notes - springer978-1-137-01039-1/1.pdf · 244 notes 1 the legacy and importance of female...

Notes

Introduction

1 . Rajai, M. and Phillips, K., 2004.

2 . Burns, 1978, among others.

3 . Fowler et al., 2002.

4 . Weber, 1964.

5 . Aoltio- Marjosala and Takala, 2007.

6 . Finlay and Tansey, 2005.

7 . Rajai and Phillips, 2004.

8 . Fischer, 1998.

9 . Ibid., 1998.

10 . Portman and Garrett, 2005.

11 . For connective leadership, see Lipman- Blumen, 1992. For communal

and agentic leadership, see Eagly and Carli, 2007.

12 . Eagly and Carli, 2007.

13 . Coleman, 1991.

14 . Boserup, 1965; Angier, 1999.

15 . Fowler et al., 2002.

16 . Tamale, 1999; Bauer and Britton, 2006; Skaine, 2008; Lucan, 2004;

Sirleaf, 2009; Denzer, 1981, 1995.

17 . Interview, 2009.

18 . Ibid.

19 . I.L.O, 2004. See also ILO labor statistics.

20 . Browers, 2006.

21 . UNESCO, 2005.

22 . United Nations, 2000; Norris and Inglehart, 2000.

23 . Crossette, 2000, http://www.bard.edu/bgia/bardpolitik/vol1/ii

- article3.pdf.

24 . Parpart and Staudt, 1989, p. 5.

25 . Oleksy, Peto and Waaldijk, eds, 2008.

26 . Bangura, 1992.

27 . Okeke- Ihejirika and Franceschet, 2002.

28 . Steady, 2006.

NOT ES244

1 The Legacy and Importance of Female Leadership in Africa

1 . Monges, 1996.

2 . Aidoo, 1981; Kuper, 1952

3 . Lucan, 2004.

4 . Inter- Parliamentary Union, 2008.

5 . Time , 2009, 6.

6 . UNDP, 2005 and other years.

7 . Bangura, 1992; Dembele, 1999, 2002; Moyo, 2009; among others.

8 . Inter- Parliamentary Union, 2008 (updated).

9 . Ibid.

10 . Robers 1972 for Alice Lenshina; Ekejiuba, 1992 for Omu Okwei, the

Merchant Queen and Filomina Steady, 2009, interview of Honorable

Umu Hawa Tejan- Jalloh, chief justice of Sierra Leone. Discussed

later in the chapter on Sierra Leone.

11 . Steady, 2006.

12 . Tamale, 1996.

13 . Tamale, 1999.

14 . Abdallah, 2010.

15 . NEPAD, 2001.

16 . African Union, 1981, 2005; NEPAD, 2001; UN, 1995.

17 . African Union, 2005; Banda, 2006.

2 Conceptual Framework and Themes

1 . Eagly and Carli, 2007, 93.

2 . Steady, 1974; Gbowee, on Bill Moyers Journal, PBS, June 2009.

3 . Personal communication, 2009

4 . Aidoo, 1981.

5 . Bamberger, 1974; De Beauvoir, 1973; Chodorow, 1974.

6 . Sanday, 2002.

7 . Diop, 1987; Monges, 1996; Nnaemeka, 1997.

8 . Monges, 1996, 153.

9 . Diop, 1987.

10 . Monges, 1996, 136.

11 . Diop, 1987.

12 . Bauer and Britton, 2006, 11.

13 . Ibid.

14 . Awe 1977; Okonjo, 1981.

15 . Amadiume, 1987; Oyewumi, 1997.

16 . Oyewumi, 1997.

17 . Parks, 1994; Recounted in On the Media , NPR interview with Tim

Tyson, 2005.

18 . Sudarkasa, 1981, 1986; Amadiume, 1987; Okonjo, 1981; Oyewumi,

1987.

NOT ES 245

19 . Amadiume, 1987.

20 . Achebe, 2005.

21 . Steegstra, 2009.

22 . Kuper, H., 1952.

23 . Personal communication, 2009; refers to all quotes; research assis-

tant Akosua Asabea Annoh.

24 . Personal communication, 2009; research assistant Akosua Asabea

Annoh.

25 . Personal communication, 2009.

3 The Mano River Union (MRU) and the Mano River Women’s Peace Network (MARWOPNET)

1 . Books on the MRU wars have included: Sawyer, A., 1997, 2005;

Kulah, 1999; Gberie, 2005; Beah, 2007; and Hunter, 2006

(a novel).

