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““Nothing about me without meNothing about me without me”” Designing Collaborative Interventions to Reduce Rapid Psychiatric
Readmissions: A patient-centered approach to mental health service planning and
evaluation.
Adrienne Shulman, Patient Support Specialist, Mount Sinai Hospital
Rosalie Steinberg, MD, MSc, Psychiatry Resident, U. of Toronto
Nadiya Sunderji, MD, FRCPC, Psychiatrist, St. Michael's Hospital
ObjectivesObjectives
Understand the challenge of rapid psychiatric readmissions and factors associated with readmission causality
Review evidence for collaborative, patient centered approaches that may reduce rapid psychiatric readmissions
Highlight systemic challenges to implementing patient centred mental health care and research
Gain insight, from a patient’s lived experience, into strategies that promote engagement, treatment, acceptance and, ultimately recovery
TerminologyTerminology•
The term “patient”
is used interchangeably with
“end-user, “service user”, “consumer/survivor”, “client”, or “co-researcher”
depending on study
or reference being cited.
•
Patient experience=lived experience
The Challenge: Rapid ReadmissionsThe Challenge: Rapid Readmissions
Rapid Readmissions = readmissions w/in 30 days of d/c
Likely relapse of single episode vs. recurrence of new episode → partially preventable
Negatively impacts on QOL and Recovery◦
live independently, sense of hope, autonomy, positive self-
identity
“Failure of mental health system to provide cost effective, seamless, efficient and compassionate care for our patients…”
“Perpetuate health inequities, disproportionately affecting marginalized populations who experience greater barriers in navigating and accessing mental health care and other supports after discharge.”
Problem Solving Rapid Psychiatric Readmission at St. Josephs Health Centre, Dr. Nadiya Sunderji
Risk Factors for ReadmissionRisk Factors for Readmission•
SES (unemployment, disability)*•
Dx Schizophrenia* (BAD, Concurrent, Personality Disorder)•
High # of previous admissions or admissions within past yr*•
Impairment of Self Care*•
Medical Comorbidity*•
Decreasing LOS (?Controversial ↑
LOS also cited)*•
Delayed or absent outpatient care*•
Inpatient Psychiatrist caseload (high turnover rate = discharges
per bed/per year)*•
Involuntary admission*
(controversial)•
Low satisfaction with inpatient treatment•
Medication non-adherence
* RF Rapid Readmission
Case: Hospital XCase: Hospital X•
Hospital X has highest psychiatric readmission rate among all Ontario Hospitals
•
15%
of Ψ
inpatients readmitted to any
hospital within 30
days, 23%
within 90 days
•
Highest rate of MH&A ED visits of all TCLHIN hospitals
•
Highest rate of police drop-offs (possible proxy for illness severity)
•
Economic Burden (approx. $2million/yr) direct care cost
•
Excludes indirect costs: ED visits, physician compensation, police, ambulance, medical services, readmissions to other hospitals
(ICES) http://publications.cpa-apc.org/browse/documents/602
How to solve the problem: Designing Multimodal How to solve the problem: Designing Multimodal Interventions to Address Underlying CausesInterventions to Address Underlying Causes
•
Facilitate transitions in care (case managers, aftercare plans)
•
Increase access to and navigation of outpatient and community-
based resources
•
Improved QOL and function after discharge from hospital (Increased self care)
•
Focus on modifiable RFs (medication adherence)
• Enhance our understanding of re-admission causalityKaprow 2007, Dixon 2009, Reynolds, 2004 Forchuck, 2005
Vigod S, Kurdyak P et.al Transitional interventions to reduce early psychiatric readmissions in adults: systematic review, The British Journal of Psychiatry (2013) 202: 187-194
Discordance and Admission causality
> 25% patients explain symptoms other than biologic cause
Side by side comparison of service users and clinicians
Patients: External Stressors ◦
acute crisis, lack of supportive housing, stigma, financial, pressure from family
Clinicians: Individual Deficits◦
‘non-adherence with medication’
◦
Poor impulse control, non-engagement with services.
