NOTES: Venus0.95 DEarthSurface Temp. = 900 OF, Greenhouse effect.Atm. Pressure = 90 x Earth's1. Atmosphere: 96% CO2, 3.5% Nitrogen. Clouds of sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide, sulfur, indicating live volcanism?2. Rotation: siderial--243 days, solar–117 days.3. Surface Features: 27% Lowlands, 65% rolling plains, 8% highlands. Cones, faults, craters, multiple lava flows.

A. Ishtar Terra--US sized lava-filled basin--highlandsB. Maxwell Montez--Everest's height--100 km Diam.

Cleopatra, crater on it's flank.C. White magnetite (?) above 2.5 km.D. Surface--young to 800 million years--crater cycle.E. Surface too cracked to form plates, but molten core

distorts surface with mantle convective flow. F. Atmosphere rotates much faster than surface creating wind features--impact ejected to west, streaks near ridges.

G. 100,000 small 'shield' volcanos--clusters due to hot spots, volcanic material near surface. No plumes show--high pressure.

H. Lava Channels--one 7,000 (!) Km long I. Calderas over 100 km in diameter.

4. Visiting Spacecraft: 1962-1975-Three Mariners (USA) rudimentary mapping. 1962--Venera--Soviet surface landing. 1989-90--Magellan (USA)--accurate radar maps.

As the morning star (rising before sun, and Goddess of love.

Venus transit 2004 (conjunct sun)

Venus0.95 Diamearth

Surface Temp. = 900 OF, Greenhouse effect.Atm. Pressure = 90 x Earth's

Radar map In UV

Atmosphere: 96% CO2, 3.5% Nitrogen. Clouds of sulfuric acid, sulfur dioxide,

sulfur, indicating live volcanism?

Rotation: sidereal day--243 Earth days, solar day–117 days.

3. Surface Features: 27% Lowlands, 65% rolling plains, 8% highlands. No oceans—way too hot! Cones, faults, craters, multiple lava flows.

A. Ishtar Terra--US sized lava-filled basin—highlands—lower right.

B. Aphrodite—reflective volcanic cones--top.

Carl Sagan realized Venus was warmed by what he called a ‘greenhouse effect’—almost all carbon dioxide atmosphere very hot.

B. Maxwell Montez--Everest's height--100 km Diam. Cleopatra, crater on it's flank

Reflective magnetite on volcanic peaks above 2.5 km.

Surface--young to 800 million years--crater cycle.Every few million years, Venus may blow her top.

Atmosphere rotates much faster than surface creating wind features--impact ejected to west, streaks near ridges.

100,000 small 'shield' volcanos--clusters due to hot spots, volcanic material near surface. No plumes show--high pressure

Lava Channels--one 7,000 (!) km Calderas over 100 km in diameter.

Visiting Spacecraft: 1962--Venera--Soviet surface landing.1962-1975-Three Mariners (USA) rudimentary mapping.2005now—Venus Express (Europe).

1989-90--Magellan (USA)--accurate radar maps.

Venus Express—2005-now. Orbiter put up by European Space Agency (ESA).Attempt to learn details of Venus’ atmosphere and movement,unveil current volcanism and cause of super-rotation – the 'mismatch' in rotation speeds between the cloud tops and the planet surface.