2 . Ibid.

3 . Coulter, 2009.


5 . FAS, 2000.

6 . Marwopnet, 2004, The Friends of the Future and MARWOPNET,

2004–2005, www.marwopnet.org.

7 . African Women and Peace Support Group, 2004.

8 . Ibid.

9 . Ibid.




4 Women and Leadership in Guinea

1 . The World Bank Group, http://ddpext/ddreports/View/Share

Report?&CF=&REPORT_ID=91. The World Bank, http://web.

wor ldba n k .o rg / W I S I T E/ E X T E R N A L/C OU N T R I E S

/AFRICAEXT/GUINEAE. Inter- Parliamentary Union, 2008,

“Women in National Parliaments,” http://www.ipu.org/wmn- e

/world.htm; http://www.ipu.org/wmn- e/classif- arc.htm.

2 . The following was included as a footnote to CEDAW by Guinea:

26. An instrument of accession had been deposited on 14 March

1980 with the Secretary- General. The signature was affixed on

17 July 1980 and was accompanied by the following declaration:

The People’s Revolutionary Republic of Guinea wishes to sign the

Convention . . . with the understanding that this procedure annuls the

procedure of accession previously followed by Guinea with respect to

the Convention.

NOT ES246

3 . BBC News Timelines, updated from 2008 on; http://timelines.ws

/countries/Guinea.html;AllAfrica.com/stories/htm; O’Toole, 2005;

Rodney, 2008; Schmidt, 2005, 2007.

4 . United Nations, 1976, http://www.anc.org.za/un/sp- com3.html`

5 . United Nations, 1976.

6 . Steady, 1981, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006.

7 . Schmidt, 2005.

8 . Ibid.

9 . Steady, 2006.

10 . Schmidt, 2005.

11 . Ibid.

12 . Based on an interview by Schmidt of Aissatou N’Diaye, Conakry,

April 8, 1991, and quoted in Schmidt, 2005, 113.

13 . Schmidt, 2005.

14 . Morgenthau, 1964, 238.

15 . Schmidt, 2005, 115.

16 . UNESCO, 2005.

17 . Tabachnick, 2009.

18 . USAID, 2005.

19 . Schmidt, 2005.

20 . Samiuddin and Khanan, 2002.

21 . Ibid.

22 . Mernissi, 1991a.

23 . Mernissi, 1991b.

24 . Ogungbile, 2004.

25 . In the 2010 elections, there was no female presidential candidate

from the Aguino Party.




29 . AllAfrica.com, October 17, 2009.

30 . Daily Observer , October 9, 2009, 2.

31 . AllAfrica.com, October 17, 2009.

32 . News Africa , May 7, 2010.

33 . Ibid.

34 . IUTC, International Trade Union Confederation, 2010.

35 . Inteview Website: www.ituc- csi.org.

36 . Afrique Avenir , 2010, 1.

37 . Ibid.

38 . Ibid.

39 . Samb, 2010.

40 . Samb, 2010, 1.

41 . Ibid.

42 . USAID, 2005, 1.

43 . USAID, 2005, 3.

NOT ES 247

44 . Interviewed September 26, 2009. During the interview, I met

Hajah Aisah Bah, former minister of education and an official at

UNESCO.

45 . Personal communication, 2009. The same applies to other sections

of this profile presented in quotes.

46 . Personal communication, 2009. Refers to all quotes from the profile

of Dr. Saran Daraba.

47 . Report on Women Entrepreneurs working in the promotion of peace

in the Mano River Union. Conakry, 2007.

48 . The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) was signed into

law in May 2000, by the United States to help promote trade with

African countries.


5 Women and Leadership in Liberia

1 . Source: UNDP, 1990; Interparliamentary Union, 2008; the World

Bank, Data, and Statistics, 2010; Nationmaster, 2010.

2 . See www.about..com/africanhistory; www.africanhistory,.about.com

/od/liberia/1/bi- liberia- timeline2.htm; Mc Pherson, 1973; Sawyer,

2005.

3 . Kinder, C. 2008.

4 . Isis- WICCE Research Report, 2008.

5 . Turshen and Twagiramariya, 1998.

6 . Doe- Anderson, 2005.

7 . Daphne Productions, 2009.

8 . Ibid.

9 . Daphne Productions, 2009.

10 . Inter- Parliamentary Union. Women in National Parliaments, 2008;

See Tamale, 1999, for a study of some of the challenges faced by

women in parliament in Uganda.


12 . African Women and Peace Support Group, 2004, 31.

