notterman, joseph m. - reductionism and dialectical materialism

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\\Server03\productn\T\THE\21-2\THE203.txt unknown Seq: 1 9-NOV-01 10:03 Reductionism and Dialectical Materialism Joseph M. Notterman Princeton University Abstract Psychological explanations of how behavior is acquired are compared between the U.S. and pre- and post-Soviet. The comparison is drawn in terms of communist theories of 1-way and 2-way dialectical materialism. Evidence is brought to bear that physiological, necessary and sufficient interpretations (i.e., 1-way), not only still exist in the former Soviet, but—for reasons other than communist theory—are on the upswing in the U.S. An advantage of America’s more open society is that investigators are encouraged to chal lenge existing theories. An experi- mental example is described in which conditioning influ- ences underlying neurology, thereby demonstrating that the relation is not just unidirec tional. While such findings are important, they do not diminish the need for psychology to maintain its own enterprise. The purpose of these brief remarks is to comment on possibly the earliest, clear-cut effort to counter reductionist, “overly simplistic” ten- dencies in psychological science; namely, that of the Soviet psychophysiologists. There are three reasons why such an observation is salient: 1) A major thrust in American psychology today is in the direction of seeking neurological and biochemical (more generally, physiological) explanati ons of behavior. In this, the efforts of early Soviet reflexologists and reactologists are perhaps bei ng emulated. 2) Insufficient treatment is accorded the debate within Soviet psychology that led to the distinction between 1-way and 2-way dialectical materialism. This may be why some American psychologists seek answers in the brain, and in the process may be confusing the necessary with the sufficient (Notterman, 2000). 3) The dissoluti on of the U.S.S.R has made it possible for Russian psychologists to be frank about the state of their field. In examining their conclusions, we may profit from their experience. Indeed, we may find that w e are already in the proc ess of doing so.

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