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NOTES
Introduction
1. “East Turkistan . . . The Forgotten Wound,” a speech by Abu Yahya al-Libi,
released on jihadist forums on October 6, 2009. See “Libi Urges Support for
Uyghurs, Calls for Jihad,” SITE Intelligence Group (October 7, 2009).
2. Samer Abboud, review of Legitimizing Modernity in Islam: Muslim Modus
Vivendi and Western Modernity, by Husain Kassim, The American Journal of
Islamic Social Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 1 (2005): 96.
3. Rebecca Givner-Forbes, “China Under Threat: Jihadist Community
Has China in Its Sights—Debate Brewing over Whether Rising Dragon
Should Be Seen as Muslim’s Friend or Foe.” The Straits Times (August 3,
2008).
4. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s
Daily ( January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/21/
eng20020121_89078.shtml.
5. Rohan Gunaratna and Kenneth Pereire, “An Al Qaeda Group Operating
in China?” The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2006): 58.
http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/
GunaratnaPereire.pdf.
6. Dru C. Gladney, Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities and Other Subaltern
Subjects (London: C. Hurst, 2004), 150.
7. Ibid., 231.
8. Ibid., 254.
9. Raphael Israeli, Islam in China, Religion, Ethnicity, Culture, and Politics
(Lanham: Laxington Books, 2002), 1.
10. Ibid.
11. Martin I. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism: Counter-insurgency, Politics and
Internal Security (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), 10–11.
12. Ibid.
13. Sofia Jamil and Roderick Chia, “Lifting the Lid off Xinjiang’s Insecurities,”
NTS Insight (Singapore: S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies,
September 2009).
180 NOTES
1 Explaining Minority Conf lict in China:
A Theoretical Perspective
1. Zhu Yuchao and Blachford Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International
Politics: Manifestations and Conceptualizations,” Nationalism and Ethnic
Politics, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2006): 25.
2. Francis Fukuyama, “History and September 11,” in Worlds in Collision:
Terror and the Future of Global Order, ed. Ken Booth and Tim Dunne (New
York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 28.
3. Bernand Lewis, “The Roots of Muslim Rage,” The Atlantic Monthly,
Vol. 266, No. 3 (September 1990): 47–60.
4. Peter Chalk, “Al Qaeda and Its Links to Terrorist Groups in Asia,” in The
New Terrorism, Anatomy, Trends and Counter Strategies, ed. Andrew Tan and
Kumar Ramakrishna (Singapore: Eastern University Press, 2002), 109.
5. Fareed Zakaria, “The Return of History: What September 11 Hath
Wrought,” in How Did This Happen? Ed. James F. Hoge and Giden
Rose (New York: Public Affairs, 2001); Timur Kuran, “The Religious
Undercurrents of Muslim Economic Grievances,” Social Science Research
Council, http://www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/kuran.htm; and Karim
Raslan, “Now a Historic Chance to Welcome Muslims into the System,”
International Herald Tribune (November 27, 2001). http://www.asiasource.
org/asip/raslan.cfm.
6. Farish A. Noor, New Voices of Islam (Leiden: Institute for the Study of Islam
in the Modern World, 2002).
7. Robert Keohane, “The Public Delegitimation of Terrorism and Coalition
Politics,” in Worlds in Collision, ed. Ken Booth and Tim Dunne (Basingstoke:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), 141.
8. Keohane, “The Public Delegitimation of Terrorism and Coalition
Politics,” 144.
9. Suzaina Kadir, “Mapping Muslim Politics in Southeast Asia after
September 11,” EIAS Publications BP 02/05 (December 2002): 3. http://
www.eias.org/publications/briefing/2002/muslimsea.pdf.
10. Amitav Acharya, “Southeast Asian Security after September 11, Asia Pacific
Foundation of Canad,” Foreign Policy Dialogue Series (2003).
11. E.g., Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for Security Studies in
the Post-Cold War Era (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991); and Paul
Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Social Security Dilemma (London: Routledge,
2005).
12. Rhonda L. Callaway and Julie Harrelson-Stephens, “Towards a Theory
of Terrorism: Human Security as a Determinant of Terrorism,” Studies in
Conf lict and Terrorism, Vol. 29 (2006): 773–796.
13. Michael Clarke, “China’s ‘War on Terror’ in Xinjiang: Human Security and
the Causes of Violent Uighur Separatism,” Terrorism and Political Violence,
Vol. 20, No. 2 (2008): 272.
14. The term “Copenhagen School” first appeared in Bill McSweeney’s ar-
ticle, “Identity and Security: Buzan and the Copenhagen School,” Review
of International Studies, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1996): 81.
181NOTES
15. For a detailed account of what constitutes new security issues, among others,
Richard Ullman, “Redefining Security,” International Security, Vol. 8, No. 1
(1983): 129–153; L. Paggi and P. Pinzauti, “Peace and Security,” Telos, No.
68 (1985): 79; N. Myers, “Environment and Security,” Foreign Policy, No.
74 (1989): 24; Jessica T. Matthews, “Redefining Security,” Foreign Affairs,
Vol. 68, No. 2 (1989): 162; David Dewitt, “Common, Comprehensive and
Cooperative Security,” The Pacific Review, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1994): 3; and David
Baldwin, “The Concept of Security,” Review of International Studies, Vol.
23 (1997): 26. The International Human Development Program Research Project
on Global Environmental Change and Human Security synopsis on “What Is
‘Human Security?’ ” makes a complete inventory of the human security
regimes. http://ibm.rhrz.uni-bonn.de/ihdp/gechuman security.htm.
16. Seyom Brown, “World Interests and the Changing Dimensions of Security,”
in World Security: Challenges for a New Century, 3rd edition, ed. Michael T.
Klare and Yogesh Chandrani (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 3–4.
17. Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security
Studies: Politics and Methods,” Mershon International Studies Review, Vol. 40
(Supplement 2, 1996): 229–230.
18. Jessica T. Matthews, e.g., tells us how there has been a novel redistribu-
tion of power among states, markets and civil society, so much so that
national governments share power—“including political, social and se-
curity roles”—with “businesses, with international organizations, and
with a multitude of citizen groups known as nongovernmental organiza-
tions.” Jessica T. Matthews, “Power Shift,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 76, No. 1
(1997): 50.
19. Henry Kissinger, “A New National Partnership,” Department of State
Bulletin (February, 17, 1975): 199 quoted in Robert O. Keohane and Joseph
S. Nye, Jr., Power and Interdependence (Boston: Scott, Foresman, 1989), 26.
20. David Baldwin, “Security Studies and the End of the Cold War,” World
Politics, Vol. 48, No. 1 (1995): 132.
21. Woosang Kim, “Human Security Concerns in Global Politics,” in
The Human Face of Security: Asia-Pacific Perspectives, ed. David Dickens
(Canberra: Australian National University, 2002), 44; Anthony Giddens,
The Consequences of Modernity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age
(Cambridge/Stanford: Polity Press/Stanford University Press, 1990); and
Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations (Cambridge: Polity
Press, 1994).
22. Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, Jaap de Wilde, eds. Security, A New Framework of
Analysis (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1998), 1.
23. Richard Ullman, “Redefining Security,” International Security, Vol. 8,
No. 1 (1983): 129.
24. Caroline Thomas, In Search of security: the Third World in International Relations
(Brighton: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1987), 4.
25. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), e.g., identifies
seven separate components to human security: economic security (assured
basic income), food security (physical and economic access to food), health
security (relative freedom from disease and infection), environmental
182 NOTES
security (access to sanitary water supply, clean air and a non-degraded land
system), personal security (security from physical violence and threats),
community security (security of cultural identity), and political security
(protection of basic human rights and freedoms). “New Dimensions of
Human Security,” in United Nations Human Development Report 1994 (New
York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 24. http://hdr.undp.org/en/
reports/global/hdr1994/.
26. Ronnie D. Lipshutz, “On Security,” in On Security, ed. Ronnie D. Lipshutz
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), 5.
27. Norman Meyers, Ultimate Security (New York: Norton, 1993), 12.
28. Gareth Evans, “Cooperative Security and Intra State Conf lict,” Foreign
Policy, No. 96 (Fall 1994): 8–9.
29. Ronald Paris, “Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air?” International
Security, Vol. 26. No. 2 (Fall 2001): 87.
30. Krause and Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies,” 234.
31. Daniel Deudney, “The Case Against Linking Environmental Degradation
and National Security,” Millennium, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1990): 465.
32. Patric Morgan, “Liberalist and Realist security Studies at 2000: Two
Decades of Progress?” in Critical Ref lection on Security and Change, ed. Stuart
Croft and Terry Terriff (London: Frank Cass, 2000), 40.
33. Krause and Williams, “Broadening the Agenda of Security Studies,” 249.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Anthony Giddens, The Consequences of Modernity: Self and Society in the
Late Modern Age (Cambridge/Stanford: Polity Press/Stanford University
Press, 1990); and Martin Shaw, Global Society and International Relations
(Cambridge: Polity Press, 1994).
37. Barry Buzan, People, States and Fear: An Agenda for Security Studies in the
Post–Cold War Era (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1991).
38. O. Waever, B. Buzan, M. Kelstrup, and P. Lemaitre, Identity, Migration and
the New Security Agenda in Europe (London: Pinter, 1993), 24–25.
39. Ibid.
40. Clarke, “China’s ‘War on Terror’ in Xinjiang,” 273.
41. Waever et al. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda, 24.
42. Ibid. 25.
43. Buzan et al., Security, 2.
44. Paul Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Social Security Dilemma (London: Routledge,
2005), 42.