13 . African Women Peace Support Group, 2004, 30.

14 . African Women Peace Support Group, 2004, 6.

15 . Inter- Parliamentary Union, Women in National Parliaments 2008.

16 . Bledsoe, 1980.

17 . Fofana, 2007, 4.

18 . Cuttington University, News Releases, 2009.

19 . Ibid.

20 . See Steady, 1981; Okonjo, 1981; Awe, 1977; and others.

21 . Fall, 1999; Dembele, 1999, 2002; Steady, 2006.

22 . The Liberian National Action Plan, 2010.

23 . Carter and Mends- Cole, 1982.

24 . Ibid.

NOT ES248

25 . Ibid.

26 . Murray, 2009.

27 . The Analyst, 2009, 1.

28 . Sirleaf, 2009, 41.

29 . Time , 2009, 6.

30 . Time, 2009, 6.

31 . Time , 2009, 6.

32 . Interview by Professor Filomina Steady and research assistants, Ciata

Stevens and Kula Fofana, October 9, 2009.




36 . Fofana, 2009.

37 . International Colloquium, 2009, 2.

38 . Ibid.

39 . Ibid.

40 . International Colloquium, 2009.

41 . Ibid.

42 . Ibid.

43 . Ibid.











6 Women and Leadership in Sierra Leone

1 . Sierra Leone: general data, http://www.populstat.info/Africa

/sierleog.htm. The World Bank Group http://ddpext/ddreports

/View/ShareReport?&CF=&REPORT_ID=91; http://web.world

bank.org/WISITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT

/SIERRA LEONE; Inter- Parliamentary Union, 2008, “Women in

National Parliaments, http://www.ipu.org/wmn- e/classif- arc.htm.

2 . BBC News Timelines, http://timelines.ws/countries/Sierra Leone

.html; Fyfe, 1962; Fyle, 1981; Steady, 2001, 2006.

3 . Aldridge, 1901; Easmon, 1958; Fyfe, 1962, 19; Aldridge, 1901;

Abraham, 1971; Hoffer, 1974; Day, 1994; Steady, 2006.

4 . Little, 1951; Abraham, 1971, 1978; Hoffer, 1974; Steady, 2006.

5 . Steady, 2006.

NOT ES 249

6 . Tejan- Jalloh, personal communication, 2009. She is also well known

in the literature. Little, 1951; Fyfe, 1962; Abraham, 1971; Hoffer,

1971.

7 . Lucan, 2004; Steady, 2006.

8 . Tejan- Jalloh, personal communication, 2009; Lucan, 2004.

9 . Sierra Leone Chieftaincy Act, subsection (1) (b), 2008.

10 . Fofana, M., 2009.

11 . Fofana, M., 2009, 2.

12 . Fofana, M., 2009, 2.

13 . Fofana, U., 2009, 5.

14 . Ibid.

15 . Fonti, 2009, 5.


17 . Denzer, 1981; Steady, 2006.


19 . Sierra Leone Women’s Manifesto, 2002.

20 . Abdallah, 2010, 10.

21 . Macauley, 2010.

22 . Interview article by Second Lieutenant Amelia Thatcher at the

African Land Forces Summit in Washington, DC, May 13, 2010.

Story: Courtesy of U.S. Army.

23 . Personal communication, Abator Thomas, 2009, and Department of

Information, 2009, 2010.

24 . Personal communication, Abator Thomas, 2009.

25 . Fofana, M., 2009, 3.

26 . Peep , 8 January 2010, 3.

27 . Peep, 8 January 2010, 5.

28 . Sierra Leone CEDAW Sixth Report, 2010, 65–6.

29 . Ibid.

30 . Jurist, 2010.


32 . Sarkodie- Mensah, 2009.

33 . Unpublished interview given to the researcher, along with other

documents by the chief justice.

34 . White, 1987.

35 . Denzer, 1981.








43 . The Sierra Leone National Action Plan for the Implementation of

UN Security Council Resolutions 1325 and 1820.

NOT ES250



7 Analytical Insights on Female Leadership

1 . De Beauvoir, 1973; Chodorow, 1974, 1999. The book, Women, Culture and Society , edited by Rosaldo and Lamphere, 1974, argues

in general that women’s subordination is related to the public/ private

dichotomy of which motherhood is strongly associated with the

private sphere.

2 . Daly, M. 1990.

3 . Mbiti, 1969.

4 . Ibid.; Steady, 1981.

5 . Aidoo, 1981, 65.

6 . Monges, 1996.

