Notes Introduction

I. Matsushita Keiichi, Shibiru Minimamu 110 ShisiJ [The idea of the civil minimum] (Tokyo University Press, 1971); Shimul Jichi 110 Kenpo Rirol' [The constitutional theory of citizens' self-government] (lwanami Shoten, 1975) among others.

2. Muramatsu Michio, 'Seijiteki Tagenshugi to Gyi'isei Kanryi'isei' (Political pluralism and the bureaucracy] H(jgaku Semina Zlikan, Naikaku to Kanryt; (1979), Sengo Nihon no Kamy(jsei (Bureaucracy in postwar Japan] (Ti'iyi'i Keizai ShinpOsha, 1981) and others.

3. Otake Hideo, Gendai Nihon no Seiji Kenryoku Keiwi Kenryoku (Political and economic power in modern Japan) (San'ichi ShobO, 1979).

4. Inoguchi Takashi, Gendai Nihon Seiji Keiwi no Kazu (The composition of modern Japan's politics and economy] (Toyo Keizal Shimp6sha, 1983).

5. See Nakano Minoru, ed., Nihongata Seisaku Kettei no Heny6 [Changing decision-making Japanese-style) (Toyo Keizai Shinpasha, 1986); Muramatsu Michio, Ito Mitsutoshi and Tsuijinaka Yutaka, Sengo Nihon no Atsuryoku Dantai [Pressure Groups in Postwar Japan] (fayo Keizai ShinpOSha, 1986); Inoguchi Takashi and Iwai Tomoaki, Zoku GUn no Kenkyu[A study ofZoku Dietmen] (Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1987).

6. Chalmers Johnson, MITI and tile Japallese Miracle: Tile Growth 0/ Industrial Policy, 1925-75 (Stanford University Press, 1982).

7. John C. Campbell, COiltemporary Japanese Budget Politics (University of California, 1977).

8. Steven R. Reed, Japanese Prefectures alld Policy-Making (University of Piushurgh Press, 1986).

9. Mike Mochizuki, Managing and ilifluencing the Japanese LegisLative Process: the RoLe of Parties and the National Diet (PhD dissertation, Harvard University, 1982).

10. TJ. Pempel et ai, UncommOiI Democracies: One Party Domi"ant Regimes (Cornell University Press, 1990).

II. Relevant works include: Sone Yasunori, 'Kawaru Seiji Kawaru Seijigaku: Nihon Seijigaku no Saikin no Henka' [Changing politics, changing research: Recent changes in Japanese political studies], Leviathan Vol. 1 (1987), and Nakano Minoru, "'Chiho no Jidai" no Chih6 Seijiw' [Regional politics in the 'Age of Regions'], Le"iatllan Vol. 2 (1988) on trends in the study of Japanese regional politics.

Part I: Chapter 1

I. See T. Lowi, 'American Business, Public Policy Case Studies and Political Theory', World Politics 1964, no. 4; Nakano Minoru, 'Inlroduction', in Nakano, ed., 1986, op. cit.

235

236 Notes

2. Soneda Ikuo, Ozaki Shigeki, KalO Takeji, ' Dai yonkai K5sei Nenkin Hoken no Ayumi 0 Kataru' [The fourth discussion on the history of welfare pcnsion insurance], Kikan Nenkin to Koyo [Pensions and Employment Quartcrly] Vol. 6, No. I; Soneda Ikuo, Watashi no Nenkin Shi [The story of my pensionl (1985); and personal intcrviews with the latter.

3. Sakamoto Shigco. Slzakai Hosho to Jinken: Nenkill. lryo no Saihen to Seizollken [Social insurance and human rights - Reform of pensions and healthcare and the right to a livelihood], Keiso Shob5 1987. p. 80; Soneda, Watashi /10 Nenkill Shi (ibid.).

4. Yamaguchi Shinichir5, in 'Naze Nenkin Kaikaku ga Hitsuy5 ka' [Why do we need pension reform?], a speech to mark the fifth anniversary of the founding of the Pensions and Home Loans Council. Quoted from p. 447, Yamaguchi Shillichirij-s(Jll, a memorial collection published in 1986.

5. Yamaguchi Shinichir5, 'Rorei Nenkin' [Old-age pensions], Kenk6 Hokell Shillbun [Health Insurancc News J I March, 1972. Quoted from ibid pp.51-2.

6. J.e. Campbell, 'The Old People Boom and Japanese Policy-Making', Journal of Japanese Studies Vol. 5 No.2 (1979).

7. On the 1984 health insurance reform, see Hayakawa Sumitaka, Yamaguchi Yuji, Tatsuki Koji, 'Nijuisseiki no Iryo wa tenbo dekita ka: Kenko Hoken Ho Kaisei 0 meguru Seiji Katci' [Thc political process of the Health Insurance Amcndmcnt - a view of 21 st ccntury healthcare?], Osaka Hogaku No 140.

8. For more detail, see Nenkin Seido Kcnkyukai [pensions system research group], Ata/Yishii Nellkin Seido: Kokumin Nellkin. Kosei Nellkill Hoken flO

sllbete [The new pensions system: all about National Pension and Welfarc Pcnsion Insurancc] (Zeimu Keiri Kyokai. 1986).

9. Pcrsonal interview with Watanabe Osamu, MHW Personnel Section chief, 18 June 1987. (He was planning scction head-chief of MHW Pensions Bureau at thc timc).

10. Personal interview with Arima Motoharu, then chairman of the Lower House Social and Labour Affairs Committee. on II June 1987. Arima Motoharu, Kenpo Kokkai Namitakashi - lJmi no Otokotachi flO Gunzo [Health insurance in the Diet - the men behind the struggle] (Shun'endo Shoten, 1(84).

II. Yamaguchi Shinichiro, 'Why do we need Pension reform?'. op. cit. p. 477. 12. Yamaguchi Shinichiro, 'Honkakuteki Koreika Shakai ni okcru Shakai

Hoshohi no Futan' [Thc tlnancial burden of Social Security in an aging society], Nellkill [Pcnsions] (September 1975). Quotcd from Yamaguchi Shillichir6-sCln, op. cit., pp. 453-9.

13. Most of this information on Pensions Bureau staffing is derived from the intervicw with Watanabe Osamu mentioned in n. 10 abovc. All positions in this chapter are as held at the time.

14. Personal interview with MHW section head, 12 June 1987. 15. Aoyagi Chikafusa, 'Yamaguchi Zcmi (Showa 55 Nendo no

Nenkinkyokunai Benky5kai), [Thc Yamaguchi Seminar: A study group within the Pensions Bureau in 1980), Yamaguchi Shillichiro-sClIl, op. cit., pp.463-5.

16. ibid., p. 463. 17. ibid., p. 465.

Nutes 237

18. See speeches, interviews and columns in Yamagllchi Shinichiro-san, op. cit. Among the pamphlets issued by the Bureau for PR purposes are Nijiiisseiki no Nenkill 0 Kangacru [Pensions into the 21 st century] (December 1982) and KokulIlill Nellkin H6 to 110 lchilm Kaisei Ilitsuite IReforming part of the National Pensions Law and the like] (April 1984).

19. Interview with section chief Watanabe Osamu, 20 June 1987. 20. Personal interview with Ono Michinori, head of the Yomiuri Shinbun HQ

Research Group. 21. Personal interview with Watanabe Osamu, op. cit. 22. Personal interview with Ono Michinori, op. cit. 23. MHW Pensions Bureau, Survey of opinion formers on pensiolls in the 21st

celltury, 1983. 24. Survey results obtained from the Pensions Bureau. 25. Sone Yasunori Research Group, Shillgikai 110 Kiso KCllkyii; KillO, Taiyo nit­

suite 110 Kellkya [A basic study of Consultative Councils - an analysis of functions and style 1 (1985), pp. 32--44.

26. Atarashii Nellkill Seido, op. cit., pp. 277-8. 27. ibid., pp. 276-80. 28. See Ohara Toru's questions to Prime Minister Nakasone in the Proceedings

of the House of Representatives Social and Labour Affairs Committee, 102nd Diet.

29. Personal interview with Ohara Toru, II August 1987. 30. Personal interview with the Pension Bureau's Watanabe Osamu, 20 July

1987. 31. Yamaguchi/Hashimoto interview, 'NijUisseiki e muke Nenkin Dai Kaisei -

Nenkin Kaisei no Kangaekata to Kadai 0 Danzuru' IPension reform for the 21 st century? Discussing the thinking and issues behind pension reform], Yamaguchi Shillichirii-.\·all, op. cit. pp. 495-7.

32. The ahove information comes mainly from a personal interview with KiilleniJukai member Takasawa Toshio, 27 August 1987.

33. Personal interview with then member of LDP Clz6sakai. 34. Fujimura MasaYllki, 'Koseish6 to Jiyii Minshll To Shakai Bllkai -

Soshikinai Seiryoku to Yakushoku Keireki to no Kanren, sono Jakkan no K6satsu' [The Ministry of Health and Welfare and the LDP Social Affairs Division -thoughts on the links between power within the organisation and career paths], Boshi Kenkyii, No.6, pp. 86-92.

35. Personal interview with Takahashi Toshiko, specialist member of the PARC Social Affairs Division, 31 July 1987.

36. This information about contact between LDP, especially the Public Pensions Research Subcommittee, and Welfare officials at that time owes much to personal interviews (24 and 30 July 1987) with Koga K6suke, the councillor responsible for formal and informal negotiations involving the pensions reform, and with one LDP Dietmember, a then member of the Chosakai.

37. Each division of the PARC has a Secretariat, which is only two or three strong. The subcommittee's own information-gathering capacity is therefore limited, and the Secretariat routinely requests information from officials. When a request comes down from the chairman, a Secretariat staff member telephones the appropriate department to ask for the documents, at the same time turning over the subject of study to other departments and asking for

238 Notes

their information too. However, divisions and research subcomittees do not collect information ahout interest groups: in the Social Aff<lirs Division's case, for examplc, the LDP National Organizing Committee's Lifestyle Burcau acts as the conduit, sucking up the demands of and collecting informa­tion about all the different interest groups, and the appropriate subcommittee then takes up the demands (personal interview with Takahashi Toshiko, op. cit.).