Attributional differences may explain poor treatment efficacy or why interventions may be more acceptable and effective than others
Mgutshini, T., (2010) Risk factors for psychiatric re-hospitalization: An exploration International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
(19), 257–267
PatientPatient--Provider Discordance Provider Discordance A Matter of PerspectiveA Matter of Perspective
Patients' perspectives on readmission causality have Patients' perspectives on readmission causality have been overlooked: Gap in the Literature been overlooked: Gap in the Literature
Critical oversight in the re-hospitalization research
Medically driven studies
Few Qualitative studies ◦
Attribution Theory (Emic vs Etic)◦
Patient Perspectives on Readmission Causality and Readmission Prevention
◦
Perception that admission is “unjust”
“coercive”◦
Patients’
perceived needs differs from clinicians’
Discordance attribution errors
care plan/treatment
goals are narrowly focused decreased engagement adherence
Sayre, J., The patient's diagnosis: Explanatory models of mental
illness. (2000). Qualitative Health Research, 10(1), 71-83Priebe, et.al. (2009). Patients' views of readmissions 1 year after involuntary hospitalisation. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 194(1), 49-54.
Katsakou, et. Al (2012). Psychiatric patients' views on why their involuntary hospitalisation was right or wrong: a qualitative study. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(7), 1169-1179
Brems, C. et. al. (2004) Consumer Perspectives on services needed to prevent psychiatric hospitalization Administration and Policy in Mental Health, 32(1)
You can only design interventions if youYou can only design interventions if you understand the problem. Whatunderstand the problem. What’’s missing?s missing?
“Lack of emphasis on patient centeredness in psychiatry…”◦
one explanation for high rates of treatment non-adherence and dropout among individuals with schizophrenia
“Application of patient-centered care principles within the mental health system has been shown to improve the understanding of provider-intervention-patient interaction,
a missing piece to
designing interventions that are congruent with patients’
beliefs
and preferences about treatment initiation, treatment adherence,
and treatment maintenance.”
Kreyenbuhl, et. al (Jul 2009). Disengagement from mental health treatment among individuals with schizophrenia and strategies for facilitating connections to care: A review of the literature.
Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(4), 696-703. Barg, et.al. (2010). When late-life depression improves: What do older patients say about their
treatment?.
American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 18(7), 596-605
Definition of Patient and Family Centred CareDefinition of Patient and Family Centred Care
“An approach to planning, delivery and evaluation of health care that is grounded in mutually
beneficial partnerships
among patients, families and health care providers.”
Institute for Patient and Family‐Centered Care
“Providing care that is respectful of and responsive to individual patient preferences, needs, and
values, and ensuring that patient values guide all clinical decisions.”
Institute of Medicine,
Committee on Quality of
Health Care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health
System for the 21st Century.
Three Driving Forces in HealthcareThree Driving Forces in Healthcare
System centred
Patient/Family Focused
Patient/Family Centred
Patient and Family Patient and Family CentredCentred
Driving ForcesDriving Forces
The priorities and choices of patients and families in partnership
with the healthcare team drive the planning,
delivery and evaluation of
healthcare
Patient Family Centred Care involves a new Patient Family Centred Care involves a new way of thinking and workingway of thinking and working
PFCC is a shift from the traditional…
From: What health professionals do to
and for
clients
To: What health professionals do with clients
Implementation of PFCC: WhatImplementation of PFCC: What’’s Required? s Required? A Fundamental Philosophical ShiftA Fundamental Philosophical Shift
→ Strengths→ Collaboration→ Partnership model→ Information sharing→(+) Support→ Flexibility→ Empowerment
DeficitsControlExpert ModelKnowledge (gate-keeping)(-) SupportRigidityDependence
What Research shows about Outcomes of PFCCWhat Research shows about Outcomes of PFCC
Improved patient and family outcomes Patients who are active participants in their care experience
better outcomes than those who are not similarly engaged*
Increased patient and family satisfaction
Decreased healthcare costs
More effective use of healthcare resources
Increased professional satisfaction*
Hope and optimism for the future (Shulman)
*2001, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) highlighted research supporting active inclusion of patients)
Increased Professional SatisfactionIncreased Professional Satisfaction
Improved Inter-Professional Collaboration◦
Process of communication and decision-making that enables the separate and shared knowledge of health care providers to synergistically influence the patient care provided”
(Way, Jones, Busing 2000)
Improved work satisfaction/quality of work life
Less burnout
Less staff turnover
Patient adherence to treatment plans
New learning for residents and students
Better team functioning and communication◦
? Functioning Team Patient and Family Centred Care Team Functioning?