7 . Abdallah, 1995.

8 . Awe, 1977; Amadiume, 1987, 2000; Oyewumi, 1997; Mernissi,

1975, 1991; among others.

9 . All the quotes in this section are derived from fieldwork in these

countries in 2009.

10 . Steady, 1981, 2000, 2002, 2006.

11 . Goetz and Hassim, 2003.

12 . See Tamale, 1999, among others.

13 . Steady, 2006.

14 . Personal communication, Accra, Ghana, July 2009.

15 . Steady, 1981, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006.

8 Conclusion: Mothering the Nation and Humanizing the State

1 . Steady, 2006.

2 . Steady, 1981, 2000, 2002, 2005, 2006.

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abolitionists, 163

Adeoye, Alhajah Sheidat Mujidat, 65

AFELL, 104 , 112 , 143

African Charter on Human and

People’s Rights, 19

African diaspora, 16 , 239

African feminism, 62 , 231 , 241

African leadership forum, 18

African Methodist Episcopal Church,

146; see also AME Church

African women leaders, 13–17

African-centered theories,

234–5 , 239

Aguino, women’s political party,

66 , 226

AME Church, 199

American Colonization Society

(ACS), 111 , 152

analytical insights on female

leadership, 217 , 223–31

Angie Brooks Center of Leadership,

149 , 229

Angie Brooks Institute, 159–60

apartheid, 10

Asante queen mother paradigm, 4 , 13

Asante queen mothers, 28 , 218

Asian women as heads of state/

government, 9

Association of Female Lawyers of

Liberia, see AFELL

Bandabilla, Sia Iye, 170

Bangura, Zainab Hawa, 177 , 178 ,

182–4

Bank of Sierra Leone, Deputy

Governor, 203–5

Bannerman, Elizabeth, 133–5 , 227

Barry, Fadima, 66–9 , 224 , 226 , 229

Barry, Kadiatou, 69–71 , 230

Barry, Mariama Djelo, 71–4 ,

229 , 230

Beijing Platform for Action, 19

Benka-Coker, Hannah, 200

biographies, 7

Bloomer, The Reverend Jane, 199

Bob-Kandeh, Marie, 196–8 ,

227 , 230

British paratroopers, 165

Brooks, Angie, 16 , 110

Brooks, Dr. Tete, 135–7 , 227 , 230

Bush, President George W., 102

Camara, Juliet Claire, 92–6 , 224 ,

228 , 230

Camara, Moussa Dadis, 74–5

Campaign for Good Governance, 182

Carter Center, 157

Caulker, Honoria Bailor, 172

CEDAW, 19 , 63 , 110 , 125 , 183 , 238

CEDAW, ratification of, 63

chief justice, 30 , 179

Chief Justice of Sierra Leone, 189–93

Chinyere-Hesse, Mary, 35–8

Cissé, Jeanne-Martin, iconic

international leader, 56–8 , 67

Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 122

Cold War, 232 , 238

Cole, Remie, 153

Index

INDEX264

colonial rule, 28

colonialism, 171 , 176 , 207 , 215 ,

225–6

colonization, 163

Commonwealth, 164

conceptual framework, 11 , 21–31

conceptual framework and

overlapping themes, 21–31

Condé, Alpha, 53 , 55 , 56

conflict as a catalyst, 25–6 ,

219–21 , 235

constitutional and legal systems,

Liberia, 111

Conté, Lansana, 55 , 56

Cooper, The Reverend Katurah

York, 145–8 , 223 , 231

corporate globalization, 16 , 233

country profile: Guinea, 53–4;

Liberia, 99–102; Sierra

Leone, 161–2

Cummings-John, Constance, 7 ,

176 , 195

Cuttington University, 108

Daraba, Hajah Dr. Saran, 86–9

Dead Aid, 232 ; see also Moyo, D.