38. Tawara Soichiro, Shill NillOll no Kanry6: Niluifl Daikaiz6 [The new Japanese bureaucracy: major reform of Japan], Bungei Shunju (1986), pp.304-13.

39. Personal interview with a member (at the time) of the Lower House Standing COlllmillee Research Office.

40. Personal interview with Koga Kosuke. 41. K(}lIleit6 Party Newspaper Bureau, Dai Nijayollkai K6meit6 Zenkoku Taikai

S6shaball, Dai Nijiiyollkai KOllleito ZellkokuTaikai Katsud6 H6shill: Hac/zijiillanallell Kiholl Seisakll [24th Party Conference Agenda: 1987 Fundamental Policy Statement] p. ) 60.

42. JSP Joint Committee on Pension Reform and Social Security Policy Commillce, 'Shakaito no Nenkin Kaikaku Koso (Saishilan), [Socialist Party Plan for Pension Reform (Final Draft) I (29 Octo her 1984).

43. See n. 42 above. Also personal interview with Ohara TOfU, Lower House Dietmemher, I) August 1987.

44. lSP Policy Commission, Joint Committee on Pension Reform, til(: Social Security Policy Committee and the Social and Labour Affairs Subcommillee, Seifllllo Koklllllin Nellkill t6 Kaisei l/6all IIi taisuru Shakait6 flO Shasei /I{}S/Zifl [JSP amendments to the government's national pension reform bill] (II December 1984); Tagaya Shinnen and Ohara Toru, Watashitachi no Nellkin [Our pensions], (Nihon Shakailo Chilo Honbu Kikanshi Kyoku [JSP Central Headquarters Party Publications Bureau], 1983).

45. Personal interview with Ohara Toru, op. cit. 46. KOllleito Summer Term Teaching Materials, Koreika Shakai to Al'arashii

Nellkill Seido: Kaisetsu to Shucho [The Aging Society and a New Pensions System: an explanation and an advocacy] (1985). On the suhject of Ki!lIleito public pension policy and Diet strategy, information comes from interviews with Iliraishi Masataro, KOllleitO social and labour affairs zoku member and director of the 10 I st Diet Lower House SLAC, and Policy Committee Secretariat deputy chief Suzuki Masaru (17 July 1987); also party materials supplied by them.

47. DSP, Seisaku to Toron [Policy and Debate] (Seisakuhen), spccial extended issue (January 1987) pp. 44-49 and Minshati! Seisaku Handobukku [DSP Policy Handbook], pp. 347-51. For the LDP's own appraisal of pension reform, 'Dai Hyaku Ni Kokkai no Seika Gaiyo' [Summary of the olltcome of the I02nd Diet], Gekkall liya Millshu [Liberal Democrat Monthly] no. 365.

48. Information on JCP public pension policy and Diet strategy comes from an interview with one JCP Central Committee member (17 July 1987) and JCP Central Committee, D() Ilam? Nellkin: Nellkin Kaiakll to Niholl Kyosallto 110

Kellkai [Pensions - what now? Pension retrogression and the Japan

Notes 239

Communist Party's opinion] OCP Central Committee Publishing arncc, 1985).

49. Concerning the I02nd Diet process, see Sakamoto Kojiro, 'Dai Hyaku Ni TsOj6 Kokkai no Shingi Nittci Katei: DellI. ni Miru Shinsa Jokyo' (The Process of agenda-setting for thc l02nd Diet deliberations: The investiga­tion situation as seen in the datal, Gakuslliiin Daigaku Hogakubll Kenky" NellplJ, no. 22 (1987).

50. This information derives from personallnterv!ews with Ohara Torn and an MHW official directly involved with pension reform.

5!. Personal interviews with Hiraishi Masataro and Suzuki Masarn, op. cit. 52. Personal interview with DSP member (and member of the Lower House

SLAC in the 101 st and l02nd Diets), 7 September 1987. 53. Personal interview with JCP Dietman and Central Commiuee member, 17

July 1987. 54. Interview with DSP member, op. cit. 55. See Mike Mochizuki, Managing and Influencing the Japo.nese Legislative

Pmcess: The Rofe of Parties and tile National Diet, op. cit. 56. Tawara SGichiro, op. cit., p. 303. 57. On the general debate about politician-bureaucrat relationships, see J.D.

Notc

Abemach, R.D. Putnam, and B.A. Rockman, Bllrem/crats and Poiiticialls in Weslern Democracies (Harvard University Press, 1981), although this natu­rally cannot provide a complete model for Japanese politician-official relationships.

To prepare this chapter, personal interviews were carried out with six Welfare Ministry officials directly concerned with the 1985 publie pensions system reform, four LDP Dietmen, one Diet member apiece from the JSP, DSP and Komeito, five members of party policy bodies, and one member of the Social Insurance Consultative Council's Pensions Insurance Division (Hokenshin KOllellbukai). Those listed above also supplied a wealth of relevant material, including hand­written notes and memos. I am indebted to the secretaries of each of the Diet members for their contact with me, and owe them my deepest thanks. The inter­views employed both universal and interviewee-specific questions.This chapter revises my presentation, 'Pukushi Seisaku Keisei ni okeru Seito to Kallryo: Dmo IIi Koteki Nellkill Seisaku 0 lirei losllile' {Politicians and officials in welfare policy formation: the example of public pensions policy], delivered at the Japan Political Studies Association's 1987 research conference.

Chapter 2

I. On the peculiarities of Yoshida's political technique, see Otake Hideo, Adelia/lOa to Yoshida Siligeru [Adenauer and Yoshida Shigeru] (Chuo Koronsha, 1986).

2. For the present, see Tsujinaka Yutaka, 'Shaka! Henyo to Seisaku Katei no TaiO: Shiteki Shimon Kikan Seiji no Tenkai' (Managing the policy process and social change: The evolution of private inquiry bodies}, Kita KyUsh(1

240 Notes

University }{osei Ronshu [Collected Legal and Political Studies] Vol. 13 no. I.

3. Kishiro Yasuyuki, Jimillto Zeisei Chosakai lThe LDP Tax System Research Committee] (Toyo Keizai Shinposha, 1985).

4. On LDP factions and the changes that have taken place, see SaW Seizaburo and Matsuzaki Tetsuhisa, Jiminto Seikell [The LOP in Power] (Chuo Koron 1986), Ch. 3 'Habatsu to Toun'ei' lFactions and party management].

5. For more detailed analysis, see Yamaguchi Jiro, Okura Kallryo Shihai 110

Shae!! IThe last days of Finance bureaucracy control] (Iwanami Shoten, 1987).

6. This chaptcr is indebted to Inoguchi Takashi and Iwai Tomoaki, 'Zoku Giill' 110 Kellkya [Studies on 'Zoku Oietmembers'] (Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1987) for an overview of zoku Dietmen and zoku Dietmember politics. See also Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, cd., Jimillto SeichOkai lThe LDP Policy Affairs Research Council] (Nihon Kcizai Shinbunsha, \983).

7. Sato and Matsuzaki op. cit, pp. \30-35. 8. Ibid. Part II 'Shiryo Kaidai' [Bihliography of sources]. 9. Sone Yasunori & Kanesashi Masao, Bijuil/"U Zemillaru NihollllO Seiji [Visual

seminar on Japanese politics] (Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1989) pp. 44-45. 10. dtake Hideo, Gel/dai Niholl 110 Seiji Kellryoku Keizai Kenryoku, op. cit.. II. Around this time the Keidallrell created a 'Table for Distribution of Political

Contributions' to enable contributions to be linked to faction structure, Dietmembers' positions and influence with the least possible risk. For more on Keidallrell political contributions see Ishikawa Masumi and Hirose Michisada, Jilllillti>: CluJki Shihai 110 Kozo [The LOP: The structure of long­term power] (Iwanami Shotcn, 1989) pp. \73-86.

12. Ibid, pp. 196-203. 13. G. Lehlllbruch, 'Liberal Corporatism and Party Government', Comparative

Political Siudies Vol. 10 No. I (I977); Nakano Minoru, Genda; Kokka to S/lIldall 110 Riron: Seijiteki PururariZUlllu no Shoso [Modern State and Group Theory: Aspects of Political Pluralism] (Waseda University Press, 1984) CIl. 8.

14. Shinohara Hajime, 'Dantai no Atarashii Seiji Kino' [The new political func­tions of groups] K()w: Kihon Hogaku Nikan: Danlai [Basic Law Studies Vol. 2: Groups] (Iwanami Shoten, 1983).

15. On recent trends in this area, see Shinoda Toru, "'Rengo" lidai ni okeru "Seisaku Sanka" no Genj() to Tenbo' [The Current situation of and develop­ments in 'policy participation' in the Rengo era), Niholl ROd(} Kellkyu Zasshi (June 1991).

16. SaW and Matsllzaki, op. cit., pp. 94-5. 17. See Niigata Nipposha, Za EtsuWllkai [The Etsuzankaij (Niigata Nipposha,

1983). 18. Steven R. Reed, Japanese Prefectures alld Policy-Making (University of

Pillsburgh Press, 1986); Morita, Arakawa, Nishio and Koike (trans.), Nihon 110 Seijil kat! Kallkei: TodofukenllO Seisaku Kellei [Japan's intergovernmen­tal relationships: Local government policy decisions] (Bokutaku-sha, 1(90) pp.45-78.

19. On the realities of 'client-oriented politics', see Hirose Miehisada, }{ojokill 10 Seikellf() ISubsidies and the ruling party] (Asahi Shinbunsha, 1981).