45. Lindholm, Helena, “Introduction: A Conceptual Discussion,” in Ethnicity
and Nationalism: Formation of Identity and Dynamics of Conf lict in the 1990s, ed.
Helena Lindholm (Gothenburg: Nordnes, 1993), 1–39.
46. Paul Roe, “The Intrastate Security Dilemma: Ethnic Conf lict as a
‘Tragedy’?” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 36, No. 2 (1999): 193.
47. Ibid., 194.
48. Roe, Ethnic Violence and the Social Security Dilemma, 43.
49. Waever, et al. Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe
(1993), 43.
183NOTES
50. Clarke, “China’s ‘War on Terror’ in Xinjiang,” 272.
51. Ibid., 273.
52. Roe, “The Intrastate Security Dilemma,” 195.
53. Ibid.
54. Zhu and Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International Politics,” 25.
55. Ibid.
56. Walker Connor, “Nationalism and Political Illegitimacy,” in Ethnonationalism
in the Contemporary World, ed. Daniele Conversi (New York: Routledge,
2002), 37.
57. Zhu and Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International Politics,” 26.
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid., 52.
60. Ernie Regehr, “It’s not really a matter of hate,” Disarming Conf lict (May 9,
2007). http://www.igloo.org/disarmingconf lict/itsnotre/
61. Andrew Tan, “Armed Muslim Separatist Rebellion in Southeast Asia:
Persistence, Prospects, and Implications,” Studies in Conf lict and Terrorism,
Vol. 23 (October–December 2000): 267–288.
62. Jack Snyder, From Voting to Violence: Democratization and Nationalist Conf lict
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2000), 322–323.
63. Ernie Regehr, “It’s not really a matter of hate,” Disarming Conf lict (May 9,
2007).
64. Stephen Phillip Cohen, India: Emerging Power (Washington DC: Brookings
Institution Press, 2001).
65. Zhu and Dongyan, “Ethnic Disputes in International Politics,” 25.
66. “Zhongguo de Shaosu Minzu Zhengce jiqi Shijian” (National Minorities
Policies and its Practice in China) (Beijing: Information Office of the State
Council of PRC, 1999). English translation is accessed at: http://english.
people.com.cn/whitepaper/1.html.
67. Bruce Hoffman, “The Emergence of New Terrorism,” in The New
Terrorism, Anatomy, Trends and Counter Strategies, ed. Andrew Tan and
Kumar Ramakrishna (Singapore: Eastern University Press, 2002), 38.
68. Barry Desker, “Islam in Southeast Asia: The Challenge of Radical
Interpretations,” Cambridge Review of international Affairs, Vol. 16, No. 3
(October 2003): 421.
69. Rohan Gunaratna, “Al-Qaeda’s Trajectory in 2003,” IDSS Perspectives
(May 3, 2003). http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/Perspective/research_050303.
htm.
70. Barry Desker, “The Jemaah Islamiyah Phenomenon in Singapore,”
Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2003): 495.
71. Ibid.
2 Islam and Muslim Minorities in China
1. The Arabic-language electronic magazine of the Turkistan Islamic Party,
Islamic Turkistan, was released through Al-Fajr Media Center. The fourth
issue was posted on jihadist forums on July 25, 2009. “Fourth Issue of
184 NOTES
TIP magazine, ‘Islamic Turkistan’,” SITE Intelligence Group ( July 29,
2009), 3–4.
2. Raphael Israeli, Islam in China: Religion, Ethnicity, Culture and Politics
(Lanham: Lexington Books, 2002), 2.
3. Mi Shoujiang and You Jia, trans. Min Chang, Islam in China (Beijing: China
Intercontinental Press, 2004), 1.
4. Ibid.
5. Mi and You, Islam in China, 3.
6. Ibid.
7. An ancient record of the history of the Tang Dynasty written in the
mid-tenth century.
8. Mi and You, Islam in China, 4.
9. Ibid.
10. According to Mi and You (2004), Arabian envoys visited China 37 times
during this period. However, some other historians consider the times should
be 39. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China (Beijing: China Intercontinental
Press, 2005).
11. “Fan Ke” in Chinese means “guests from outlying regions,” which shows
the distinction between Muslims and Chinese in this period. Mi and You,
Islam in China, 4.
12. Mi and You, Islam in China, 5.
13. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China.
14. Ibid.
15. Michael Dillon, Xinjiang—China’s Muslim Far Northwest (London:
RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 11.
16. Mi and You, Islam in China, 3.
17. Ibid.
18. The Yuan court divided its people into four castes: Mongol Caste, Semu
Caste, Khitay Caste (“Hanren” in Chinese), and Manji Caste (“Nanren”
in Chinese). Arab and Persian Muslims, Islamic Turks including Uighurs
were among the Semu, which were superimposed by the Mongol rulers
upon the Khitays and Manjis mainly consisted of Han Chinese. Israeli,
Islam in China, 295.
19. Ibid.
20. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of China,”
Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 901–919.
21. The word “Gedimu” is from the Arabic “Qadim” for “old.” Dru C. Gladney,
Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People’s Republic (Cambridge, MA:
Harvard University Press, 1991), 37.
22. Ibid.
23. Yusuf Abdul Rahman, “Islam in China (650–1980 CE),” Islam Awareness
(1997). http://www.islamawareness.net/Asia/China/islchina.html.
24. Richard C. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese Political Culture,” The
Muslim World, Vol. 87, No. 2 (1997): 152–154.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Mi and You, Islam in China, 66.
185NOTES
28. Ibid.
29. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37; and Jean A. Berlie, Islam in China: Hui and
Uyhghurs between Modernization and Sinicization (Bangkok: White Lotus
Press, 2004), 39.
30. James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York:
Columbia University Press, 2007), 80–81.
31. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” China
Quarterly (2003): 454. http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?file=
%2FCQY%2FCQY174%2FS0009443903000275a.pdf&code=e52294f748e
a2813d4063bbf512011e1.
32. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 78–79.
33. Ibid.
34. Mi and You, Islam in China, 70.
35. Dillon, Xinjiang, 17.
36. Israeli, Islam in China, 8.
37. Ibid., 287.
38. Berlie, Islam in China, 29.
39. Israeli, Islam in China, 289.
40. Berlie, Islam in China, 34.
41. Israeli, Islam in China, 288–289.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid.
44. “Zhongguo de Yisilanjiao” (Islam in China), Xinhua Net. http://news.
xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003–01/23/content_704531.htm.
45. “China Islam Association,” BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/
religions/islam/history/china_4.shtml
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid.
48. Graham E. Fuller and Jonathan N. Lipman, “Islam in Xinjiang” in Xinjiang:
China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe,
2004), 330.
49. Ibid.
50. These ethnic groups are ranked by descending order of their populations.
Except for the eight Turkic groups listed here, the Dongxiang ethnic mi-
nority in China are also Muslims. Views about the origin of the ethnic
group are divided. The Dongxiang language belongings to the Mongolian
branch of the Altaic language family. “The Dongxiang ethnic minority,”
the Web site of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic
of China (November 15, 2000). http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/ljzg/3584/
t17882.htm.
51. There is much dispute about the figure of Muslim population in China.
Estimates vary between 15 million and 80 million depending on the iden-
tity and political inclination of the author. The government of the Republic
of China in 1938 declared there were 48,104,240 Muslims in China. “The
Nationalist Republic Census of 1938,” China Handbook (Taipei: 1954). The
recent Chinese sources show that the Muslim population in China is over
20 million. Zhang Guanglin, Islam in China.
186 NOTES
52. Fuller and Lipman, “Islam in Xinjiang,” 339.
53. Ibid.
54. Richard C. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese Political Culture,” The
Muslim World, Vol. 87, No. 2 (1997): 153.
55. Ibid.
56. Dru. C. Gladney, “The Salafiyya Movement in Northwest China: Islamic
Fundamentalism among the Muslim Chinese?” in Muslim Diversity: Local
Islam in Global Context, ed. Leif Manger (Richmond: Curzon Press,
1999), 108.
57. Ibid.
58. Alexander Berzin, “The Relation of the Hui Muslims with the Tibetans
and Uighurs,” The Berzin Archives (November 1996). http://www.
berzinarchives.com/web/en/archives/study/islam/modern_interaction/
relation_hui_muslims_tibet_uighurs.html.
59. Ibid.
60. Dru. C. Gladney, Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities and Other Subaltern
Subjects (London: C. Hurst, 2004), 156.
61. Dru. C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” in
Religion in China Today: The China Quarterly Special Issues New Series, No. 3,
ed. Daniel L. Overmyer (Cambrige: Cambridge University Press, 2003),147.
62. James A. Millward and Peter C. Perdue, “Political and Cultural History
through the Late 19th Century” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed.
S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004), 33.
63. “Xinjiang 2000 Population Census Assembly,” accessed from China Data
Online. http://chinadataonline.org/member/census2000/default.asp?KeyT
itle=&StartYear=2000&EndYear=2000&KeyType=0&=1&Region=All&
page=2#.
64. Millward and Perdue, “Political History and Strategies,” 33.
65. Gladney, Dislocating China, 193.
66. For example, Jack Chen, The Sinkiang Story (New York: Macmillan, 1977),
100.
67. Colin Mackerras, The Uighur Empire: According to the T’ang Dynastic Histories
(Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1972).
68. Gladney, Dislocating China, 193.
69. Denis Dinor, Inner Asia: A Syllabus (Bloomington: Indiana University,
1969), 118–121.
70. Dru C. Gladney, “Relational Alterity: Constructing Dungan (Hui), Uygur,
and Kazakh Identities across China, Central Asia, and Turkey,” History and
Anthropology, Vol. 9, No. 2 (1996): 445.