Implementing PFCCImplementing PFCC Medical College of Georgia Neuroscience CentreMedical College of Georgia Neuroscience Centre
•
Patient Satisfaction 10th 90th
percentile
•
Length of stay
50% in Neurosurgery
•
Staff vacancy rate 7.5% 0% (now a waiting list to work there)
•
Medication errors
by 62%
•
Patient complaints
by 67%
•
Improved perceptions of PFCC
•
Staff own and protect the new culture
Benefits of Consumer Involvement in Benefits of Consumer Involvement in MH Planning and Service DeliveryMH Planning and Service Delivery
•
Improved clinical outcomes •
hospitalization, relapse rates and criminal involvement•
Reduction in patient-rated unmet social needs
•
Promotion of recovery, self-help and fostering of hope •
Consumer involvement predicted improved subjective QOL and functional outcomes
•
Treatment choice increased adherence to psychiatric treatment
•
Challenge traditional power differentials •
consumer empowerment leads to better outcomes
•
Conceptualize service users beyond illness identity
Consumer Involvement Improves Quality, Practice and Consumer Involvement Improves Quality, Practice and Validity of Validity of Mental Health ResearchMental Health Research
Development of congruent research priorities
Recruitment and retention of study participants
Selection appropriate and acceptable outcome measures
Credibility of the research
Individual benefits for consumers/co-researchers
Skill building/empowerment: training in research methodology (demystifying research)
Changing treatment endpoints based on patient preferences
Improved quality of research (data acquisition, interpretation and application of findings etc.)
Carey, Callander, Eisen, Fleming, Fossey, Moltu, Ochocka, Oakley, Thornicraft
Words from our patientsWords from our patients•
“I want you to see me as a human being, not as a diagnosis.”•
“I hear what you are all saying out in the hallway. Why don’t you come into my room and tell me what is going on.”
•
“I see you writing things down in my chart. How come I can’t see it?”
•
“My doctor doesn’t hear me.”•
“Why do I have to wear this hospital gown? Who makes up these rules?”
•
“Last time I saw Dr. X. Now’
it’s Dr. Y. Why can’t I have the
same doctor?.”•
“I’ve already told my story 3 times. Don’t you people talk to each other?”
Barriers to Meaningful Inclusion of Patients Barriers to Meaningful Inclusion of Patients and Familiesand Families
Structural and Attitudinal Barriers: ◦
Financial and human resources
◦
Inadequate training and education (staff and patients)
◦
Lack of incentives (reward or recognition in research)
◦
Hidden curriculum
Primarily Clinician Attitudes◦
Stigma
◦
Tokenism
◦
Service Culture “Culture eats strategy for lunch”
◦
Not Valuing Consumer Participation as Credible
◦
Resistance to Change
Greenall, P. (2006) The barriers to patient-driven treatment in mental health: Why patients may choose to follow their own path, Leadership in Health Services 19
(1). Hall, P. (2005) Interprofessional
teamwork: Professional cultures as barriers. Journal of Interprofessional
Care. 1: 199-196
Role of Patient AdvisorsRole of Patient Advisors--The Lived ExperienceThe Lived Experience
Implementing Advisory role in Mental Health settings
First Do No Harm◦
Avoid Tokenism◦
Accountability with no authority undermining, detrimental
Role Clarity◦
Just having a MH diagnosis doesn’t mean you’re qualified ◦
Can be therapeutic, but do not use as therapy
Lived Experience: How it can influence future readmissions?◦
Discharge Planning◦
Family Meetings◦
Groups
Other creative ways to include patients as partners
Getting Started◦
Send a team to IPFCC◦
Bottom up and top down approachRose, D., (2003b). Having a diagnosis is a qualification for the
job. British Medical Journal, 326, 1331.
Drivers of SuccessDrivers of Success
Engagement of Patients, Families and Communities
Senior Leadership Commitment, Support and Accountability
PFCC Champions
Create a Workplace that Supports Adoption of PFCC
Physician Leads
Education and Training of Healthcare Providers and Students
Integrate PFCC Concepts into Every Policy, Initiative, Program and Research Project
Summary and Take Home Points Summary and Take Home Points
Rapid psychiatric readmissions represent a failure of mental health care coordination and continuity.
Patients' perspectives on readmission causality have been overlooked.
Treatment decisions should be guided by service users’
lived experience.
Patient-centered approaches can address key quality issue and improve inter-professional team functioning.
Summary and Take Home PointsSummary and Take Home Points
Patients' involvement in their own treatment planning decisions are highly correlated with positive mental health outcomes.
Organizational culture and clinician attitudes must be supportive and empowering and avoid tokenism and re-stigmatization.
Eliciting patient perceptions in MH service delivery and research can inform and transform design and evaluation of interventions that are appropriate and effective in reducing rapid psychiatric readmissions.
PFCC is a Journey. PFCC is a Journey. Where do we go from here? Where do we go from here?
“What we call the beginning is often the end. And to make an end is to make a beginning. The end is where we start from.”
T.S. Eliot
References1.
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