Noles 241

20. On the subject of mass media-politics relationships in Japnn, see Sone and Kanesashi, op. cit., pp. 242-62.

21. Steven R. Reed, trans., ed., op. cit., pp. 138-42. 22. For more information on fundamental patterns in Japanese politics, see

Nakano Minoru, NillOn no Seiji Rikigaku: /)m'ega Seisakllo Kimeruka? (The political dynamics in Japan: Who decides policy?] (NHK Press, 1993).

Part II: Chapter 3

I. For other research, putting the onus on elections as the primary restriction on elected politicians' Icgislative bchaviour, and analysing the rclationship between elections and politicians, see David Mayhew, Congress: The Electoral Connection (Yale University Press, 1974). For analysis of the rela­tionship between Japanese Diet lawmaking behaviour and election results, see Iwai Tomoaki, 'Senkyo to Seitono Rippo KOdo' [Elections and party legisla­tivc behaviour], Ningen Kagaku [Human Scicnces] Vol. 3 No. I (1984).

2. For one example of a model tying together the market and political systems, see B.S. Frcy and L.1. Law, 'Towards A Mathematical Model of Government Behaviour', Zeitschriftfar NationalOkonomie, Vol. 28 No.2 (1968).

3. W.O. Nordhaus, 'Political Business Cycle', The Review (~r Economic Studies, Vol. 42 No. 130 (April 1975).

4. B.S. Frey, 'Why do High Income People Participatc More in Politics?', Public Choice No. 11 (Fall 1971); 'The Political Economics System: A Simulation', Kyklos Vol. 27 no. 2 (1974).

5. Edward R. Tufte, Political Control of the Economy (Princeton University Press, 1978). Japanese translation by Nakamura Takahide, Sen kyo to Keizai Seisaku (Aritsune Shoin, 1980) pp. 7-13.

6. Ibid. pp. 78-84. Analyses using thc 'electoral-economic cycle' developed in Inoguchi Takashi, Gendai Nilui/l Seiji Keizai no Ki5za (op. cit.) represent the forefront of work relating to Japan in this field.

7. See Sasako Katsuya, Seiji Shikill no Kaza (The Structurc of Political Funding] (Godo Shuppan, 1976); Kobayashi Shunji, Kigyo no Seiji Kenkill: 'Mo hitotsll 110 Toshi' no Ronri [Corporate political donations: the logic of 'Just one more investment' J (Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha, 1976).

8. Hirose Michisada, Hojokill to Seikellta [Subsidies and the ruling party J op. cit., pp. 64-74. Kent E. Calder, Crisis and Compellsation: Public Policy and Political Stability ill Japan (Princeton University Press, 1989).

9. For a recent work analysing the relationship betwccn Japanesc public works cxpenditurc allocation and national elections on a stricter theorctical model, see Nishizawa Yoshitaka and Kono Masaru, 'Nihon ni okeru Scnkyo Keizai lunkan: Soscnkyo to Seifu no Zaisci Scisaku' [Thc Japancse clectoral­economic cyclc: General elcctions and govcrnment financial policy]. Leviathan No.6 (Bokutakusha, Spring 1990).

10. Classification by constitucncy based on Okino Yasuharu, 'Scnkyo Kekka no Scnkyoku Ruikci Bunscki' [An analysis of election results classified by constituency] in Soma Masao, ed., NihollllO Sosenkyo [Gcneral clcctions in Japan] (Mainichi Shinbunsha, 1969).

242 Notes

II, Nihon Joho Kyoiku Kenkyukai, eds., ShOwa 55 /Jell Nihon 110 Hakusho [Japanese White Papers of 1980] (Seibunsha, 1980) pp. 550-1.

12. Home Finance Corpomtion (JGlaku Kinyu KOko), Shiry6 de miru Nihon no liiloku Mondoi [Japan's housing problems as seen in the records] (Jiilaku Kinyu Fukyu KyOkai, 1980) pp. 188-91. See also Statistical Bureau, General Affairs Ministry, lutoku Take; Chasa [Statistical survey of housing] (1978).

13. Tomita Nobuo, Gikoi Seiji e 110 Shiza (A view of Diet politics] (Hokuju Shuppan, 1978) pp. 17-18.

14. During election campaigns, newspapers run general, objective 'Issues' columns on [he front page; and the means by which the leading papers - for our purposes, the Asahi, Moinichi, Yomiuri and Nikkei newspapers, includ­ing [he small-type editions - select which 'issues' to highlight are near iden­tical. Each paper first examines trends in public opinion and national politics, and labels several issues for analysis. From the parties' policy sum­maries, election plans and policy-related statements, the Editorial Department then singles out those 'key words' likely to be conlested, result­ing in near-unanimity among the leading newspapers.

15. In elections between the Lockheed revelations in 1976 and July 1986, for instance, around 70 per cent of candidates convicted or at least implicated in the scandals of that era lost their seats (Asohi SliinbulI, 10 July 1986). A superlative work analysing the mutual relationships between issues, party support and shifting voting share in quantitative terms is Kabashima Ikuo, 'Soten, SeW>, Tohyo' in Walanuki Joji, Miyake Ichiro, Inoguchi Takashi and Kabashima 1kuo, Nihonji/lllO Sellkyo Kodo [The electoral behaviour of the Japanese] (Tokyo University Press, 1986).

16. As Chaplet I indicated, the JSP's plan for introducing a welfare-hypothe­cated tax had been around since tax system reform was first mooted (during the 6hira administration) by the JSP's 'tax experts' - former Deputy Party Chairmen Hori Masao (author of the 'Hori Report' published at the time of the 1985 pensions reform) and MulO Sanji, then Party Chairman Tanabe Makoto, and their 'pensions experts', includinjl: former Party Secretary Tagaya Shinnen and Lower House Dietmember Ohara Toru. The plan never reached the party mainstream, and especially after the 1989 Upper House election the Hori Report was rejected as merely a 'personal view'. The party's official policy coalesced around 'quashing the consumption tax' and the plan to hypothecate it for welfare purposes was backpedalled.

17. John C. Campbell, COIl temporary lopallese Budget Politics. op. cit. Japanese translation by Kojima Akira, Yosan Bundori: Nillongata Yosan Seiji no Kellkju (Symul Shuppansha, 1984) pp. 22-28.

18. This data comes mostly from the Upper House Budget Committee Research Office's ShOwa 63 Ilendo Zaisei Konkei Shiryiisha [Collected FY 1988 Administrative and Financial Documents].

19. There arc various means by which opposition party leaders announce their pledges and policies during the campaign. The JSP routinely uses the party chairman at the start and end of the campaign, and the party secretary in the middle, to lead its efforts; but the tactical details - timing, location and content of the pledges - depend greatly on the current situation and arc decided on a case-by-case basis, with one eye on newspaper reporting. Decisions over relatively major change to the contents of announcements

Notes 243

are made jointly in discussions between the party's chairman, secretary, policy committee chairman and publicity chief, and in times of emergency the party executive is brought into the decisions by telephone. Recent devel­opments in communications technology, such as the fax machine, have ensured that the leader of each party and his party HQ can keep one another reliably informed of just what is being announced where. As a result, announcements of campaign appeals and pledges have come to demand a yet greater degree of mobility. This information is derived from personal interviews with a JSP leader on 27 June 1990.

20. For more information on the history of the JSP, see lizuka Shigetar6, Uji Toshihiko and Habara Kiyomasa, Kello 40 lIell: Niholl Shakaito [Forty years since foundation: the Japan Socialist Party] (Gy6sei Mondai KenkyOkai, 1985).

21. On the policy-making process during the Nakasone era and the characteristics of his political leadership, see Igarashi Hitoshi, Sellgo Hoshu Seiji 110 Tellkall: '1986 Taisei' to wa [Changes in postwar Japanese conservatism: Is there a 1986 regime?], (Yupiterusha, 1987); Tanaka Zenichir6, 'Nakasone Seiken to Tenkanki no Kokkai: Dai 97 kai Kokkai - Dai 109 kai Kokkai' [The Nakasone administration and the Diet in an era of change: the 97th to 109th Diets], Nilwll Gikai Shiroku [Japanese Diet historical records], Vol. 6,1990.

22. For the details of the exchanges among the LDP and governmental leader­ship concerning the sales tax bill, much is owed to material given by jour­nalist A from the Asashi Shinbllll newspaper to a workshop (17 July 1987) to which the author contributed, but the content was confirmed by personal interviews with Dietmembers conducted independently by the author in March 1990.

23. In reality, the debate within the LDP over the sales tax was hardly exhausted, and there remained more than a few Dietmen opposed to the bill. Hatoyama Kunio (elected to Tokyo's constituency no. 8 with a base of support among small businesspeople and shopowners), who was implacably opposed to the bill and was later hauled before the party disciplinary com­mittee, identities the following reasons for his hostility. Firstly, the sales tax represented a breach of Nakasone's word. Secondly, the tax was deeply unfavourable to small businesses. Thirdly, he strongly suspected a 'secret deal' between Nakasone and big business. And fourthly, with debate yet unresolved, the Finance Ministry seemed to be trying unilaterally to force a foreign country's system on Japan (personal interview on 19 September 1990).

24. Personal interview with a certain Upper House Dietmember on 16 June 1990.

Note

The research for Part II owes much to personal interviews conducted with Hatoyama Kunio and two other LDP Dietmemhers; one Lower House memher of the JSP; Nozue Chinpei, Upper House Dietmemher, then leader of the Tax Party (Zeikillt6) and now in the LDP; and lizuka Shigetar6, then Senior Stafr Writer for the Yomiuri Shinbllll newspaper and now a professor at Nihon University. In addi-

244 Notes

tion, Yomiuri Shillbull auditing committee member Utashiro Toshiya and Upper House Budget Committee Research Office member Muramatsu Mikado gave much assistance with sources. lowe my deepest thanks to all the above.