71. Ibid., 456.
72. Matthew D. Moneyhon, “Taming China’s ‘Wild West’: Ethnic Conf lict in
Xinjiang,” Peace Conf lict, and Development: An Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol.
5, No. 5 (2004): 6.
73. Dru C. Gladney, “Chinese Programe of Development and Control:
1978–2001” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr
(New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 102.
74. The term Uighur (Uyghur) was firstly employed as Turkic nomadic society
practicing Shamanism and Manichaeanism in Mongolia. Later it referred to
187NOTES
the name for a sedentary oasis society practicing Buddhism. It was also used
as a linguistic designation to distinguish one branch of Old Turkish. Chinese
originally use Uighur, and later Hui Hu for all Turkic Muslims. Wiilam
Samolin, East Turkistan to the Twelfth Century: A Brief Political Survey (The
Hague: Mouton & Co., 1964), 73, quoted in Gladeny, Dislocating China,
210–214; and Millward and Perdue, “Political History and Strategies,” 40–43.
75. Gladney, Dislocating China, 210.
76. Justin Rudelson and William Jankowiak, “Acculturation and Resistance:
Xinjiang Identities in Flux,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed.
S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004), 299; and Gladney,
Dislocating China, 210–214.
77. Justin Rudelson and William Jankowiak, “Acculturation and Resistance:
Xinjiang Identity in Flux,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed.
S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe 2004), 302–303.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid., 299.
80. Ibid., 303.
81. Gladney, Dislocating China, 210.
82. Ibid., 218.
83. Denise Helly “The Identity and Nationality Problem in Chinese Central
Asia,” Central Asia Survey, Vol. 3, No. 3 (1985): 107.
84. Gladney, Dislocating China, 218–219.
85. Dru C. Gladney, Dislocating China, 218–219; and “China’s Minorities: the
case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur people,” Commission on Human Rights,
Working Group on Minorities Ninth Session (May 12–16, 2003): 8. http://
www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/a0da2b54fc3b22e7c1256d25
004c086d/$FILE/G0314169.pdf.
86. Graham E. Fuller and Jonathan N. Lipman, “Islam in Xinjiang,” in Xinjiang:
China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe
2004), 339.
87. The Information Office of the State Council, “History and Development
of Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net ( June 12, 2003). http://www.gov.cn/english/
official/2005–07/28/content_17948.htm.
88. “Population in Xinjiang Reaches 20.10 Mln,” China Net, (April 8, 2006).
http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/165014.htm.
89. Samuel P. Huntington, “The Clash of Civilizations?” Foreign Affairs,
Vol. 27, No. 3 (1993) and The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World
Order (New York: Simon&Schuster, 1996).
90. “History and Development of Xinjiang” The Information Office of the
State Council (2003); and Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 18; and Dru
C Gladney, “The Chinese Programme of Development and Control,
1978–2001,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr
(New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 102.
91. “Xiyu” in Chinese means “west regions.” The majority of Xinjiang was
referred to Xiyu in the Han Dynasty. “History and Development of
Xinjiang,” The Information Office of the State Council (2003).
92. James A. Millward and Peter C. Perdue, “Political and Cultural History of
the Xinjiang Region through the Late Nineteenth Century,” in Xinjiang:
188 NOTES
China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe,
2004).
93. Also spelled as Junahar, Jegun Ghar, Dzunghar, or Zhun-ga-er. Millward
and Perdue, “Political and Cultural History,” 49.
94. Dillon, Xinjiang, 17.
95. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 97.
96. The name Beg (Baig) was originally a title given to members of the Turkic
clan called “Barlas,” who played a pivotal role in Turkic empires in Central
Asia, Middle East and South Asia. For the Uighurs, “Begs” refers to gentry
who manage local affairs. L. J. Newby, “The Begs of Xinjiang: Between
Two Worlds,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University
of London, Vol. 61, No. 2 (1998), 278.
97. “Silk road history of Xinjiang history online guide,” Silk Road China.
http://www.silkroadcn.com/silk-road-xinjiang-history.htm.
98. Dillon, Xinjiang, 17.
99. Lars-Erik Nyman, Great Britain and Chinese, Russian and Japanese interests in
Sinkiang, 1918–1934 (Stockholm: Esselte Stadium, 1977), 12.
100. Millward and Perdue, “Political and Cultural History,” 67.
101. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 189.
102. James A. Millward and Nabijian Tursun, “Political History and Strategies
of Control, 1884–1978,” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed.
S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E.Sharpe, 2004).
103. Donald H. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang,
1949–1977 (Boulder: West Press, 1979), 22.
104. Ibid.
105. Linda Benson, The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority
in Xinjiang 1944–1949 (London: M.E. Sharpe, 1990).
106. Millward and Tursun, “Political History and Strategies,” 84.
107. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 31.
108. Säypidin was one of the most enduring politicians of Uighur ethnicity. He
studied law and political science in the Soviet Union, where he joined the
Soviet Communist party. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 239.
109. Säypidin was elected as Chairman of the XUAR People’s Council and
Wang Enmao was appointed the First Party Secretary and the commander
of Xinjiang Military Region.
110. “A United Multi-Ethnic Country,” National Minorities Policy and Its Practice
in China, Part I (Beijing: Information Office of the State Council of the
PRC, 2002). http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/4/index.htm.
111. Ibid.
112. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 178.
113. Zhongguo de Minzhu Quyu Zizhi Baipishu (Regional Autonomy for Ethnic
Minorities in China) (Beijing: The Information Office of the State
Council, 2005). English translation is accessed at: http://www.gov.cn/
english/official/2005–07/28/content_18127.htm.
114. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 242.
115. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 133.
116. Millward and Tursun, “Political History and Strategies,” 87.
189NOTES
117. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 131–136.
118. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (zhonghua renmin gongheguo xianfa),
Article four, the First National People’s Congress (Beiing, September 20,
1954).
119. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China (zhonghua renmin gongheguo
xianfa).
120. “Promoting the Common Development of All Ethnic Groups,” National
Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part IV (Beijing: Information
Office of the State Council of the PRC, 2000).
121. National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part III.
122. Zhongguo de Minzhu Quyu Zizhi Baipishu (Regional Autonomy for
Ethnic Minorities in China).
123. Some CCP leaders who support a moderate and economy-centric
approach, such as Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping were labeled as “right-
ists” (you pai). A great number of CCP cadres and government officials
recognized as “rightists” were severely persecuted in the “Anti-rightist”
campaign started in 1957.
124. In Chinese, “Bai hua qi fang, bai jia zheng ming.”
125. Robert L. Worden, Andrea Matles Savada and Ronald E. Dolan eds.,
China: A Country Study, “Policy toward Intellectuals,” (Washington,
DC: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1987). http://countrystudies.us/
china/72.htm.
126. Millward and Tursun, “Political History and Strategies,” 92–94.
127. Ibid.
128. Ibid.
129. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese,” 161.
130. Zhou Minglan, “The Politics of Bilingual Education in the People’s
Republic of China since 1949” Bilingual Research Journal, Vol. 25, No. 1&2
(2001). http://brj.asu.edu/v2512/articles/art8.html.
131. Ibid.
132. Zhou Minglan, “The Politics of Bilingual Education.”
133. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 265.
134. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 140.
135. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 264.
136. Dillon, Xinjiang, 57.
137. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam,” Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 54, No. 2 (May
1995): 372.
138. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 270.
139. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese,” 161.
140. Gladney “Islam,” 374.
141. Millward, Eurasian Crossroad, 263.
142. Dru C. Gladney, “Chinese Program of Development and Control:
1978–2001.” In Xinjiang: China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr
(New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 110.
143. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of
China,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 901.
144. DeAngelis, “Muslims and Chinese,” 163.
190 NOTES
145. Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, Article 4 (Beijing:
National People’s Congress, 1982). http://www.npc.gov.cn/englishnpc/
Constitution/node_2825.htm.
146. The Law on Regional Autonomy for Minority Nationalities (minzu quyu zizhi fa)
(Beijing: National People’s Congress, May 31, 1984), Article 35.
147. National Minorities Policy and Its Practice in China, Part I (2000).
148. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang,
China” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, January
2008). www.apcss.org/Publications/APCSS%20Uyghur%20Muslim%20
Separatism%20in%20Xinjiang.doc.
149. Calla Wiemer, “The Economy of Xinjiang” in Xinjiang: China’s Muslim
Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 170.
150. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” The
China Quarterly, No. 147 (2003): 457.
151. Harris C. Lillian, “Xinjiang, Central Asia and the Implications for China’s
Policy in the Islamic World,” The China Quarterly, No. 133 (March
1993): 111.
152. Ibid., 112.
153. Calla Wiemer, “The Economy of Xinjiang,” 172.
154. Justin Rudelson, Xinjiang’s Uyghurs In The Ensuing US-China Partnership
(testimony at the Congressional-Executive Commission on China,
Uyghur Panel, Washington, DC, the United States, June 10, 2002).
155. Dillon, Xinjiang, 75.
156. Gladney, Xinjiang, 10.
157. Abanti Bhattacharya, “Conceptualising Uighur Separatism in Chinese
Nationalism,” Strategic Analysis, Vol. 27, No. 3 ( July–September 2003):
369.
158. Ibid.
159. Rahman, “Islam in China,” 53.
160. Sean L. Yom, “Uighur f lex their muscles,” Asia Times ( January 23, 2003).
http://www.atimes.com/china/DA23Ad01.html.
