notes - unit 1-2

8/8/2019 Notes - Unit 1-2

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OUR PLANETOUR PLANET

Unit 1Unit 1--2a2a

Hierarchy Of AnHierarchy Of An

EcosystemEcosystem

8/8/2019 Notes - Unit 1-2


Life On Earth

Biosphere ² The region on Earth where all living thingsare found; From the highest mountain to the ocean floor

The biosphere is divided into many biomes which aremade up of many individual«

Ecosystems ² All of the living andnon-living elements in an area

Abiotic Factors ² The non-livingelements; Sunlight, soil & water

Biotic Factors ² The living elementsfrom bacteria to blue whales

Compare the biotic & abiotic factors of a desert & marsh.

8/8/2019 Notes - Unit 1-2


Exploring The Ecosystem

Living things within an ecosystem can be grouped into a«

Community ² A group of various species that interactEx: Grass, elephants & wildebeests

Within that community are many«Populations ² A group of the samespecies living in a specific areaEx: A population of wildebeests

And a population is made of many«Organisms ² An individual living thingEx: Bob the Wildebeest

Habitat ² An area where anorganism lives

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What word would a scientist use to describe this area?

An Ecosystem

List theAbioticFactors

SunlightWater

Soil

Temperature

List theBiotic

Factors

BirdBugs

Frog

FishPlants

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What term describes all of these interacting species?

A Community

This lake would be considered part of the blue jay·s«

Habitat

What termdescribes allof the lilypads in this

image?

A population

What termdescribesthe frogsitting bythe lake?

An organism

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What Is A Species?

Species ² A group of organisms that can mate to producefertile offspring, such as the Canis lupus familiaris, aka«

Dogs!How can these

very differentanimals stillbelong to thesame species?

Because theymake puppiesthat continueto reproduce.

Why aren·t there any mommy & daddy ligers?

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Close Your Notebooks«

What have you learned in this unit?

1. Describe three extreme regionsof the biosphere.

2. Where can an ecosystem be found

in Edison?

3. Provide some abiotic factors thatare common to the north pole.

4. Describe a community that can befound in a McDonald·s dumpster.

5. What is the difference betweendiscussing a species and a population?

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Unit 1Unit 1--2b 2b

Theory Of EvolutionTheory Of Evolution

8/8/2019 Notes - Unit 1-2


How Can Life On Earth Change?

Once upon a time, most people believed that living thingson Earth had not changed since the beginning of time.

But evidence, including the fossil record, prove otherwise!

C

harles Darwin ² Studied the various finches from theGalapagos Islands and foundthat they all had one commonancestor ² the Warbler Finch

Variation among the birdswas due to the type of foodavailable to each bird.

So what happened, the birds put on theirbest suited beak in order to eat?!?

8/8/2019 Notes - Unit 1-2


Small Changes Over Time«

Darwin said changes occur slowly as ´nature selectsµ whichindividuals are best suited for a particular environment.

1. Offspring all act and look differently

2. Many of these differences are inherited

3. Many offspring won·t survive long enough to reproduce

4. Individuals with the best traits for survival will beable to reproduce more often, passing on those traits

5. Over long periods of time, the better suited individualswill increase with each generation, changing the species

This is how Natural Selection (#4)leads to Evolution (#5)

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Which Traits Are The Best Suited?

The story of the Peppered MothWhich peppered moth variation is better, black or white?

Originally, the white moth was better suited to the lighttrees found in England and had a larger population.

But during the IndustrialRevolution, soot and ashdarkened the trees givingblack moths an advantage

that increased their population.Today, the environment iscleaner and the white moth population is increasing again.

Because the environment is constantly changing, thereisn·t one specific trait that guarantees success.

8/8/2019 Notes - Unit 1-2


Evolutionary Triggers

An adaptation is an inherited trait that increases anorganism·s chances for survival and reproduction.Adaptations can be realized by«

Migration/Isolation ² The beak·s

of Darwin·s finches Environmental Changes ² The colorof the peppered moth

Artificial Selection ² The selectivebreeding of organisms by humans

Coevolution ² When two speciesevolve in response to each otherEx: Hummingbird & flowering plant

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1. What did Darwin notice aboutthe finches he discovered?

2. Describe the five key points

Darwin used to define evolution.

3. What adaptation increasedthe peppered moth population?

4. Give three examples thatexplain how an adaptation canbe realized.

5. What is the purpose ofartificial selection?

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Unit 1Unit 1--2c2c

Diversity of LifeDiversity of Life

8/8/2019 Notes - Unit 1-2


Defining Life

Even with all its diversity, life on Earth has commonality.All living things«

Made up of one or more highly organized cells

Grow and develop Reproduce offspring

Use energy for metabolism(the chemical processes of life)

Outward response to the environment

Maintain homeostasis (a stable internal conditionregardless of the changing external environment)

Can you explain why a fire is not alive?

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Kingdoms of Life

There are six kingdoms to organize all of life on Earth.

Archaebacteria ² Single-cell organisms living in the mostextreme places on Earth

Hot springs over 100 oC

Bottom of the ocean

Eubacteria- Single-cell organismsthat are commonly found everywhere

Soil, your stomach & bathrooms

These bacteria groups do not havea nucleus and divide to reproduce.

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These Aren·t Plants!

Fungi ² Organisms with a nucleus and cell wall that getsenergy from decomposing matter

Single cell yeast

Multi-cellular mushrooms

Protists ² An organism witha nucleus that is not a fungus,plant or animal

Single cell, animal-like, amoebas Multicellular, plant-like, seaweed

These groups, either single ormulticellular, both have cells with a nucleus.

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What·s A Plant?

Plants ² Organisms that have a nucleus, cell wall and aremulticellular; Produce their own food; Most plants have«

Vascular tissue ² Transports water and nutrients

Lower plants, like mosses,don·t have this tissue

Also, plants can be«

Angiosperms ² Produce flowers

and fruit with seeds insideorGymnosperms ² Produce seedsthat are protected inside cones

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What·s An Animal?

Animals ² Multicellular organisms that use other organismsas a source of food

99% of animals areinvertebrates ²

without backbones(often have shellsor exoskeletons)

How many of these

classes arevertebrates ²with backbones?

Which class do

you belong to?

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1. Describe the six characteristicsof all living things.

2. How are archaebacteria and

eubacteria similar? 3. How are fungi and protistssimilar?

4. Give two characteristics importantin classifying a rose bush.

5. How many invertebrate animalclasses can you name?

notes - unit 1-2

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