Part III: Chllpter 4

I. Miyake Ichiro, Yamaguchi Yasushi, Muramatsu Michio and Shindi'i Eiiehi, Niholl Seiji 110 Zahyo: Sengo 40 nen 110 AYllllli [The co-ordinates of Japanese politics: 40 years of progress since the war] (Yahikaku, 1985) pp.234-42.

2. Hirose Michisada, Hojokill to Seikenlo [Subsidies and the ruling party] op. cit., pp. 98-9.

3. For more on prefectural governors in the post-high growth {:ra, see MuramatslI Michio, 'Chao Chihii Kankei no Tenkan: Chakan Dantai to shite no I'uken 0 Chashin ni' [Changes in the relationship between central and local government: a focus on prefectural governments as intermedi­aries], .Iichi Kl'llkytl Vol. 59 No.4.

4. Kawanaka Niko, "'Chiiki Scisaku" to Chiho Gyosei' ['Regional policy' and local administration!, Nellpo Seiji Gakll: Gendai Nii/Oll 110 Seito to Kanryo [Annual review of Japan Political Science Association: Parties and bureau­crats in contemporary Japan] (Iwanami Shoten, 1967) pp. 7-10.

5. It may well be that the block governors' associations, and their expanding influence over policy decisions, can be seen as an expression of growing regional corporatism in the sense of what Rhodes calls 'policy communi­ties', but more positive data is needed to settle the question. See Omori Wataru and Sato Seizaburo, eds, Nihon no Chilu) Seifu [Local government in Japan] (Tokyo University Press, 1986), pp. 253-5 and R.A. Rhodes, COlltrol (/lld Power ill Cen/ml-Local Governmen/ Relatiom' (Gower, 1981).

6. Nihon Toshi Senta [Japan Centre for CitiesJ, Toshi IIi okeru Seisaku Keisei no Arikata [Patterns of urban polIcy formation] (Dai-ichi !-loki Shuppan, 1981).

7. For the f1gures for urban administrations see Nihon Toshi Sent~. ibid., pp. 55~75.

8. Inoue Seiichi, Rillgisei Hihallronllitsuitl' I/O Ichikosatsu: Waga Kuni Gyosei Kikalllli okerulshi Kettei Katei I/O .Iissai [Rethinking criticisms of rillgisei: The practicalities of the policy decision-making process in Japanese admin­istration] (Gyosei Kanri KenkyO Senta, 1981). All descriptions of prefecture 'A' follow Inoue's classification.

9. Ibid., pp. 3-6. Tsuji Kiyoaki, Shillpan Nihon Kanryosei Kellkyii LA study of Japanese government administration (new edition)] (Tokyo Uni versity Press, 1969).

10. Seisaku Keisei, Kettei Ili kllfzsuru Slzikwzbu Shokuill Ailketo Chosa [Survey of urban administrative staff on policy formation and decision-making], 1985. The survey was conducted in June 1985 with a sample of 308 depart­ment directors and section chiefs from the cities of Mito, Hitachi, Katsuta and Tsuchiura. The questions asked adopted many of those used in the 'Survey of the realities of the policy formation process' (Seisaku Keisei

Notc

Notes 245

Kalei flO Jillai Chosa) published in Kato Tomiko et aI, ChihO Jichilai IIi

okeru Seisakll Keisei Kalei 110 Mikllro BlIllseki: Seisakll Keisei 110 Seiji Gyosei Rikigaku [A micro-level analysis of the policy formation process in local government: The political and administrative dynamics of policy for­mation] (Chih6 lichitai KenkyO Shiryo Senta, 1979), but with a numbcr of new questions deviscd by the author. The response rate was 53.4 per ccnt in Mito, 91.2 per cent in Hitachi, 100 per ccnt in Katsuta and 89.3 per cent in Tsuchiura. Thanks are duc Prof. SaW Morihiro of Tsukuba University's Social Sciences Department, for his mediation, and also for the kind cooper­ation of the mayor, deputy mayor, trcasurer, planning department staff, and of course the scction chicfs and departmcnt directors of each of the cities. Much is also owed to Hasegawa Kosuke, assistant in the Humanities Faculty at Ibaraki University, for help in writing the survey, and to the stu­dents of my seminar then held in the Social Sciences Department of that university and department for their assistance in compiling its results.

A number of interviews and discussions, in addition to the survey extensively quoted, contributed to the writing of this chapter. Those to whose cooperation I owe much include: a number of executive-level oflkials from Ibaraki prefecturc and from each of the cities surveyed; one town mayor; a number of Dietmembers (including somc elected from prefecture 'A'); the executives of prefecture 'A's LDP prcfectural league( all of whom were prefectural assembly members); a number of newspaper reporters; and Okubo Term), then deputy hcad of the National Association of Govcrnors' Research Department and now a professor at Chuo Gakuin University. The students and ex-students of my then seminar at Ibaraki University assisted by interviewing a series of officials at prefectural, city, town and village levels, putting a set list of questions to them. lowe a great dcbt of thanks to all thc above. Finally, I am deeply indebted to Professor Yorimoto Katsumi, of Waseda UniversityDepartment of Political Science and Economics, who cast his eye over the draft and made a great many helpful comments.

Chapter 5

I. For some superb work on case studies of such policy arcas as this, see Akizuki Kengo, 'Hi-rutin-gata Seisaku to Seifukan Kankei: Kansai Kokusai Shin Kuko Keikaku 0 meguru Seiji to Gyosei' [Non-routine policy and inter­administration relationships: Politics, bureaucracy and the planned New Kansai International Airport], Hiigakll RO/l.wJ Vol. 122 No.3 to Vol. 124 No.2.

2. See the second report of the Tokyo City Government Office Construction Consultative Council, published in May 1974.

3. Reprinted in lwashita Kyoz6, 'Shin Tochosha ni mukete: Gyokaku no lisshi Hoshin' [Towards new offices for Tokyo Metropolitan Government: Plans to implement administrative reformj, Toseijin [City Administrator] (February 1987).

246 Notes

4. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Tokyo-to Shill Hom Kellsetsu Keikaku KillOn Koso [Basic plan for constructing Tokyo City Hall] (August 1985).

5. The five points listed here and their implications were first suggested during an interview on 15 July 1989 with Tsukada Hiroyasu, then a repOlter and now Deputy Social Affairs Editor on Tokyo Shillbufl newspaper, who undertook contemporaneous research and interviews on the relocation/City Hall issue.

6. 'Tokyo Shiti Horu Kensetsu Shingikai Toshin' [Report of the Tokyo City Hall Construction Consultative Council] (24 December 1984).

7. See Toseijill Editorial Department, 'Mai Taun Tokyo' 81: Tokyo-to Sogo lisshi Keikaku no Igi' [My Town Tokyo '81: The significance of the Tokyo Overall Plan], Toseijill (March 1981); Tsukada Hiroyasu, 'Tokyo-to Sogo lisshi Keikaku to Tocha no Shinjuku Iten Mondai' [The Tokyo Overall Plan and government office relocation], Toseijin (November 1983).

8. 'Tokyo Shiti Hom Kensetsu Koso Kondankai Hokokusho: Niju-isseiki ni mukete Hatten Suru Tokyo no Shimboru 0 Mezashite' [Report of the Tokyo City Hall Construction KOlldallkai: Pointing out the symbols of Tokyo's evolution into the 21 st Century j (25 November 1983).

9. Toseijill (April 1984), op. cit.; interview with members of assembly ruling party, 27 January 1989.

10. Tokyo City Hall Construction Consultative Council Report, op. cit. I I. City Public Employees' Executive Committee, 'Shiti Hom' MOlUiai Ilitsllite

110 Toc/u) SllOku Hoshill [City Public Employees Union's Policy on the 'City Hall' Issue] (I August 1985).

12. Results of Tokyo City public Employees City Hall Issue Investigation Committee, 'Questionnaire Survey on the City Hall Issue' (5-7 August 1985).

13. Tokyo Ku Employees' Union and Tokyo City public Employees' Union, 'Watashitachi Tocho Shokuin wa "Shiti Hom" Shin Chasha no Shinjuku Iten ni Hantai Desu' [We, the Tokyo City Public Employees, are against the new 'City Hall' premises and the relocation to Shinjuku] (September 1985).

14. See rcports in Tokyo Shinbw/ newspaper (13-27 September 1985). 15. Intcrvicw with Ishimaru Yuji, Sccretary-General of the Ginza Shops and

Firms Association. 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. Interview with Hayashi Ikuo, thcn director of coordination in the city

Planning and Publicity Orticc and now director of the city Planning Departmcnt, 30 lune 1989. Scc also Tokyo Shillbun, 10 February and 14 Scptcmber 1985.

19. Ibid. 20. Interview with Tokyo City public employee. 21. Interview with Hayashi Ikuo, 9 and 30 June 1989 (op. cit.). 22. Interview with Ishimaru Yuji, op. cit. 23. Intervicw with Hayashi Ikuo, op. cit. 24. Interview with Lower House Dietmember Kosugi Takashi, of Tokyo third

constituency, on 8 July 1989. 25. Interview with Akiba Nobuyuki, LOP Tokyo City Lcague Secretary­

General, on 8 July 1989.

Notes 247

26. Ibid. 27. Tokyo Shillbull (8, 13 September 1985). 28. Records of the Proceedings of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly, No. 11

(12 September 1985) 29. Taken from shorthand notes of the General Life and Culture Committee,

nos. 17-18 (20 & 21 September 1985). 30. Ibid., no. 19 (24 September 1985). 31. Records of the Proceedings of the Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly,

Nos. 12-13 (18 and 19 September 1985) 32. Ibid., No. 12. 33. Ibid., No. 15 (30 September 1985), and Tokyo Shillbull (14 September

1985). 34. Ibid., No. 15, and 'Supplementary Resolutions', items 1-4, in the Report on

the Deliberations of the General Life and Culture Committee. 35. Tsukada Hiroyasu, 'Shitl Horu ni Hajimari Shitl Horu ni Owaru' lIt started

and finished with the City Hall], Toseijill (December 1985). 36. Okubo Kazuo and Ohara Kunio (in conversation), 'Tokyo-to 61 Nen Yosan

(Saishuan) no Haikei to Tokucho: Chiji Shudo de dashita Suzuki-shoku' IThe background and characteristics of the 1986 Tokyo Final Budget Bill: Gubernatorial leadership Suzuki-style]. Toseijill (May 1986).