161. L. J. Newby, “The Begs of Xinjiang,” 947.
3 Uighur Separatism: East Turkistan Groups
1. The audio message released on YouTube on July 9, 2009, and the Arabic
transcript of it released by Al-Fajr media Center. “TIP leader threatens
China over Urumqi Violence,” SITE Intelligence Group ( July 17, 2009).
2. “Full Text: China’s National Defense in 2008,” Xinhua Net
( January 20, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–01/20/
content_10688124.htm.
3. “Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Organizations
and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban,” (New York:
Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN,
November 29, 2001). http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/fk/t28937.htm.
4. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang,” “Xinjiang,” in Flashpoints in the War on
Terrorism, ed. Derek Reveron and Jeffrey S. Murer (London: Routledge,
2006), 234.
191NOTES
5. “Special Report: Uighur Muslim Separatists,” Virtual Information Center
(September 28, 2001), 6. http://vic-info.org.
6. “Combating terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18,
2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/18/content_1237985.
htm.
7. Anwar Rahman, Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall: China’s Xinjiang Uighur
Autonomous Region (Leisester: Matador, 2005), 53.
8. Bhattacharya, “Conceptualising Uighur Separatism,” 373.
9. Gladney, “China’s minorities: the case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur
People” (paper at the Commission on Human Rights, Sub-commission
on Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Working Group on
Minorities [Ninth Session], Geneva, Switzerland, May 12–16, 2003), 457;
and Rahman, Sinicization Beyond the Great Wall, 53.
10. James Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment
(Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2004), 14.
11. Michael Dillon, Xinjiang—China’s Muslim Far Northwest (London:
RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 63.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid., 66–67.
15. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s
Daily ( January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/
21/eng20020121_89078.shtml; and Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang,
15.
16. James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York:
Columbia University Press, 2007), 16.
17. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity.”
18. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 16.
19. “The Ghulja Massacre: ‘We Refuse to Forget,’ ” Uyghur Human Rights
Project (Washington, DC: Uighur American Association, February 3,
2006). http://www.uyghuramerican.org/articles/252/1/.
20. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,”
People’s Daily ( January 21, 2001).
21. South China Morning Post, July 29, 1997; and China News Digest, March
14, 1998.
22. Eric Hyer, “China’s Policy towards Uighur Nationalism,” Journal of Muslim
Minority Affairs, Vol. 26 No. 1 (2006): 78.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,”
People’s Daily ( January 21, 2001).
26. Hyer, “China’s Policy towards Uighur,” 78.
27. “Ethnic Clash in Chinese Factory Kills 2, Hurts 118,” Associate
Press ( July 26, 2009). http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/
ALeqM5gdcfQ8l28f_ jK9yH3RKOBB92CEKQD992QC080.
28. Yuan Ye and Xia Wenhui, “After Horrible Riot, Xinjiang People Hope to
Mend Tainted Relations of Ethnic Groups,” Xinhua Net ( July 11, 2009).
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/11/content_11693738.htm.
192 NOTES
29. The Chinese official statistics about the casualties were not independently
verified. According to one Chinese report on July 11, 2009, the death
toll was 184, among which 137 were Han Chinese, 64 were Uighurs and
one was Hui nationality. Yuan Ye and Xia Wenhui, “After horrible riot,
Xinjiang people hope to mend tainted relations of ethnic groups,” Xinhua
Net ( July 11, 2009). However, the death toll rose to 197 in later reports
whereas no further detail was provided in Chinese sources.
30. “Mobs in Xinjiang Face Severe Punishment,” China Daily ( July 7, 2009).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009–07/07/content_8388003.htm.
31. “Police arrests 1,434 suspects in connection with Xinjiang riot,” Xinhua
Net ( July 7, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/07/
content_11664739.htm.
32. “Civilians and Armed Police Officer Killed in NW China,” Xinhua
Net ( July 6, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/06/
content_11658819.htm.
33. “World Uyghur Congress’ Statement on July 5th Urumqi Incident,” the
WUC Web site ( July 7, 2009). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/
PressRelease.asp?ItemID=-1553700856&mid=1096144499.
34. “TIP leaders Threatens China Over Urumqi Violence,” SITE Intelligence
Group ( July 17, 2009).
35. “Afghan Plane to Urumqi Lands in Kandahar City,” Xinhua
Net (August 10, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–08/10/
content_11853976.htm.
36. “Afghan Plane to Urumqi Lands in Kandahar City,” China
Radio International (CRI) (August 10, 2009). http://english.cri.
cn/7146/2009/08/10/179s507793.htm.
37. “China says separatist threatened Afghan f light,” Afghanistan News Center
(August 11, 2009). http://www.afghanistannewscenter.com/news/2009/
august/aug112009.html#23.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid.
40. “Urumqi Airport Back to Normal after Alleged Bomb Threat on Afghan
Plane,” Xinhua Net (August 10, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2009–08/10/content_11858761.htm.
41. “China says separatist threatened Afghan f light,” Afghanistan News Center
(August 11, 2009).
42. “Thousands of Harmony Makers Sent to Urumqi Communities While
Authorities Vow Harsh Punishment against Syringe Attackers,” Xinhua
Net (September 7, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–
09/07/content_12006500.htm.
43. Ibid.
44. “Tests Find No Infections in Xinjiang Needle Attack Victims,” Xinhua Net
(September 13, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–09/13/
content_12046231.htm.
45. Christopher Bodeen, “10,000 Chinese Protest Series of Needle Stabbings,”
Associate Press (AP) (September 3, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/
ap/20090903/ap_on_re_as/as_china_protest.
193NOTES
46. “ ‘East Turkistan’ Forces Pose Threat to Regional Security, Stability: White
Paper,” Xinhua Net (September 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2009–09/21/content_12090795.htm.
47. The video of the Turkistan Islamic Party posted on YouTube on February 9,
2009. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence
Group (March 27, 2009).
48. Rémi Castets, “The Uyghurs in Xinjiang—The Malaise Grows,” trans.
Philip Liddell, China perspectives (September–October 2003). http://
chinaperspectives.revues.org/document648.html#ftn43.
49. Zhang Yumo, “The Anti-Separatism Struggle and its Historical Lessons
since the Liberation of Xinjiang” in Yang Faren et al., Fanyisilanzhuyi,
fantujuezhuyi yanjiu (Study on Pan-Islamism and Pan-Turkism) (1994).
A Chinese document translated and published in English on the web
site of the Uyghur American Association. www.uyghuramerican.org/
researchanalysis/trans.html.
50. “East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s
Daily ( January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/21/
eng20020121_89078.shtml.
51. “TIP calls for Jihad, demonstrates training,” SITE Intelligence Group
(March 27, 2009); and Wong, “Warning of Attacks on Olympics.”
(August 9, 2008).
52. Ibid.
53. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13,
2008). http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china_evolution_etim.
54. Ibid.
55. Rodger Baker, “China and Enduring Uighurs,” Rightside News (August 6,
2008). http://www.rightsidenews.com/200808061649/global-terrorism/
china-and-the-enduring-uighurs.html.
56. “ ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorist Killed,” China Daily (December 24, 2003).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/24/content_293163.
htm.
57. The video “Turkistan Islamic Party: Biography of Abu Muhammad
al-Turkistani,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 31, 2009), trans. Mohamed
Redzuan Bin Salleh (Singapore: International Centre of Political Violence
and Terrorism [ICPVTR], 2009).
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Rodger Baker, “China and Enduring Uighurs,” Rightside News (August 6,
2008) and “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence
(May 13, 2008).
61. Rodger Baker, “China and Enduring Uighurs,” Rightside News (August 6,
2008).
62. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13,
2008).
63. Ibid.
64. “China Seeks International Support in Counter-terrorism,” People’s Daily
(December 16, 2003).
194 NOTES
65. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13,
2008). http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china_evolution_etim.
66. Ibid.
67. “Eastern Turkestan Terrorist Killed,” China Daily (December 24, 2003).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/24/content_293163.
htm.
68. CACI Analyst, March 7, 2007, quoted in Waliullah Rahmani, “Has
al-Qaeda Picked a Leader for Operations in China?” Terrorism Focus, Vol. 5,
No. 41 (December 3, 2008).
69. “Profiles of 11 Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/16/content_290652.htm.
70. “China Says Terror Suspect Handed over by Pakistan,” Associated Press
Newswires (May, 1927, 2002).
71. The interview with Abdul Haq published in the magazine Islamic Turkistan,
Issue 1–3, released by Turkistan Islamic Party on January 26, February 6,
and March 25, 2009, SITE Intelligence Group, translated by Mohamed
Redzuan Bin Salleh (Singapore: International Centre of Political Violence
and Terrorism [ICPVTR], 2009).
72. “The Guantanamo Docket,” The New York Times. http://int-shared1.ec2.
nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/277-bahtiyar-mahnut/documents/5/
pages/317.
73. Ibid.
74. “Security Council Al-Qaida and Taliban Sanctions Committee Adds
Name of One Individual to Consolidated List,” SC/9636 (New York:
UN Security Council, April 16, 2009). http://www.un.org/News/Press/
docs/2009/sc9636.doc.htm.
75. Ibid.
76. “ ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (October 21,
2008).
77. “Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al Qaeda,” (Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 20, 2009) TG-92. http://www.
treas.gov/press/releases/tg92.htm.
78. Ibid.
79. Abdul Haq’s statement in Islamic Turkistan, Issue 1. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’-
First Issue of TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group ( January 29, 2009).
80. Ibid.
81. “China Identifies Alleged ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net
(October 21, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/21/
content_10229518.htm.
