple past for both direct and indirect speech.and indirect speech.

He said, “It’s great.”He said, “It’s great.”He said it He said it waswas great great

“I’m leaving.”“I’m leaving.”She said she She said she was leavingwas leaving

“I made it.”“I made it.”He said that he He said that he had madehad made it.it.

He said to her, “I’ve never He said to her, “I’ve never lied.”lied.”he told her that he he told her that he had had never liednever lied

Remember to change Remember to change pronounspronouns, , timetime and and placeplace

expressions expressions this this and and herehere in in indirect speech to keep the indirect speech to keep the speaker’s original meaning.speaker’s original meaning.

Ann told Rick, “I bought Ann told Rick, “I bought thisthis dress dress herehere.”.”

Ann told Rick that Ann told Rick that sheshe had had bought bought thatthat dress dress therethere..

““I’ll leave now.”I’ll leave now.”“I’m going to drive”“I’m going to drive”“Traffic may be bad”“Traffic may be bad”“She might move.”“She might move.”“He can help.”“He can help.”“They have to stay.”“They have to stay.”“You must be careful.”“You must be careful.”

He said:He said: He told me (that)He told me (that)He would leave He would leave then.then.He was going to He was going to drivedriveTraffic may be badTraffic may be badshe might moveshe might movehe could helphe could helpThey had to stayThey had to stayI must be carefulI must be careful

Some Modals change formsSome Modals change formscan – couldcan – couldmay –mightmay –mightwill – wouldwill – would

have to, must – had tohave to, must – had tocould, might, should, could, might, should,

would, ought to, and had would, ought to, and had better do not change formbetter do not change form

““Are you bringing any fruit Are you bringing any fruit into the country?”into the country?”

The customs officer asked The customs officer asked the tourists ifthe tourists if they were they were

bringing any fruit into the bringing any fruit into the countrycountry..

“Do you have your “Do you have your transcripts with you?”transcripts with you?”

The registrar asked me if I The registrar asked me if I had my transcripts with me.had my transcripts with me.

““Can you fix my car?”Can you fix my car?”I asked the mechanic if he I asked the mechanic if he

could fix my car.could fix my car.

““Did you see the accident?”Did you see the accident?”The police officer asked me The police officer asked me if I had seen the accident.if I had seen the accident.

““What do you want to be What do you want to be when you grow up?”when you grow up?”

My first grade teacher My first grade teacher asked me what I wanted to asked me what I wanted to

be when I grew up.be when I grew up.

Reported commands and Reported commands and requestsrequests

Commands and requests Commands and requests are reported using are reported using

infinitives, not noun clausesinfinitives, not noun clauses

“Bring the book!”“Bring the book!”She told me to bring the She told me to bring the

book.book.

The End!The End!