37. Fujisawa Shik6 and Murohashi Akira (in conversation), 'Togikai-giin oi ni Kataru: Takeshita Naikaku no Tanjo to Suzuki Tosei no Kongo' [A good long talk with Tokyo City Assembly members: the birth of the Takeshita Cabinet and the future of the Suzuki administration], Toseijill (November 1987).

38. See Aberbach et ai., Bureaucrats alld Politicialls ill Western Democracies, op. cit., p. 3.

Note

The information in this chapter is mostly derived from data collected in personal interviews with a number of people: Tokyo Metropolitan Government executives, Tokyo Metropolitan Assembly members, National Diet members elected from Tokyo, staff of the Tokyo City LOP League General Affairs Department, newspa­per journalists and staff from interest groups. I would like to offer my thanks to all those who gave their time in this way. My especial gratitude goes to Sasaki Nobuo, Professor of Chuo University and former Tokyo city executive; Tsukada Hiroyasu, then reporter in charge of the relocation story and now Deputy Social Affairs Editor on the Tokyo Shillbllll; and Numao Fumihisa, researcher at the Tokyo City Government Research Centre. Most of the written sources used in this chapter appear thanks to the work of the latter, who sat in on the interviews. To all those listed here, I am, as I have said, deeply grateful.

Index

'1955 regime', 8, 60,69, 74,104,114, 125-6

see also conservative confederation Abe Shintaro, 73, 152-4 administration, see bureaucracy agricultural produce imports, libcralization,

170 'Alliance for a New Socialist Pm1y'

(Afarashii Shakaill5 a Tsukuru K(/i), 54 alllaklulari, 76, 90, 93,161, 163, 179-80 Andropov, YUJi, 139 appropriation requests (gaisall Yl)kyt1), 161,

166 see also budget, local governmcnt

Arima Motoharu, 38, 45 Ashida administration, 131

'baby triangle' (kogafa lUi sallk(/kukei), 91 Bank of Japan, 109 'brain' politics, 64, 72, 92, 151 'booms' and' moods'. 97

see also Tanaka boom, Otaka-san boom, Rellli K(/izl) boom

budget, 129, 152, 173 allocation, 129-30, 159. 162, 164, 166,

205 decisions, 129 'demand documents' (Yl)bl)sIUi), 164, 168,

170,181 demands from local government, 160-1,

163, 165, 168, 174 expenditure, 112 formation, 129-30, 145, 147 'off-book share', 167 provisional, 130-2, 147 'summer and winter battles' (lIaf.I'UI/O jill

andjiIYllllojill),166 supplementary, 148-51 see also Diet Budgct Committee

Bud6kan, 219, 223 bureaucracy, 2, 15,53,61-·2,67-70,72-8,

89,92,94,96, 104, 129,205 'administrativc guidancc' (gYl)sei shidl!),

76,167 'administrative leadership' politics, 61,

64,65,68,75-77 long-term view, 63 rel:lIions with ))51'. 56

relations with JSP, 55 relations with opposition, 57 in Tokyo, 209-10, 233

business and finance, 64-5, 92, III, 150,243 corporate political donations, 135, 175 in local politics, 197-8

by-products, political, 15-16,60-1, 147

Campbell, John c., 5,129 'Capital Regeneration Plan' (ShllfO Kaizli

Keikakll, 1985), 208, 224 see also Tokyo

China, People's Republic of, 119, 133, 136 China boom, 71 Cultural Revolution, 133 normalization of rclations, 71, 134

Clu)sakai, see Public Pensions Research Subcommittee

Chilli IOppa (frontal breakthrough) tactics, 146

City Hall Study GI'OUP, see GI'OUp of 18 'Civil Minimum' theory, see Matsushita

Keiichi client-oriented politics, 65, 83, 93-6, 233 coalitions, 139 'collateral incentives', 231

see a/so Tokyo City Hall relocation confrontational politics, 4 'consensus politics', 87 conservative confederation (hoshll MlydtJ),

69, 79 Conservative parties, see Liberal

Democratic Party constitulion, 2, 51, 54

Article 9, 133 preservalion, 133 revision, 133-4 see a/so Self-Defence Forces

consultative councils (shingikai), 15, 16,30, 49,91,189-90,199,204,206,210, 211-12

consllmption tax, 125, 127-9, 140, 143-4, 147-51.155,226

hypothecation for welfare spending, 128, 242

corporate I{/issez~r{/i,.e faction Uiya }/l)llin-hll),90

col1lpare regulation faction (TlJ.~ei-}Ill)

248

Index 249

corruption, political, 73, 143 currency crisis, 122

Democrntic Club, 215-16, 218, 226 Democrntic Socialist Party (DSP,

Millshal(1), 22, 45, 50, 53, 56-7,59, 120, 134-6, 140-1, 146, 149-50

d 'Hondt method (of proportional representation " 58

Diet (parliament), 3,5,7, 13,23,34,40, 45-9,53-9,104,129-30,136,141, 147,153-4,225,233

'administrative reform Diet', 145 Budget COlnmiuee, 152-3 committcc-centred system, 81 debate, 58,60 Diet pol ilies, 87 di~solution, 145-8 House of Councillors (San'in, Upper

House),8, 19-20,22,47, SO, 74, 83, 86,103,109,125,136,222

House Management Commillee (Gillll'i), 16. 58, 65, 83, 88

House Managementwku (Giull toku), 83 Hou~e of Representatives (SMill, Lower

House), 8, 19--20, 22, 44,47, 50, 83, 103, 109-10, 112, 123, 125, 130, Ll6, 169,220,224

number of seats, 148 Speaker, 153--4 Standing Commillee Research

Depllrtmcnt, 46, 238 Diet members

Dietmember Union.~/Lcngues (giin rel.lllei), 84

and local government, 162--5, 169-70, 172,174-5,177-8,204-5

and Tokyo, 206,220, 222,224-7,233 see a/.m Diel, indi vid ual parties, zolcu

diet sl ralegy Diet Slmiegy Committee (Kakutai), 16,

58,62,65,83,87-8 Diet strategy politics (Kakutai seiji), 65,

67,83,87 Diet Stratcgy wkll (Kakutai zakll), 58,

83 IDlI!lsllbstenlion, 146 see (I/sa wkll Diet member pol it ics,

N«gatacl/t1 poli tics disarmament and neutrality, 122, 140 'distortion phenomenon', 130 Doi Takako, 98, 133, 139-40 DokG Toshio, 151

see illsl} SARC2 DOlllei, see IIlIder unions

dominant party member politics ljilsuryakllslla seiji), 65,67,72, 85, 152-3, 156, 161

Eastern Europe, collap.~e of socialism in, 129,140

'Economic Nationllli~m' , 91 economy and elections, 105-7, 111-18, 135

deli cit Ii naneing, 129, 147 GNP growth, 106-8 interest rutes, 109 prices, 109

Edo-Tokyo Museum, 219,223 elections, 6, 8, 23,57,59,64,97-8, 103ff

agenda selling, 104 byelections, 144, 152, 155 campaigns, 103, 126 candidates, 103, 104, 109, 127-8 and disposable income, 105 finance, 103, 105,111 and GNP, J08 issues, 104, 118-21, 123, 125-7, 129,

149,242 local, 103, 144, 152, 155 national, 103--4, 144, ISS, 232 policy appeals, 103-4 proportional representation, 145 re~ults, 123, 125, 135--6, 139 ~hare of the vote, 111-18, 125, 242 timing, lOS, 108-9, III, 118, 123, 130,

145, 147, 156 in Tokyo, 2 13 US presidential elections, 103, I 06--9

Election System Consu Itali ve Council, 93 'elecloml-eeonomic cycle', 104,105 electoral ~ystelNl, 107 electorate, 65, 71,89, 104, 112, 140, 143,

145 'tick leness', 125-<) 'fixed vote', 97 'nonti ng volers' , 97 local eleclomle, 197-9 voti ng behav iou r, I 04

elite accommodation politics, 65, 89--93 see also triple alii ance, liberal

cofl)omtism elites, political and ad min iSlmtive, 66, 89 elldaka (high yen) crisis, 147, 148, ISO, 232 Bnj~i Jiro, 215

.fee iI/.fa Tokyo City Hall Construction Plan Kalldallkai

environmental and diilllmmment policy, 99

factions, 65, 69-74, 79--80, 85, 95, 13S competing faclions, 70,79, 127

250 Index

fact ions - i'ominllell factiollal politics (Imba1911 seiji), 65, 67,

72. 78-SO. 87 faction leaders, 156 fact ions wit hi n factions, 73 Fukuda faction, 70 in local po Ii I its, 202, 233 Tanaka faclion (later Takeshita faction).