82. Rahmani, “Has al-Qaeda Picked a Leader,” 8–9.
83. Ibid.
84. Ibid.
85. “U.S. Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al-Qaeda,” Xinhua
Net (April 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–04/21/
content_11226318.htm.
86. “Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al Qaeda,” (Washington,
DC: U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 20, 2009) TG-92.
195NOTES
87. The Arabic communiqué of TIP issued on jihadist forums on May 1,
2009, posted by Al-Fajr Media Center. “TIP Responds to US Treasury
Designation, Arrests,” SITE Intelligence Group (May 1, 2009).
88. “China Identifies Alleged ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net
(October 21, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/21/
content_10229518.htm.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.
91. ICPVTR translation of the video “Islamic Party of Turkistan—Our
Blessed Jihad in Yunnan,” ( July 23, 2008), http://de.youtube.com/watch?
v=E6DLGShOnEg, accessed on August 20, 2008.
92. Ibid.
93. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group
(March 27, 2009).
94. The audio message of Seifallah, issued on YouTube on July 9, 2009, and
the Arabic transcript of it posted on jihadist forums by the Al-Fajr Media
Center on July 16, 2009. “TIP Leaders Threatens China over Urumqi
Violence,” SITE Intelligence Group ( July 17, 2009).
95. Ibid.
96. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group
(March 27, 2009).
97. Ibid.
98. Ahmed Rashid, “Jihad,” 33.
99. “China’s grip on Xinjiang Muslims,” BBC (November 29, 2005). http://
news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4482048.stm.
100. Ibid
101. Shaukat Piracha, “China asks Pakistan to investigate Xinjiang terrorists
list,” The Daily Times ( January 17, 2004). http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/
default.asp?page=story_17–1–2004_pg1_2.
102. “China Muslim group planned terror, U.S. says,” The New York Times
(August 31, 2002).
103. Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN,
“Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Organizations
and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban,” (November 29,
2001). http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/fk/t28937.htm.
104. “East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” People’s
Daily ( January 21, 2001). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200201/21/
eng20020121_89078.shtml.
105. Chien-pen Chung, “China’s ‘War on Terror’: September 11 and Uighur
separatism,” Foreign Affairs ( July/August 2002). http://www.cfr.org/
publication/4765/chinas_war_on_terror.html.
106. Ibid.
107. “Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Organizations
and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban” (New York:
Permanent Mission of the People’s Republic of China to the UN,
November 29, 2001). http://www.china-un.org/eng/zt/fk/t28937.htm.
108. Chung, “China’s War on Terror.”
196 NOTES
109. Didier Chaudet, “Islamic Terrorism in Greater Central Asia: The
‘Al-Qaedaization’ of Uzbek Jihadism,” Russie. Nei. Visions (December
2008): 25.
110. Didier Chaudet, “Islamic Terrorism in Greater Central Asia,” 25.
111. Chung, Chien-peng, “China’s War on Terror.”
112. Ahmed Rashid, Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia
(London: I.B. Tauris, 2000), 128. He also wrote that the mujahideen had
“come to fight the jihad . . . and to train in weapons, bomb-making, and
military tactics so they could take the jihad back home.”
113. Ahmed Rashid, Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia (New
Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 140–141.
114. “Xinjiang Separatists Lose Ground,” Jane’s Terrorism and Security Monitor
(April 1, 2003).
115. Rahul K Bhonsle, “China: In Al Qaeda’s Cross Hairs,” News Blaze
( July 12, 2007), http://newsblaze.com/story/20070712062027rahu.nb/
newsblaze/TOPSTORY/Top-Stories.html.
116. “Chinese court rejects appeal of Canadian Muslim jailed for terrorism,”
International Herald Tribune ( July 10, 2007). http://www.iht.com/articles/
ap/2007/07/10/asia/AS-GEN-China-Canada-Detainee.php.
117. “US Has Evidence ETIM Plans Attack,” People’s Daily (August 30, 2002).
118. Shaukat Piracha, “China Asks Pakistan to Investigate Xinjiang Terrorists
List,” The Daily Times ( January 17, 2004). http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/
default.asp?page=story_17–1–2004_pg1_2.
119. “United General Assembly of East Turkistan National Congress,” PRT
Press Review (April 13, 2004).
120. Chung, “China’s War on Terror.”
121. “Combating Terrorism, We Have No Choice,” Xinhua Net (December
18, 2002).
122. Ibid.
123. Ibid.
124. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group
(March 27, 2009); and E. Wong, “Warning of Attacks on Olympics Is Said
to be Linked to Muslim Separatist Group,” New York Times (August 9,
2008).
125. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13,
2008).
126. McDonald Joe, “China Targets Xinjiang Rebels,” The Washington Times
( January 22, 2002).
127. Stratfor Global Intelligence, “China: The Evolution of ETIM” (May 13,
2008).
128. Rohan Gunaratna, “China under Threat,” The Straits Times (August 3, 2008).
www.idss.edu.sg/short%20reports/CHINA_UNDER_THREAT.pdf.
129. Willy Wo-Lap Lam, “Exploiting a Favourable Climate,” China Brief, Vol, 2,
No. 19 (September 26, 2002), http://jamestown.org/china_brief/article.
php?issue_id=659.
130. Zeyno Baran, S. Frederick Starr, and Svante E. Cornell, “Islamic
Radicalism in Central Asia and the Caucasus: Implications for the EU,”
197NOTES
Central Asia- Caucasus Institute Silk Road Studies Program ( July 2006).
http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/Silkroadpapers/0607Islam.
pdf.
131. Erik Eckholm, “China Muslim Group Planned Terror, U.S. Says,” New
York Times (August 31, 2002). http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htm
l?res=9B0CEEDD133FF932A0575BC0A9649C8B63.
132. B. Raman, “Terrorism in Afghanistan and Central Asia,” South Asia
Analysis Group (November 24, 2004). http://www.saag.org/common/
uploaded_files/paper1172.html.
133. Gunaratna, “China under Threat.”
134. Holly Fletcher and Jayshree Bajoria, “The East Turkistan Islamic Movement
(ETIM),” Council on Foreign Relations, Backgrounder. http://www.cfr.
org/publication/9179/.
135. “Testimony of Detainees before the Combatant Status Review
Tribunal,” Combatant Status Review Tribunal (CSRT) and
Administrative Review Board (ARB), Documents Released March 3,
April 3, and April 19, 2006, http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/
csrt/.
136. Gunaratna, “China under Threat.”
137. Ibid.
138. “East Turkistan’ Terrorist Forces Cannot Get Away with Impunity,”
People’s Daily ( January 21, 2001).
139. “Albania Takes Guantanamo Uighurs,” BBC (May 6, 2006). http://news.
bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4979466.stm.
140. Hope Yen, “Court Bars Release of 17 Uighurs Detainees into US,”
Associated Press (February 18, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/
ap/20090218/ap_on_go_ot/guantanamo_detainees.
141. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13,
2008).
142. Anders Nielsen and Syed Adnan Ali Shah Bukhari, “Talibanization of
FATA and NWFP: Status and key drivers,” ICPVTR Field study re-
port, 2007; Hassan Abbas, “Increasing Talibanization in Pakistan’s
Seven Tribal Agencies,” Terrorism Monitor, Vol. 5, No. 18 (September 27,
2007).
143. Ibid.
144. Ibid.
145. “Chinese Police Destroy Terrorist Camp in NW Region,” Xinhua
Net ( January 8, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–
01/08/content_5580233.htm; and Country Reports on Terrorism 2007
(Washington, DC: Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, U.S.
Department of State, April 2008), 33. http://www.state.gov/documents/
organization/105904.pdf.
146. Ibid.
147. “Chinese police kill 2 terrorists, arrest 15 others,” Xinhua Net
(February 18, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–02/18/
content_7625432.htm.
148. Ibid.
198 NOTES
149. “Chinese Police Kill 2 Terrorists, Arrest 15 Others,” Xinhua Net
(February 18, 2008).
150. Ibid.
151. Ibid.
152. Gunaratna, “China under Threat.”
153. Ibid.
154. Ibid.
155. Ibid.
156. “Tension Grips Waziristan as Uzbeks Find New Sanctuary,” The News 21st
(May 2007).
157. Gunaratna, “China under Threat.”
158. “Pakistan Hands over Nine Uyghur Militants to China,” Indian Express
(April 27, 2009). http://www.indianexpress.com/news/pakistan-hands-
over-nine-uyghur-militants-to/451721/.
159. Ibid.
160. “Statement from the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP),” The NEFA Foundation
(May 1, 2009). www.nefafoundatin.org; and “TIP responds to US Treasury
Designation, Arrests,” SITE Intelligence Group (May 1, 2009).
161. Edward Wong, “Warning of Attacks on Olympics Is Said to be Linked to
Muslim Separatist Group,” New York Times (August 9, 2008). http://www.
nytimes.com/2008/08/10/sports/olympics/10uighurs.html?ref=asia
162. “Chinese Police Deny ‘Terrorist Attacks’ behind Recent Explosions,”
Xinhua Net ( July 26, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/200807/26/content_8775123.htm.
163. Didier Chaudet, “Islamist Terrorism in Greater Central Asia: The
‘Al-Qaedaization’ of Uzbek Jihadism,” Russie.Nei.Visions (December,
2008).
164. Rohan Gunaratna and Kenneth Pereire, “An Al Qaeda Group Operating
in China?” The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 2 (2006): 58.
http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/
GunaratnaPereire.pdf; and The Middle Eastern Web site. www.tajdeed.
org.uk.
165. ICPVTR translation of the video “Jihad in Eastern Turkistan,” uploaded
on November 8, 2006.