definition of leadership, 234

development of female

leadership, 25–6

Diallo, Rabiatou Serah, 77–82 , 237

Dillsworth, Florence, 176

Doe, Samuel, 101–2

Dokua, Nana Adutwumwaa, 31–5

domestic help, 240

Dumbuya, Madam Dora, church

leader, 37

early signs of leadership, 225

economic leadership, 129–35 , 194–5

economic participation, 89–91

ECOMOG, 102 , 164

ECOWAS, 75 , 91 , 102

elections in Guinea 2010 , 82–4

equality of men and women, 110

European colonization, 111

exclusion practices, 10

Executive Summary: Guinea,

54–6; Liberia, 101–3; Sierra

Leone, 163–6

50/50 Group, 172–3 , 178 , 196

Fadilullah Muslim Mission, 65

Fahnbulleh, Miatta, 151–4 , 228

FAWE, 45

female brigadier, 179

female chiefs in stateless societies, 27

female deputy prime minister,

Guinea, 96

female executive leadership, 109

female kings, 29 , 32

female leadership, contributory

factors, 205–7

female leadership in the MRU, 238

female leadership styles, 207

female mayors, 176

female militancy, 59–60

female pharaohs, 13

first ladies syndrome, 219

followership, 240

Forster-Gberie, Melrose, paramount

chief, 174–6 , 223 , 228 , 229

Forster-Jones, Kezia, 195

Fortune, Frances, 170

Fourah Bay College, University of

Sierra Leone, 182 , 202

Francis, Josephine, 130–3

Freetown settlement, 163

Garber, Cassandra, 199–203 ,

227 , 231

Gassama-Kanja, Mariam, paramount

chief, 171–3 , 223 , 227

Gbowee, Leymah, peace activist,

23 , 104–5

Gbujama, Shirley, 177

Gender and Development Ministry,

121 , 124–5

gender and leadership, 6–8

gender bias in the body politic,

232–3

INDEX 265

gender equality and women’s

advancement, 240–1

gender equality in education, 240

gender equality, 110–11

gerontocracy, 28

Gibril, Yvonne, 203–5 , 223 , 230

Gibsor, Kabu, paramount chief,

155–6

Gooding, Euphemia, medical

doctor, 205–6

Greenbelt Movement, see Wangari

Maathai

Gulama, Ella Koblo, paramount

chief, 7 , 167 , 168 , 172 , 237

Hague, The, 165

Harris, Facia B, young women’s

activist, 142–5 , 230

Holst-Roness, Dr. June, 176

humanistic feminism, 231

humanizing the state, 237–41

Hyde-Forster, Lati, secondary

school principal, 152

Independent National Electoral

Commission, 77

indigenous female leadership:

legacy, 23 , 235; Zoes,

152 , 157

indigenous female leadership and

followership, 221

Institute of Public Administration,

140 ; see also IPAM

International Colloquium in

Liberia, 128–9

interview guide, 4

IPAM, 196

Iron Ladies of Liberia, 105

Jusu-Sheriff, Yasmin, 170

Kabbah, Afsatu, 178

Kabia, Brigadier Kestoria, RSLAF,

179 , 180–1

Kabia, Hajah Dankay, 195

Kargbo, Fatou, chief social services

officer, 212–14

King, Jamestina, 170

Kollie, Krubo B, counselor,

137–9 , 231

Kombra Party, 177

Konaté, Sekouba, military leader,

76 , 77 , 83

Koroma, Linda, 48–52

Kpa Mende confederacy, 166

leadership, male-dominated, 241

leadership, professional, 198–9

leadership, self-acclaimed, 175

leadership and followership synergy,

239–40

leadership positions, hereditary

criteria, 239

leadership styles, 175 , 229

leadership styles, female and male,

68 , 95 , 97 , 123 , 127 , 175 , 229

legislative quotas, 18

Liberia National Transitional

Government (LNTG), 102 , 106

Liberian National Action Plan, 129

LNTG, interim, 103

Maathai, Wangari, African Nobel

laureate, 17 , 116

Majeks-Walker, Nemata, 170 , 209–10

Mandela, Winnie, 122 , 176

Mano River Union (MRU), 91 , 237

MARWOPNET, 1 , 22 , 41–8 , 52 ,

62 , 86 , 173 , 238

MARWOPNET, Guinea, 83 , 86–9

matriarchy and myth, 24

Mends-Cole, Joyce, 112–13

milestone in female leadership, 160

military coups, 163

Miller, Portia Simpson, 7 , 23 , 234

morality and integrity, 234

motherhood, 8

motherhood and leadership, 22–5

motherhood potential for

transformational leadership, 25

INDEX266

mothering the nation, 235 , 237–41

Movement for Progress Party, 182

Moyo, D., 232

MRU, deputy secretary-general,

48–52

MRU countries, 1 , 22 , 40 , 85

multiparty elections, 164

Muslim youth, 150–1

National Association of Market

Women, 197

National Electoral Commission, 193

National Transition Council,

Guinea, 77

nationalist struggles against

colonialism, 58–62

New Partnership for African

Development, see NEPAD

NEPAD, 18 , 19

NEWMAP, 179

Newport, Matilda, 109

NGO Leadership, 151–8 , 208

Nobel Peace Prize, 17

“palace coup,” 164

parallel leadership, 30–5 , 222 , 235

paramount chiefs, 28

Parks, Rosa, 28

peace accord, 164

Perry, Ruth Sando, 102 , 106 , 159

philanthropists, 163

political leadership, 120–3 , 176–80

political trailblazer, 112

Poro Society, 170

Pratt, Nana, university professor,

199 , 206–8 , 224 , 228 , 230

Pray the Devil Back to Hell, 23 , 104

professional leadership, 198–9

proportional representation,

electoral system, 26

Quee, Deborah Sudie, 170

Queen Amina of Kano, 202

Queen Candace of Meroe, 13

queen mother paradigm, 222–3 , 235

Queen Mothers in Ghana. 29

Queen of Senehun, 167

Queen Zinga of Angola and

Congo, 113

quota for women, 141 , 241

Refugee Repatriation

Commission, 142

religious leadership: Christian,

145–8; Muslim, 148–50

repatriated Africans, 163

role models, 225

RUF, 102 , 103

Rural Women’s Association of

Liberia, 126–7

Sande School, 108

Sande women’s society, 159 , 160 ,

166 , 167

Sandline, 164

Sarkodie-Mensah, Julia, interview,

189–93

Sawyer, Amos, 106

SCSL, 165

Security Council, 57

Security Council Resolution 1325,

26 , 111 , 126 , 128 , 213 , 220

Security Council Resolution 1820 ,

213 , 220

Sesay, Kadi, 170 , 177

Sierra Leone Judiciary, 184–5

Sierra Leone National Action Plan

(SiLNAP), 213 , 220

Sierra Leone Women’s Manifesto, 178

Sierra Leone Women’s Movement,

176 , 195

Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson, 7 , 103 ,

113–17 , 154 , 224–5 , 228 ,

232 , 237

Sirleaf, President, interview, 117–20

Social Welfare, Gender and

Children’s Affairs, Ministry,

210–14

Sorgbo-Torto, Elizabeth, 168–70

South Africa, 233

INDEX 267

Special Court for Sierra Leone

(SCSL), 103 , 165

Status of women, 63

Strasser, Captain Valentine, 164

Structural Adjustment Programs,

10 , 110

Suakoko, Madam Nye, 108–9

Taylor, Charles, 102 , 103 , 158 ,

163 , 165

Taylor, Jewel Howard, 120–3 ,

226 , 230

Taylor-Lewis, Agnes, 44 , 177

Tejan-Jalloh, Umu Hawa, 185–93 ,

224 , 228 , 237

The Invention of Women, 27

theoretical insights, 5–6

Thomas, Abator, 177 , 178

Thorpe, Christiana, 177 , 224

Tolbert, William R, 101

Touré, Remie, see Cole, Remie

Touré, Samory, 54

Touré, Sekou, 54 , 55 , 62 , 84

trading, long-distance, 195

traditional leadership: Liberia,

155–8; Sierra Leone, 171–6

Traditional Women United for

Peace, 156–8

Traore, Diarra, 55

True Whig Party, Liberia, 101

Truth and Reconciliation

Commission, 103 , 165

Tubman, William V S, 101 , 138

Tumah, Mama, 156–7

Wallace-Johnson, Isaac T. A., 176

Ward, Amelia, 125–8 , 231

warrant chiefs, 28

Weber, Max, study of authority, 5

Western feminist discourse on

gender, 27 , 235

When Hens Begin to Crow, 17

Williams, Jeredine, 177

Williams, Marietta, 148–50 , 229

Women and Collective Action in Africa, 40 , 59

women and Islam, 64–6

women chiefs and paramount

chiefs, 168

women in African parliaments,

15–16

women leaders: Asian, 9; Caribbean,

16; Africana world, 16

women leaders in Liberia, historical,

103–5

women leaders in Sierra Leone,

historical, 166–8

women members of parliament, 177

women ministers, 153 , 177

Women Organized for a Morally

Enlightened Nation

(WOMEN), 182

Women Teachers Training

College, 167

Women’s Chamber of Commerce, 227

Women’s Congress (APC), 23

women’s rights, 110–11

World Trade Organization

(WTO), 232

Wureh, Weadeh Kobbah, university

professor, 139–42 , 229

Yoko, Madam/Mammy, 166 ,

167 , 172

Zoe(s), 108 , 152 , 157 , 222 ;

see also indigenous female

leadership

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