70-2 Takeshita faction (Sdseik(Ii), 73, 151 veto-wielding, /!ege'lIOnic factions, 72-3,

79-80 financial crisi$, see IlIIder admillislrative

and financial reforms Frey, B.S., 105. 108 • Ii nancinl reconstruction without tax rises' ,

55,61-2,147,209 see (lbo ad mi ni stmt i ve and Ii nancial

refonns 'Fourlh Basic Ovemll National

Development PIIIJ\', (YonlellSo; 1987), 210,224

Fujii Tomio, 229 Fujii Statement, 227 see /liso K iimeiro

Fuknyn Takashi, 220 see /I/so Tokyo liakh

Fukuda Tllkeo, 70-1, 148 Fuku.flli Gmmen (Slaning yeas for welfare),

38,57, 122

Galbmith, John Kenneth, 69 gel! '/1/1 shillloll (passing of law unamended),

189 see ab!) local government

German Democmtic RepUblic, 139 Ginza Shops and firms Associ III ion

(Gillw-tit'Jrj ReltgOkai), 219-21,224 and JCP, 220 see also Ishimaru YDji, Tokyo,

YlirakucM Association go·riyaku (divine favour), 82

see abo zoku Dielmember politics go·.mnke (Big Three Diet commillees), 82

see abo zokll Dietmember politiCS GoWda Mn!!lIharu, 73,86, 152-4 government, 22, 46,49, 50-2, 54, 58-9, 62,

68,77,81,85,97, 104, 119-20,123, 128, 133-5, 143-6, 150, 152, 168, 170-2, 190, 205-6

Cabinet, 52, 68, 126,233 centre-regions relationship, 5, 8, %,

159-162, 164-6, 168, 170, 178, 197-200,205,206,210

elecl ion plat form, 119, 126--8

Governmcnt executive politics, 67-77, 100

manipulation of campaign issues, 123 parity with Opposilion, 140-1 see also regional government

governors, 161-6, 171, 173-5, 177-80, 185, 187-9

budget assessmenl, 182-3 Kanto Governors' A!ilIocialion, 172 leadership, 179-80 lieutenant-governors, 182-5, 187 think lanks lind 'bmins', 179-80 .fee "Iso loclil admi nistmtion, local

govemmenl, multi-prefecture blocks 'grent-sphere lIutonomy', 160 G mup of 18 UOllacll;I/;n shQ), 212, 222, 225,

228 see also Tokyo

Gulf War, 139

Hamada Takujirt'i, 32-3, 38, 4S II(II/ko (seal), 185

see "bo rjllgi.f/to Ham Bunpei, 222 Hashimoto Ryllllrt'i, 38, 42. 128 Hatoyama Kunio, 220, 243

see a/so Tokyo ookku health insurance reform, 17, 18,45 high-speed growlh, economic, 4, 91

post high-speed growth era, 160, 163--5, 190,205,208

Hiraishi MlL'llltaril, 32-3,45, 55 Hirose M ichisadll, III Hitachi City, 191-203 Hokel/s"ill, see ullde r Social In8u rance

Consultllli ve Council HonshO-S hikoku Bridge (HO//ShiluJ -k.yO),

171 home ownership, 114---18 IIOIme negotiations, 87-8

compare Tn/emae polilics Hori MaSllO, 242

lbaraki prefecture, 167-9, 173-7,202 Ikeda Hayato, 70, 87 Imai Isamu, 32-3, 34, 38, 45 Imperial Assembly (pre-war), 46 lnagllki Jitsuo, 32, 38, 45 influence, poJi tical, 6-8, 61-2, 64--5, 89,

205 influence microsystems, 66, 89, 92, 100 inftuence rellllionships, 6--8, 13, 14, IS,

61-2,64,78,89,177, J93-7,201 in formation society, 208 Inoguchi Takashi, 3

Illdex 251

Inoue Seiichi, 184 'inquiry politics', ,fee 'brain politics' iDlerest groups, 4, 65,66,81,83,89,93-6,

104,127,170,197-8,206,223,224, 234

apportioning interest between, 107,233 mediation between, 4, 7, 13,61,83, 107,

169,171-2,205 interest politics, 4. 14, 61

i nleresl ind ucement pol ilies (,iek; -yudo seiji), 65, 95-{i

inlereslallocation politics, 93 local interest pol ities, I 59 ve.~led i nlerests, 95

internationalization, 208 bhibMhi Masaji, 122. 136. 138-40, 147,

149 Ishimoru Yllii. 219-20 Ishimoto Shigcru, 32, 38 'issue encourage ment', 128-9 'Iwate shock', 152-3

Japan CeDI re for Cities, 18 1 Japan Communist Party (JCP), 22,45,49,

50,53,56-7, 112,114, 117, 133--6, 140-1,149

'adventurism', 140 'better government' (Jorimas"; IIU seiju),

140 'missing outlhe Communists', 57,59 'regency of the proletariat', 140 in Tokyo, 216,218,220,227,228,

229-31 Japan Medical Association (NihOlllshikai),

14,94,175 see (1/.vo San.Thi/mi

Japan National Rail pension fund, nnancial problems, 23,29,39,62, 148, 156

Japan Socialist Party (lSP, Shako/Iii), 22. 30,32-4,45,48,49-52,54,57,88,98, 112, 114, 117, 120, 133-41, 146-7, 149-50,152,174,242

'New JSP', 136-7, 139 in Tokyo, 216, 218,220,228,229-30

Japan TelC{;om, 156 Japan Young Proprietors' Commerce

Association (JC),213 .fee al.w Tokyo

jilllllyak" (networking), 76,88,92,99, 179-80

Johnson, Chalmers,S Joint Japan--China Statement, 135

Kaifu Toshiki, 13.93,98, 129 kai -jrYm.fu, 191

.Tee also local government kakushilljicllilai {'reformist local

government'),57 Kanemaru Shin, 74, 86,88, 148, 152-4 Kan Naoto, 45 Kalilei, .vee prime minister 'Kashima method', 164

.fee also local government, petitioning Kasuya Shigeru, 225 Kasholuke (positioning), 94 Katayama cabinet, 131 Kat(! Mutsuk i, 15 Kalsuta City, 191-203 Kawashima ShOj iT(!, 87 Keid/J.llrell (Fedemtion of Economic

OrganiZlltions), 89-92, I S I Kishi Nobusuke, 70, 86, 134 Kita·Kant(! Hlock PARC Chairmen's

Conference, 173 see abo PARC

kOildankai (informal discussion groups), 211-12,222

.Tee also Tokyo City Hall Construction Plan Kondankai

kiie"kai (constituency support orgoniZlltion), 95, 172

ElsutDnkai, see Iinder Tanaka Kakuei Koga K(!snke, 42, 48 Kdine; Porty (Kullleili1), 22, 32-3,45,

49-50,52,55-7,112,120,134-{i, 140-1, 146, 149-50

in Tokyo, 21 S, 226, 221, 229 KiJllellbtlktli, .vee under Social Insurance

Consultative Council Korell, North lind South, 119, 136, 138-40 Kuri harn Y (i;6, 73 KUI'(!i Shiri (Black Mist) scandal, 12S

land price.~, 143,232 LOP-finance Ministry politics, 65,74-5 legis lation,

Anti-Monopoly Law Amendment (1977), 43

Child Welfare Act (1978), 55 dealmaking, 58, 6S Election to Public Office Law (1982), 86 Equal Opportunity in Employment

(1985),43 Health Insurance Act 1984, 14, 17,20,

22,33.45,61-2,123,155 Law to Promote Multipolar, Dispersed

Use of National Land (Takyokll Bllluallgata Koklldo Keisei Sokusllin H6, 1988),210

legislative process,S, 7, 8, 13

252 Index

legislation - cOlltillued local government legislation, In Mutual Aid Integration Law (1983), 22 National Pensions Law (1964), 24 National Pension/Welfare Pcnsion Law

Amcndmcnt( 1985), 19-20, 22, 4(), 46,53,61-2,64,123,155

Protection against Espionage Law (1986), 148

Sales Tax Bill (1987), 86 Lehmbruch, Gerhard, 91 liberal corporatism politics, 65, 89 -93

see also elite accommodation politics Liberal Democratic Party (LOP, Jilllinul),

4,17,32-3,37,42,44,45,47-50, 53-6,58-9,61,65,68-70,74-81, 83-93,112,114-15,117-18,123, 125,127-30,113-6,118,140-·1, 143-53,155-6,1613,174,180,226, 231

'alliance of factions', 79 'new leaders', 154; see also Takeshita

Noboru, Miyazawa Kiichi, Abe Shintaro

party cxecutives (toUi/three top posts, /6 yon/Will yaku), 68, 74-5, 85, 152, 162

party president, 73, 80, 85, 150, 155 prefecturallcagucs (kellrell), 162, 164,

170, 174--5, 177-8, 181.205.226 Tax Affairs Research Committee

(T6zeidul), 75 Tokyo League (Jill/ill/f) /orm), 210,

212-3.215.218.221-~223.225-7

youngcr members. 146. 225 see also factions. primc minister. zoku.

government 'lobbying'. 161. 164, 169, 174 local administrators, 160-2, 166, 177. 190.

202 assistant section chief (kaclu) hosa), 185.

187,189.194-5 chief clerk (kakaric/uj), 185. 187, 189,

194-5 depallment directors (buclul), 162, 185.

187.192-6,201-4.223 finance depaI1ment. 181--2, 187, 192,

1969,201 gcneral affairs department. 182, 189, 192 internal decision-making. 180- 7 participation by officials in

decision-making. 192. 197 personnel, 179, 196 planning department. 179. 183. 192.

196-7.201

section chicfs (kach(l), 162, 166, 179, HIS, 187. 189. 192-6,201,203-4

survey of, 191-205, 244-5 see also govcrnors, local government,

rillgisei local government, 159, 167, 187,205

budgets, 163-7, 177, 180-3, 187,202, 205

control by ccntral govcrnment. 159-60, 167

and Dictmcmbcrs. 162-5, 169-70, 172, 174-5, 177-8,204-5

local assemblies, 165-6. 172, 174, 178. 181,183-4.190.197-205

locally-sourced funding, 191 mayors, 169, 191-2, 197-201 municipalities, 160, 162, 165-8, 173,

177.182,190-205,206,213.,218 planning, 160, 166, 168,233 policy-making, 159, 163-5, 172. 175-7,

179,189-91.193,203-5 prcfectures, 160-1. 168, 170, 173.

197-200,205206 subsidics (llOjokill). 160-1, 163-9. 174.