166. Ibid.
167. Kenneth Pereire, “The Beijing Olympics and China’s Militant Groups,”
RSIS Commentaries ( June 28, 2007).
168. ICPVTR translation of the video “Jihad in Eastern Turkistan.”
169. Ibid.
170. Ibid.
171. Pereire, “The Beijing Olympics.”
172. ICPVTR translation of the, “Shaheed Hasan Mahsum Rahimallah” (The
God bless Holy Martyrs Hasan Mahsum) uploaded on August 10, 2007.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lx5lwRm9UA.
173. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Hasan Mahsum,” uploaded on
March 16, 2008. www.youtube.com/watch?v=UqFZohw7Qak.
199NOTES
174. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Al-Zubayr Al-Turkistani,” uploaded
on March 10, 2008.
175. Ibid.
176. Ibid.
177. Abu ‘Ubaydah al-Maqdisi, Shuhada’ Fi Zaman al-Ghurbah (The Martyrs in
the Time of Alienation) (Markaz Al-Fajr al-I’lami, 2008), 131–133. Translated
by ICPVTR.
178. “Terrorism in Western China? An interview with Rohan Gunaratna,”
The Politic ( January 7, 2009). http://thepolitic.org/content/view/93/37/
179. Edward Wong, “Group says Video Warns of Plympic Attack,” New
York Times (August 7, 2008), http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/08/
sports/olympics/08china.html#; John Garnaut, “Beijing plays down
terror threat to Games,” Brisbane Times ( July 28, 2008). http://www.
brisbanetimes.com.au/news/olympics/beijing-plays-down-terror-threat-
to-games/2008/07/27/1217097093432.html?page=fullpage#contentSwa
p1; and The Sydney Morning Herald, “Group threatens Olympic terror,”
( July 26, 2008).
180. “Terrorists Issue New Threat to Olympics: US Analysts,” Thaindian News
(August 8, 2008). http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/world-news/
terrorists-issue-new-threat-to-olympics-us-analysts_10081297.html.
181. Ibid.
182. Ibid.
183. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Islamic Party of Turkistan ‘Our Blessed
Jihad in Yunnan,’ ” uploaded July 23, 2008.
184. Ibid.
185. “Chinese Police Deny ‘Terrorist Attacks’ behind Recent Explosions,”
Xinhua Net ( July 26, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/200807/26/content_8775123.htm.
186. “Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP): ‘Why Are We Fighting China,” The
NEFA Foundation ( July 2008). www.nefafoundation.org.
187. “TIP Calls for Jihad, Demonstrates Training,” SITE Intelligence Group
(March 27, 2009); and “TIP: ‘Steadfastness and Preparations for Jihad in
the Cause of Allah,” The NEFA Foundation ( January 20, 2009). www.
nefafoundation.org.
188. Ibid.
189. Ibid.
190. Ibid.
191. Islamic Turkistan, Issue 1, distributed by the Meda al-Sayouf (Ink of Swords)
Network. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’- First Issue of TIP Magazine,” SITE
Intelligence Group ( January 29, 2009).
192. Ibid.
193. Ibid.
194. Ibid.
195. Islamic Turkistan, Issue 2, posted on the Al-Faloja jihadist forum on
February 6, 2009. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Second Issue of TIP Magazine,”
Site Intelligence Group (February 9, 2009).
200 NOTES
196. Ibid.
197. Islamic Turkistan, Issue 3, released by Al-Fajr Media Center and posted on
jihadist forums on March 25, 2009. “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Third Issue of
TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 25, 2009).
198. Mohamed Redzuan Bin Salleh trans., “ ‘Islamic Turkistan’—Third Issue of
TIP Magazine,” SITE Intelligence Group (March 25, 2009).
199. Ibid.
200. Ibid.
201. “Woman Confesses to China Plane Attack,” Associated Press (March
27, 2008). http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008–03–27-china-
terror_N.htm.
202. “China Identifies Alleged ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net
(21 October, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/21/
content_10229518.htm.
203. “Xinjiang Official Calls Monday’s Raid on Border Police a Terrorist
Attack,” People’s Daily (August 6, 2008). http://english.people.com.
cn/90001/90776/90882/6467210.html.
204. “China Identifies Alleged ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrorists,” Xinhua Net
(October 21, 2008).
205. Bu Ding, “Searching for Eyewitnesses for CZ6901 Incident,”
EastSouthWestNorth (March 11, 2008). http://zonaeuropa.com/20080311_1.
htm.
206. Chris Buckley and Benjamin Kang Lim, “China Plane Attackers Came
‘from Pakistan, Central Asia’,” Reuters (March 20, 2008). http://in.reuters.
com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-32593620080320?sp=true.
207. Ibid.
208. Bu Ding, “Searching for Eyewitnesses.”
209. Ibid.
210. “Woman Confesses to China Plane Attack,” Associated Press (March
27, 2008). http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2008–03–27-china-
terror_N.htm.
211. Ibid.
212. Ibid.
213. Chirs Buckley and Benjamin Kang Lim. “China Plane Attackers Came
‘from Pakistan, Central Asia’,” Reuters India (March 20, 2008). http://
in.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idINIndia-32593620080320.
214. “Shanghai Police Swoops Thwart Stadium Terrorist Plot,”
People’s Daily ( July 25, 2008). http://english.peopledaily.com.
cn/90001/90776/90882/6459128.html.
215. Ibid.
216. “China Thwarts Terrorist Plot At Olympic Football Stadium,”
National Terror Alert Response Center ( July 25, 2008). http://
www.nationalterroralert.com/updates/2008/07/25/china-thwarts-
terrorist-plot-at-olympic-football-stadium/.
217. Ibid.
218. “Two Executed for Kashgar Terror Attack on Police,” China Daily
(April 10, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009–04/10/
content_7664649.htm.
201NOTES
219. “Xinjiang Official Calls Monday’s Raid on Border Police a Terrorist
Attack,” Xinhua Net (August 6, 2008), http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2008–08/06/content_8984080.htm; and Austin Ramzy, “Jihad
in China’s Far West,” Time (August 6, 2008). http://www.time.com/time/
world/article/0,8599,1829791,00.html.
220. “16 police officer die in Kashgar terror strike,” China Daily (August 5, 2008).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008–08/05/content_6903132.
htm.
221. “Two executed for Kashgar terror attack on police,” China Daily (April 10,
2009).
222. “Terrorist plot suspected in violent attack on police in west China’s
Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net (August 6, 2008).
223. Edward Cody, “Grenade Attack in China Kills 16 Policemen,” Washington
Post (August 4, 2008). http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/ content/
article/2008/08/03/AR2008080302160.html.
224. Gonzalo R. Gallegos, Daily Press Briefing (Washington: US Department
of State, August 4, 2008), http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2008/
aug/107704.htm.
225. Andrew Jacobs, “Ambush in China Raises Concerns as Olympics Near,”
The New York Times (August 5, 2008).
226. Kuqa is the most populous county of Aksu prefecture in Xinjiang, with
a population of about 400,000. The site of Kuqa County is about 740
kilometers from Urumqi, the regional capital. “Serial Explosions Kill
Two in China’s Remote Xinjiang,” Xinhua Net (August 10, 2008).
http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–08/10/content_9113230.
htm.
227. Ibid.
228. “Fresh Deadly Attacks in Western China,” Financial Times (August 10,
2008), http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6d8b431c-6680–11dd-bc42–0000779
fd18c.html.
229. “Renewed Violence in West China,” BBC (August 12, 2008). http://
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asiapacific/ 7555831.stm.
230. “Eight Dead after Wave of Bombings in China’s Xinjiang,” Bloomberg
(August 10, 2008). http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=2060108
0&sid=aS1Vnm16systc&refer=asia.
231. Edward Wong, “Attack in West China Kills 3 Security Officers,” New
York Times (August 12, 2008). http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/13/
sports/olympics/13china.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=China%20links%20
bombings%20in%20west%20to%20Olympics&st=cse.
232. Ibid.
233. “Two Women among Bombers,” The Straits Times (August 12, 2008), A13.
234. Ibid.
235. “Chinese Police Say 18 Turkistan Terrorist Suspects Arrested This
Year,” People’s Daily (August 5, 2008). http://english.people.com.
cn/90001/90776/90785/6467045.html.
236. “Three Die as Shanghai Bus ‘Burst into Fire’,” Reuters (May 5, 2008). http://
www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSTON50903320080505.
237. Ibid.
202 NOTES
238. Tania Branigan, “Olympics Threatened by Islamic Separatists,” Guar-
dian ( July 27, 2008). http://www.guardian.co.uk/sport/2008/jul/27/
olympicgames2008.terrorism/.
239. Ibid.
240. Ibid.
241. Ibid
242. “Chinese Police Deny ‘Terrorist Attacks’ behind Recent Explosions,”
Xinhua Net ( July 26, 2008).
243. Ibid.
244. Ibid.
245. “Police Scramble to Find Bus Explosion Clues in SW China,” Xinhua
Net ( July 26, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–07/26/
content_8775027.htm.
246. Ibid.
247. Ibid.
248. “Bomber Tied to Café and Bus Bombings, Identity Revealed,” Go Kunming
(December 29, 2008). http://www.gokunming.com/en/blog/item/767/
bomber_tied_to_cafe_and_bus_bombings_identity_revealed.
249. “Chinese Official Warns of ‘More Severe’ Security Situation in Xinjiang,”
Xinhua Net (March 6, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/
2009–03/06/content_10958204.htm.
250. Gunaratna, “China under threat.”
251. “Profiles of 11 terrorists identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/16/content_290652.
htm.
252. Ibid.
253. Ibid.
254. Ibid.
255. Ibid.
256. “Profiles of 11 Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/16/content_290652.
htm.
257. Ibid.
258. Ibid.
259. “China Identifies Eastern Turkistan Terrorists,” Xinhua Net
(December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/15/
content_1231167_1.htm.
260. “China Seeks Cooperation Worldwide to Fight ‘East Turkistan’
Terrorists,” Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.
com/english/2003–12/15/content_1232547.htm.
261. “Separatist Leader Vows To Target Chinese Government,” East Turkistan
Information Centre ( January 29, 2003). http://www.uygur.org/
wunn03/2003_01_30.htm.
262. Ibid.
263. Ibid.
264. Ibid.
265. Ibid.
203NOTES
266. “Kyrgyz Authorities Arrest Alleged Uyghur Separatist,” Radio Free
Europe/Radio Liberty (February 15, 2007). http://www.rferl.org/
content/Article/1074730.html.
267. Ibid.
268. “Kyrgyz Authorities Arrest Fugitive Uighur Separatist,” International
Herald Tribune (February 15, 2007).
269. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” the Web site of the World
Uyghur Congress. http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.
asp?mid=1095738888; and Yitzhak Shichor, “Changing the guard at
the World Uyghur Congress,” China Brief, Vol. 6, No. 25 (Washington,
DC: Jamestown Foundation, December 19, 2006). http://www.
jamestown.org/s ing le/?no_cache=1&tx_t tnews%5Bt t _news%5
D=32346.
270. “China: The Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13,
2008). http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china_evolution_etim.
271. ETNC Web site. http://www.eastturkistan.com/html/main.html.
272. PRT Press Review (United General Assembly of East Turkistan National
Congress, April 13, 2004).
273. “Eastern Turkistan terrorist evidence revealed,” China Daily (February 14,
2004).
274. Ibid.
275. “Introduction” and “UNPO Presidency & Secretariat,” UNPO Web site.
http://www.unpo.org.
276. Ibid.
277. “Combating Terrorism, We Have No Choice,” Xinhua Net
(December 18, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/18/
content_1237985.htm.
278. Ibid.
279. “Backgrounder: Recent Terrorist Activities by Eastern Turkistan Groups,”
Xinhua Net (April 16, 2004).
280. Darko Trifunovic, “Separatism Aimed at the PRC’s Xinjiang Province:
The Activities of “East Turkestan” in the West Analysis.”
281. Linkda K. Benson, The Ili rebellion: The Muslim challenge to Chinese
authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949 (New York: M. E. Sharpe Inc., 1990),
163.
282. Ibid.
283. Ibid., 228.
284. “Biographical Note of Erkin Alptekin,” The World Uyghur Congress
(2005). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=1095
738888&mid2=1109104014&mid3=1109598091.
285. Ibid.
286. East Turkestan Information Bulletin. http://www.caccp.org/et/etib3_5.
html#1.
287. The UNPO Web site. http://www.unpo.org/; and “Introducing
the World Uyghur Congress,” the Web site of the World Uyghur
Congress. http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?
mid=1095738888.
204 NOTES
288. “UNPO Presidency & Secretariat,” the UNPO Web site. http://www.
unpo.org/content/view/6190/62/.
289. Rebiya Kadeer, Dragon Fighter: One Woman’s Epic Struggle for Peace with
China (Carlsbad: Kales Press, 2009), 10.
290. Ibid., 7.
291. Ibid., 23.
292. Ibid., 30.
293. Ibid., 56.
294. Ibid., 58.
295. “China Frees Top Uighur Prisoner,” BBC (March 17, 2005). http://news.
bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4357637.stm.
296. “Congressional Report on Rebiya Kadeer,” Uyghur Human Rights
Project (Washington, DC: Uyghur American Association, July 24, 2004).
http://www.uhrp.org/articles/27/1/Congressional-Report-on-Rebiya-
Kadeer/Congressional-Report-on-Rebiya-Kadeer.html.
297. “Evidence Shows Rebiya Kadeer behind Urumqi Riot: Chinese Gov’t,”
Xinhua Net ( July 9, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/
2009–07/09/content_11676293.htm.
298. “Dongtu sanfa chuandan, Xinjiang jishi chuli (East Turkistan Handed Out
Leaf lets, Xinjiang Authorities Handled in Time),” Ta Kung Pao (Hong
Kong) (February 10, 2009). http://www.takungpao.com:10000/gate/gb/
www.takungpao.com/news/09/02/10/EP-1029880.htm.
299. Darko Trifunovic, “Separatism Aimed at the PRC’s Xinjiang Province:
The Activities of ‘East Turkestan’ in the West Analysis.”
300. Dewardric L. McNeal, “China’s Relations with Central Asia States and
Problems with Terrorism,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research
Service, December 17, 2001) 11–12.
301. Ibid.
302. Among the dead, 137 were Han Chinese, 64 were Uighurs, and one
was Hui nationality. Yuan Ye and Xia Wenhui, “After horrible riot,
Xinjiang people hope to mend tainted relations of ethnic groups,” Xinhua
Net ( July 11, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/11/
content_11693738.htm.
303. “Police Have Evidence of World Uyghur Congress Masterminding
Xinjiang Riot,” Xinhua Net ( July 7, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2009–07/07/content_11663784.htm.
304. Chris Buckley, “Xinjiang Riot Toll Hits 156 as Unrest Spreads,” Reuters
( July 6, 2009). http://mobile.reuters.com/mobile/m/FullArticle/CTOP/
ntopNews_uUSTRE5650SW20090706?src=RSS-TOP
305. “World Uyghur Congress’ Statement on July 5th Urumqi Incident,” the
WUC Web site ( July 7, 2009). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/
PressRelease.asp?ItemID=-1553700856&mid=1096144499.
306. “Four Sentenced for Attacking Chinese Embassy in Netherlands,” Xinhua
Net ( July 11, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–07/11/
content_11689233.htm.
307. Frank Langfitt, “China Pins Violence on Uighur Activist in D.C.” ( July 9,
2009). http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=106415882.
205NOTES
308. “China Issues Alert for Tourists in Germany,” China Radio International
(CRI) ( July 11, 2009). http://english.cri.cn/6909/2009/07/11/53s500605.
htm.
309. “Uighur leader rejects Al-Qaeda,” The Straits Times ( July 15, 2009).
ht tp://www.st r a it s t imes .com/Break ing%2BNews/Asia/Stor y/
STIStory_403280.html.
310. Ibid.
311. Shichor, “Changing the Guard.”
312. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” World Uyghur Congress.
http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp? mid=1095738888.
313. Darko Trifunovic, “Separatism Aimed at the PRC’s Xinjiang Province:
The Activities of ‘East Turkestan’ in the West Analysis.”
314. “Eastern Turkistan Information Center a Terrorist Cover: Official,”
Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2003–12/15/content_1232563.htm.
315. Ibid.
316. Ibid.
317. Ibid.
318. “ETIC strongly condemn Pakistan’s extradition of Uyghurs to China,”
ETIC Web site (April 28, 2009). www.uygur.org/wunn09/04_28.
htm - 26k.
319. East Turkestan Information Bulletin. http://www.caccp.org/et/etib3_5.
html#1.
320. “Profiles of 11 terrorists identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003–12/16/content_290652.
htm.
321. Ibid.
322. “China Discloses More Evidence of ‘Eastern Turkistan’ Terrors,” People’s
Daily (February 13, 2004). http://www. english.peopledaily.com.
cn/200402/13/eng20040213_134802.shtml - 13k -.
323. Ibid.
324. “Profiles of 11 Terrorists Identified,” China Daily (December 16, 2003).
325. Ibid.
326. “Eastern Turkistan Information Center a Terrorist Cover: Official,”
Xinhua Net (December 15, 2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2003–12/15/content_1232563.htm.
327. Ibid.
4 Hui Muslims: The Milieu of
Radicalization and Extremism
1. Ma Ruxiong is a Muslim cleric in Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture,
Gansu Province, China. Jim Yardley, “A Spectator’s Role for China’s
Muslims,” The New York Times (February 19, 2006). http://www.nytimes.
com/2006/02/19/weekinreview/19yardley.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1.
2. National Bureau of Statistics of China (2002).
206 NOTES
3. Justin Ben-Adam, “China” in Islam Outside the Arab World, ed. David
Westerlund and Ingvar Svanberg (Richmond: Curzon Press, 1999), 190;
and Dru C. Glandey, “Muslim Tombs and Ethnic Folklore,” The Journal of
Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3 (1987): 495; and Muslim Chinese, 18.
4. Berlie, Islam in China, 5.
5. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” The
China Quarterly (2003): 453.
6. June Dyer, China’s Forty Million: Minority Nationalities and National Integration
in the People’s Republic of China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1979).
7. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 21.
8. Michael Dillon, China’s Muslims (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1996), 15.
9. Ibid.
10. Gladney, “Islam in China,” 454.
11. Ding Mingren, Yisilan Wenhua Zai Zhongguo (Islamic Culture in China)
(Beijing: Religious Culture Press, 2003), 2–3.
12. Donald Daniel Leslie, “The Integration of Religious Minorities in China:
The Case of Chinese Muslims” (paper presented at The Fifty-ninth George
Ernest Morrison Lecture in Ethnology 1998, Canberra: Australia National
University, 1998), 11–13.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Donald Daniel Leslie, Islam in Traditional China: A Short History to 1800
(Canberra: Canberra College of Advanced Education, 1986) and “Living
with the Chinese: The Muslim Experience in China, Tang to Ming” in
Chinese Ideas about Nature and Society: Studies in Honour of Derk Bodde, ed.