190-1 transfcr of power to regions, 167,205 see also governors. LDP prefcctural

leagues. rillgisei Lockheed scandal, 97-8. 125. 130, 135,

140.242 see also Tanaka Kakuei

l.ower House, see ullder Diet Lowi, Theodorc J., see 'policies cause

politics' hypothesis

IIIlIChiZllkllri. 191 see also IIlllrtwkoshi

Marti Kei financing, 115 Maru Ya system, abolition of. 145, 148 mass mcdia. 28, 30, 65, 69, 71-2, 96--7,

104,162 Akallll/ll, 53, ASllhi Shillbllll. 118.242 Maillichi Shillbull, 126,242 newspapers and elections. 242 Nilum Keizai Shillbllll, 242 press clubs. 92 Tokyo Shillbull. 212. 217 TV political programmes, 97 TV talcnts ('/arell/O'), 97 YOlllillri Shillbull. 29, 242 see also public opinion politics

Matsushita Keiichi, 2, 3 Miki Takeo, 65, 70. 87, 98, 130, 148

Index 253

Ministry of Finnncc (allras/If!), 16,27,34, 49,65,74-5,77,129,152,155-6, 243

Budget Bureau, 27, 48, 75, 162-3 original draft budge! (6IcurlI.'/W gen 'till),

161, 166 tax reform plans, 144

Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW),13-59

Health InsnmllCe Bureau, 23 Pensions Bureau, 13, I 5, 20, 22, 44 Social Welfare Bureau, 14

Mini st ry of Home A ffa irs (J i elii.' Il(1), 27, 39, 49, 168, 171-2

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI, Tsarall.r/w}, 5

Ministry ofTmnspon (Uny"r/,d), 1 71 Minobe Ry&ichi, 207, 211,217

see also Tokyo Governor MITI,.rtf! Ministry of International Trade

and Industry MitoCity, 191-203 Miyamoto Kenji, 140 Miyazawa Kiichi, 74, 1 SO, 152, 154 Mochizuki, Mike, 5,59 modemi ZIllion -democrali zalion parad igm,

1-4,6 'moncy politics', 71, 97,143 monolithic bureaucratic rule, 2, 3, 5, 8, 205 Morii Taday08hi, 32 Morishita Motoharu, 38 multi-centred (/llSliill-gala) cily, 210, 214,

222 multi-prefecture blocks, 171-2, 178

see also governors, local government, NAG

Muramatsu Michio, 3,8 IUurartk/ArM, 191

see (lb.) IIIaclijzub ri Murayama Tatsuo, 26 Murayomo Tomiichi, 45, 48 mulual aid pensions, 57 'My Town - Tokyo', 207, 208, 210, 214

,ree IIlso Tokyo, Tokyo Melropolitao Government

NClgtllOclu'f (LOP headquaners) politics, 64-5,67,77-87

.ree also factional politics, tokll Oietmember politics, dominant pany me mber politics

Nagoya City, 192 Nakano Tetsuw. 32-3, 55 Nakasone Yasuhiro, 14,45,65,72-3,92,

98,130,150-1,153-6,209,232

defence policy, 150 Tanakasone cabinets, 73 tax reforms, 104, 143-156, 243 .tee abo Yasukuni Shrine

National Alliance against Tax Rises (HOIltnzei Kllkumill RengiT}, 144

National Association of GovemoIli (NAG), 170-1

National Federation of Agrieullural Cooperatives (Zellkoku ClIOOkai), 170

see lIisiI NtJk.y(i Nlilional Land Agency, 172,208,210,

224-5 see a/so 'Capital Regeneration Plan'

National Pensions Consultative Council (Kok.utlellsl,i,,), 18,21-2,31,33-4,37

National Police Agency, 225 N alion aJ Social Se<:urity Council

(ZellslwkyiTJ, 14, lIelllawa.r/ti (consultation) proce~~, 15,42,

181,183-4,201,205 networks, .ree jillll/yoku neutrality, 122 Nelv Dec/uratilll' (JSP doeumenl), 138-9

see also Tile Patll t(l Socialism ill JI/pall New Liberal Club, 117,135-6, 147

see al,WI Liberal Democratic Party New Japan Ste<:l (Shil' Nichl Tef$u), 90 Nikaid(l Su~umu, 45, 48,62,86,224-5 Nikkei index, 109-11 Ni/(keirtl' (Japan Federation of EmployeIli'

Organi 1.atioas), 35, 37 Nishikawa Taichin'l, 215

see (llso Democratic Club Niwa YOyIl, 45, 48 Nixon, Richard M_, 71 Niikyi1 (Agricultural Cooperative), 93, 170,

175 'non-routi ne' policy, 4 Nordhau~, W.O., 105

see als(I ·political-busine.qs cycle' Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, 134 Numakawa Yilichi, 55

Obuchi Masayoshi, 45 office aulomalion, 209, 217, 223, 227,

230-1,232 orn cials, see bureaucrncy amra Ti!rU, 33-4,45,46,48,50,52,54-6,

242 (],a.qhi Toshio, 33,45, 55-6 a,i ra MasaY08hi, 70, 143, 155

sudden death or, 144 Oil Shocks (l97311nd 1979), 17.24, 122 Oishi Senpachi, 32, 38

254 Index

Okinawa, 119, 134 Okinawa Restoration Agreement, 130

Okita Sabu~ 212, 216, 222 see abo Tokyo City Hall Con~truction

Consultative Council Okochi Kazuo, 31 one per cent cei ling on de fence spendi ng,

147,151 'one-sided peace'. 119 600 Banboku, 86 6\0 Michinori, 29 opposition panies, 7, 14, 15,46, 48-9,

53-4,56-62,71,78,83,87-9,119-20, 127, 129-30, 140, 142, 144-50, 152-3, 156,162,227,228,231

foreign and derence policy, 133-5, 139-41

i ncreasingl y conservat i ve slant in local government, 174-6, 181, 190

policy al elections, lJ 8, 130, 133, 135, 138, 145; see Ilbo policy-making III

elections see abo J IIp!ln Sociali Sl PlIny,

Democratic Socialist Pany, Japan Communist Pany, KiillleiUi, Slwmirlrtli

Otaka-san boom, 98 .ree (//so Doi Takako

Olake Hideo, 3 Oyama Michio, 35-6 Ozawa Tatsuo, 38, 45.46, 48

Pacific Wllr, see Second World War parH amentary cllbi net -style system, 234 pllrti cipatory democracy, 2 PillII If I SocialislII in JtlPUI'. The (NillOnni

oke fII Shak/lis/lUgi /10 M kill, J SP declarlltion), 137, 139

I'cmpel, T. J" 6 Pcnsions Bureau, .ree IIIlder MHW pensions reform ( 1985), 13ff

'standard' versus 'basic' pension, 34, 37, 50-I

tax-based versus social insurance, 52 un ificllt ion of pensions system, 5 I pension uprating, 53-4 see al.ro Pensions Bureau

pensions policy, .ree pensions reform PelUiOI/.f - Wltal Now? (lep document), 53 'petitioning' (clti"jii), 94, 161, 169

petit ion pol ities (e/I/lljO seiji), 65, 94-6 'pluralist' model, 3-6.8,9 'plural ist stagnat ion', [40 'policies cause politics' hypothesis, 7, 8, 14,

61

Policy Affairs Resem:h Council, LDP (PARC, Sekllooll), 14, 37,38,42,65, 67,70,72,74-5,79,81,94,100, 128-9

bukai (divisions), 38,79 Deliberali ve Cou ncil (Seie/IOka;

Sllillgikai),43 prefeclUralleague PARCs, 172-3, 178 Secretariat, 237-8 Social Affairs Diy ision. 38--42, 238 .ree also Public Pensions Research

Subcommittee 'policy community', 207 policy formation, 14,69 policy making at elections, 103-5, 107-

agriculture, 112, 128, 152 constitution, 104, 120, 126 defence, 104, 119-20, 122, 133-5,

145--6, 147 economic policy, 107, 114, 119, 126 ed ucation, 1 04, 145 ethics and democrati zation, 119, 123-6,

145,147, 149 foreign affairs and trade, 104, 119-20,

133-5, 148 housing, I 14-18 prices, 104, 119 social welfare policy, 104, 114, 119, 122 ta~, [04, 123, 125-6, 128-9, 143-56

'political brands', 109 'political-business cycle'. I 04, I 07 polit ical reform, 98 postwar democracy, I postwar reconstruction, 122 postwar treutment, Japan's. 4 predomi nllnt Pllrty system, 59 prime minister, 65, 67-74,85,92, 147, 150,

156,170 Kall/el polilics, 64, 65,67,68-74,85,92,

153 'presidential' prime minister, 73 prime minister's orfice (Ktilltei), S0, 92,

153-4 procedu re, poli t iCllI, 3, 7, 61 'progress ad ministration' (sllillkiJ karl r/),

181 see alsa local government

public opinion, 27-9, 64,69,96--8, ISS public opinion polities, 65, 96-8 Public Pensions Research Subcommittee

(PPRS, Cllt'J$akai), LDP, 18,21,29, 33,37-44

Rccru it scandal, 98, 125-6. 128 .ree al.ro Takeshita Noboru

Index 255

Reed, Steven R" 5, 95 reforms, administrative and financial, 14,

16f1; 62, 72, 92,143-5,147,151,207, 208,232

financial crisis, 24, 72, 122,208,232 see also tax reform, pensions reform,

health insurance reform, political reform

'regime choice', 129 regional government, see local government regulation faction (tijsei-IIl/), 90

c(lmpare corporatc laissez1aire faction Retlll Kllizl) boom, 65, 71, 97

see also Tanaka Kakuei Rhodes, R,A" 207

see also 'policy community' rice prices and liberalization, 65, 100, 129,

145,171 rillRisei (group-circulated decision-making),

184-7,190,205 daiketsll (substitute approval), 186, 189 I/lOchimllwari kessai ('round robin'), 185 Prefectural Office Approval Regulations,

185 rillRislw (document for circulation), 184,

187, 190,205 sel/ketSll shori (specified sanctioner

system), 185, 189 see also local government

'routine' policy, 4 ruling party, 7, 22, 55,61,67-70,77-8,85,

119,202,227,228,231-2 ruling party scrutiny (yo/ii shiIlSIl), 68, 82 see also government, Liberal Democratic

Party

Saitama Mayors' Association, 218 Saitama-Tokyo rail link, 223 Saito Jln'o, 32-3, 38 San Francisco Peace Treaty, 69 Sallkllkll Daifllkll, 70

see also Miki Takeo, Tanaka Kakuei, Ohira Masayoshi, Fukuda Takeo

Sallshikai (Three medical associations), 14, 41

Santama, 226, 229 Sllllyakll KaiRi (three executives

committee), 191 see also local government municipalities

SARC2 (Second Special Administrative Research Council, Dililli Ri1/(.'llIi), 17, 18,21,29,34,39,44,51-2,65,72,92, 151

see also administrative and financial reforms

Sato Eisaku, 70, 73, 87, 134 'second government', 78

see also NaRataclll) politics Second Special Administrative Research

Council, see SARC2 Second World War, 120, 130 Seidoshill (Social Security System

Consultative Council), 18-19,22, 30, 31-5, 37-8, 50--2, 55

SeiklJ7iltei (bureaucracy high, party low), 62-3

see also TI)kif Seitei self-defence, right to, 134 Sclf-Oefence Forces (SDF), 57

posting overseas, 134 (un)constitutionalityof, 122, 134, 139,

141-2 'unconstitutional hut legal', 138, 147

sellsllli boei (purely defensive defence), 141 SIll/mil/I'm (Social Democratic Alliancc,

SDA) 22 'shape of social security to comc, The'

(1975),20 sharif Wkll, see Social and Labour Affairs

Committees Shiina Etsuzaburo, 86 silillRikai, see consultative councils Shinohara Hajimc, 92 shi/SllllWIl dori (collecting questions from

local assembly), 187, 189 see also local government

Six Local Organizations (chihll roklli/antai), 170--1

Social and Labour Affairs Committees, Diet (SLAC, sha/'(», 15, 19,22,32-3,38, 45,46,48,52,57-8

sluml hosses, 39, 46 slum) zoku, 45, 54-5

Social Insurance Consultative Coullcil (Hokellshill)

Welfare Pcnsions Division (K'll/eniJukai), 18,21,31,33-7,40,49,52,54

Social Security from hereon (MHW Whitc Paper, 1975),21,24,27

Social Security System Consultative Council, see Seidoshin

SI)hyli, see ul/der unions SOlleda Ikuo, 38,42 ,WI-.fII17lmri, 79 'Special Committee method' (rindu)

IUlshiki), 72 Standing Committee Rescarch Department,

see IInder Diet Structural Impediments Initiative talks

(1990),100,150

256 Index

'supplementary rcsolutions', 231-2,233 'Survey of opinion formers on pensions in

thc2lstccntury' (MHW, 1983), 18, 21,29-30,52

Suzuki Shun'ichi, 208-11, 220, 222-5, 232-3

see also Tokyo, Tokyo Mctropolitan Govcrnment, Tokyo Governor

Suzuki Zenko, 71, 143-4

Tagaya Shinnen, 45, 46, 48, 50, 54-6, 242 Taiwan, 70 Takcshita Noboru, 48, 73, 86, 125,127,

151-4 election as LDP leader, 155 and tax, 155 veto-wielding t~1ction, see III/der factions

Tanabe Makoto, 88, 139,242 Tanaka Kakuei, 65, 69-71,73, 82, 87,

224-5 hooms, 71, 97 cabinet, 130 E/sllzal/kai, 95 faction, see III/der factions Tanaka lilil/dall (army), 71 trial and conviction, 125, 145-7 see also 'money politics'

Tanaka Masami, 32-3, 38,42 Tanaka Michio, 45 Talellllle seiji (politics of principle), 65, 67,

87-9 tax reform, 8,74-5, 144, 156

indirect taxes, 143, 146, 149, 151-2, 155-6

'individual goods tax', 133 sales tax, 130, 151-4, 156,243 tax cuts, 145-50, 155 'undercover lax rises', lSI, 155 see also consumption tax, Nakasone's tax

reforms Tax System Research Committee -

government (SeiJilzeic/ulj and LDP (7'f}zeicllll;, 146, 148-9, 151-2

technocracy, 76, 207, 208, 210, 219, 224, 2384

tcxtbooks, 150 'thillY per cent self-government' (,\'(//lll'ari

jichi), 159 see also regional government

'Three Non-Nuclcar Principles', 141 tied subsidics (hilllo/sliki hojokill), 175

see also local govcrnmcnt Toita Saburo, 32,45,46 1 ()kil Seilei (party high, burcaucracy low), 6,

62-3

see also Seiko Tfilei Tokyo, 160, 162-3, 190,232

Arakawa ward, 215 chamber of commerce, 213 City Hall relocation, 206, 207, 208-12,

214-234 east side-west side divide, 215, 219, 223,

232 environment and pollution, 207 Iwkkll (eight central wards), 220 international forum, 220, 224 Marunouchi ward, 207, 211, 212, 215-6,

218--19,221,224 public opinion in, 211 'secondary city centres', see

multi-centred city Shinjuku ward, 209, 211, 212, 213,

214-16,218-220,222,229,232 subway, 209, 210, 219, 223, 231, 232 Sumida ward, 215 Tokyo station, 221,224 wards (kll), 209, 213, 218, 223, 226 waterfront, 206, 220, 224 welfare, 207, 230 see also 'My Town - Tokyo'

Tokyo City Assembly, 206, 210-17, 218-20,221-3,225--6,227-8

general assembly, 228, 229-31 General Life and Culture Committee

(SilJIllI Seika/sll iJullka Iil/kai, SillIllli), 228

Tokyo City Government Office Construction Consultative Council, 207,218

Tokyo City Hall Construction Consultative Council (Kellse/sllshill), 211, 216, 222

Tokyo City Hall Construction Plan KOlltiallkai (K(}s(}koll), 211, 214-16

Tokyo Metropolitan Government, 206, 212, 2/4,215,219,221,225,228,2:13-4

'blanket resistance group', 212-3, 216-18,227

budget, 206, 232 and Dietmernbers, 206, 220, 222, 224-7,

233 finances, 208, 229 financial independence, 206, 224, 233 administrative and financial

reconstruction, 207, 208 Governor, 207, 211, 212-4, 216, 217,

218-219,220-5,227-9,231-4 job ClltS, 208,209,227 Lieutenant-Governor, 223, 224 Marunouchi group, 212-4, 218-9, 225,

227,228,231

Index 2'57

and other local governmcnt, 207 planning and publicity ofllcc (Keikakll

H(k/li Silitsll), 214, 221, 223 political friction, 207, 210, 212-4, 216,

225-6, 232, 2:B relations with central government, 206-7,

210, 224--6, 233 rcserve funds, 229-30 Shinjuku group, 212-4, 227 staff unions, 213, 216-17, 220, 223, 232

Tokyo Young Peoplc's Forum (Tokyo-to Seillen KaigisiJo), 231

'top-Icvcllcadership', 68-71, 79,191 see also primc minister

Total Plall/or Welfare (K(lmeif{j documcnt, 1976), 52, 135

Tozawa Masakata, 32, 38 trinity of businessmen, ofllcials and

politicians, see triple alliance triple alliance politics (sallkakll-domei seiji),

2,65,89-91 see also elite accommodation politics

Tsukada Enjii, 45 Tsuchiura City, 191-203 Tsuji Kiyoaki, 184 Tuftc, Edward, 105-8

Ullified Natiollal Plall (JSP document), 137-8

unions,64,65,9I,199,223,232 Dlil/lei (Japancse Confederation of

Labour), 54, 150 Local Unions Council (Tokyo), 213 Rellg(1 (Japanesc Trade Union

Confederation), 150 S(Iily6 (General Council of Trade Unions

of Japan), 54, 150 Tokyo City Public Employecs' Union

(TOC/u)S/lOku), 213, 216-17, 220 Tor(lretl (Tokyo City Government

Workers' Fcderation), 223 uniqueness, see modcrnization-

democratization paradigm Uno Sosuke, 73 Upper House, see House of Councillors USA, 135-6, 138-9

Congress, 100 pro-Amcrica policy, 120, 146

US-Japancsc relations desire for 'a new era for the US and

Japanese economics', 150 economic friction, 100, 120 textile negotiations, 90 trade policy, 72

US-Japan Security Treaty (AllpO, 1951), I, 57,69,120,122,135,137-41,149

riots (lIIlpO III.HI, 1960), 90 USSR, 119, 136,138-40

perestroika, 140

'wanton scattering of welfare' (fllkllsiJi !Ja/"{llllaki),208

see also Tokyo, Tokyo Metropolitan Government

Watanabe Kozo, 33 Watanabe Osamu, 25, 28 Welfare Pensions Division, see ulltler

Social Insurance Consultative Council welfare policy, public, 14

'wclfare state', 122

Yamaguchi Shinichiro, 13, 17-45 and Ohara TOfU, 55 onsct of cancer, 23, 25, 45 'Yamaguchi Seminar', 26--7

Yamazaki Tatsuo, 32 Yasukuni Shrine, visits by Cabinet

members, 150 Y onezawa Takashi, 56 YOSllll go-zokll (five budget zlIkll), 83 Yoshida Shigeru, 65, 69, 119 Yoshimura Hitoshi, 23, 24, 44 Yoshiwura Kenji, 45 Yiirakucho Association, 220, 224

see 11/.1'11 Ginza Shops and finns Association

ZOkll,6, 15,38,91,93-5 'America ZOkll', 84 'construction ZOkll', 225 'Diplomacy ZOkll', 84 zokll Dietmembers, 14,62,65,70,72-5,

78-85,94-5,100,129 zokll Dietmember politics (zokll giill

seiji), 64-5, 78, 80-85, 93-4