Charles Le Blanc & Susan Blader (Hong Kong, 1984), 175–193.
16. Leslie, “The Integration of Religious Minorities,” 11.
17. Israeli, Islam in China, 118.
18. Ibid.
19. Haji Yusuf Liu Bao Jun, A Glance at Chinese Muslims: An Introductive Book
(Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Encyclopedia Research Berhad, 1998), 11.
20. Mi and You, Islam in China, 43.
21. Ding, Yisilan Wenhua, 18.
22. Haji Yusuf Liu Bao Jun, A Glance at Chinese Muslims, 14.
23. Ibid.
24. “The Hui Ethnic Minority,” China Net. http://www.china.org.cn/e-
groups/shaoshu/shao-2-hui.htm.
25. Ibid.
26. Ding, Yisilan Wenhua, 14.
27. Mi and You, Islam in China, 42.
28. Ibid., 43; and “The Hui Ethnic Minority,” China Net. http://www.china.
org.cn/e-groups/shaoshu/shao-2-hui.htm.
29. Ibid.
30. Yang Qichen & Yang Hua, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao De Lishi Fazhan He
Xianzhuang (The Historical Development and Present Situation of China’s
Islam) (Yinchuan: Ningxia People’s Press), 109.
207NOTES
31. Israeli, Islam in China, 122–123.
32. Justin Ben-Adam, “China,” 200.
33. Dillon, China’s Muslims, 19.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Israeli, Islam in China, 132.
37. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 115.
38. Ibid.
39. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of China,”
Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (August 1981): 917.
40. Gladney, Dislocating China, 316.
41. Ibid.
42. Ibid.
43. Ibid., 315.
44. Dru C. Gladney, “Islam in China: Accommodation or Separatism?” in
Religion in China Today: The China Quarterly Special Issues New Series, No. 3,
ed. Daniel L. Overmyer (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003).
45. Ibid., 453.
46. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37.
47. Ibid.
48. Gladney, “Islam in China,” 454.
49. Ma Tong, Zhongguo Yisilanjiaopai Yu Menhuan Zhidu Shilue (The Brief
History of China’s Islamic Schools and Menhuan System) (Ningxia:
Ningxia People’s Press, 2000), 90.
50. G. Findlay Andrew, The Crescent in North-West China, 10, quoted in Dru C.
Gladney Muslim Chinese, 38.
51. Ma, Zhongguo, 60.
52. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37.
53. Ibid.
54. Ma, Zhongguo, 73.
55. Jin Yijiu, “Sufeipai yu Zhongguo menhuan” (Sufism and China’s
Menhuan) in Xibei Yisilanjiao Yanjiu (Northwest Islam Research), Gansu
Provincial Ethnology Department (ed.) (Lanzhou: Gansu Nationality
Publishing Society, 1985), 187–203 and “The System of Menhuan
in China: An inf luence of Sufism on Chinese Muslims” Ming Studies,
Vol. 19, 35.
56. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41.
57. Berlie, Islam in China, 40; and Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41.
58. Joseph F. Fletcher, “The Naqshbandiyya in Northwest China,” Journal of
Turkish Studies, Vol. 1 (1977): 113–119.
59. In Chinese, they are Hufuye, Zheherenye (or Zhehelinye), Gadelinye and
Kuburenye, called sida menhuan (Four Main Menhuan). Yang and Yang,
Zhongguo Yisilanjiao, 75–79; and Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41 and Dillon,
China’s Muslims, 22.
60. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 41.
61. Ma, Zhongguo, 228.
62. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 52.
63. Ibid.
208 NOTES
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid.
66. Gladney, “China’s Minorities,” 464.
67. Ibid.
68. Maris Boyd Gillette, Between Mecca and Beijing: Modernization and Consumption
among Urban Chinese Muslims (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000),
76–81.
69. Ibid.
70. John Esposito, Islam: The Straight Path (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1988), 158; Jonathan Lipman, “Patch Work Society, Network Society: A
Study of Sino-Muslim Communities” in Islam in China, ed. Raphael Israeli
and Anthony Johns ( Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1984) and Familiar
Strangers: A Muslim History in China (Seattle: University of Washington
Press, 1997), 202–203.
71. Gillette, Between Mecca and Beijing, 76.
72. Gladney, Dislocating China, 454.
73. Ibid.
74. Lipman, Familiar Strangers, 204.
75. Gillette, Between Mecca and Beijing, 77.
76. Yang and Yang, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao, 74.
77. Ibid.
78. Yang and Yang, Zhongguo Yisilanjiao, 86; and Ma, Zhongguo, 265.
79. Ma, Zhongguo, 114.
80. The figure was based on Ma Tong, Zhongguo Isilanjiaopai Yu Menhuan
Suyuan (The Origins of China’s Islamic Schools and Menhuan) (Yinchuan:
Ningxia People’s Press, 1983) and Gladney Muslim Chinese, Appendix A.
81. Gillette, Between Mecca and Beijing, 80.
82. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 37–47.
83. Gladney, Dislocating China, 317.
84. Ibid.
85. Gladney, Muslim Chinese, 332–6.
86. Wang Hongjiang, ed., “More than 8,000 people in China’s largest Muslim
region pay pilgrimage to Mecca,” Xinhua News ( July 7, 2008). http://
news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–07/07/content_8505548.htm.
87. “Majority of China’s Muslims Still Cannot Make It to Mecca,” Uyghur
Human Rights Project (Washington: Uyghur American Association,
October 29, 2007). http://www.uhrp.org/articles/589/1/Majority-of-
Chinas-Muslims-Still-Cannot-Make-it-to-Mecca-/index.html.
88. Ibid.
89. Fang Jinying, “The Development of Islam Groups in South Asia and
Southeast Asia and the Inf luence on China” (paper presented at the
International Conference on Harmonious Development of Religion,
Society and Economy, Beijing: Institute of Ethnic Minority Groups
Development Research Development Research Center of State Council,
R.C.’s, October 17, 2007).
90. Ibid.
209NOTES
91. Dru C. Gladney “Ehnoreligious Resurgence in a Northwestern
Sufi Community” in China off Center: Mapping the Margins
of the Middle Kingdom, ed. Susan Debra Blum and Lionel
M. Jensen (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2002), 123.
92. Ibid.
93. Ibid.
94. Fang, “The Development of Islam Groups.”
95. Gladney, “Ethnoreligious Resurgence,” 124.
96. Gladney, Dislocating China, 317.
97. Ibid.
98. ICPVTR translation of the video, “Power of Truth.”
99. Ibid.
100. Raphael Israeli, “The Muslim Minority in the People’s Republic of
China,” Asian Survey, Vol. 21, No. 8 (1981): 915–917.
101. Fang, “The Development of Islam Groups.”
102. Alex Alexiev, “Tablighi Jamaat: Jihad’s Stealthy Legions,” Middle Eastern
Quarterly (Winter 2005). http://www.meforum.org/686/tablighi-jamaat-
jihads-stealthy-legions.
103. Susan Sachs, “A Muslim missionary group draws new scrutiny in U.S.,” The
New York Times ( July 14, 2003). http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/14/
us/a-muslim-missionary-group-draws-new-scrutiny-in-us.html?.
104. Alexiev, “Tablighi Jamaat.”
105. Ibid.
106. Israeli, “The Muslim Minority,” 920.
107. Ibid., 916.
108. Paul George, “Commentary No. 73: Islamic Unrest In the Xinjiang Uighur
Autonomous Region,” Canadian Security Intelligence Service (Ottawa: Spring
1998). http://www.csis-scrs.gc.ca/pblctns/cmmntr/cm73-eng.asp/.
109. Gladney, “Islam in China,” 455.
5 Threats to China from Al Qaeda
1. The dedication is excerpted from the sixth entry of the video serises,
“Knights of Martyrdom,” released by the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) on
October 6, 2009. “ISI ‘Kights of Martyrdom 6’ Video, Dedicated to
Uyghurs,” SITE Intelligence Group (August 24, 2009).
2. Venkatesan Vembu, “China May Be Next in al-Qaeda’s Crosshairs,”
DNA India (December 11, 2008). http://www.dnaindia.com/report.
asp?newsid=1213078.
3. “East Turkistan . . . The Forgotten Wound,” a speech by Abu Yahya al-Libi,
released on jihadist forums on October 6, 2009. “Libi Urges Support for
Uyghurs, Calls for Jihad,” SITE Intelligence Group (October 7, 2009).
4. Ibid.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Ibid.
210 NOTES
8. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, Part 1, “The Global Jihadist Movement,”
Rand Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2006): 1.
9. Yael Shahar, “Al Qaida: A Ref lection of Globalization?” (September 1,
2008). http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/490/currentpage/
1/Default.aspx
10. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, xviii.
11. Goh Chok Tong, “Fight Terror with Ideas, Not Just Armies,” speech of
the Prime Minister of Singapore at the Council on Foreign Relations
(Washington DC May 6, 2004), as reproduced by The Straits Times (May 7,
2004).
12. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda (London: Penguin Books, 2007), 3.
13. The phrase “propaganda by deed” was first used by Prince Pyotr Kropotkin
in his pamphlet Revolutionary Government (1880). Bruce Hoffman, Inside
Terrorism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 17.
14. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, xviii.
15. Rohan Gunaratna, ed., The Changing Face of Terrorism (Singapore: Eastern
University Press, 2004), 14.
16. Rohan Gunaratna, “Al-Qaeda’s Trajectory in 2003,” IDSS Perspectives
(May 3, 2003). http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/Perspective/research_050303.
htm.
17. “Azzam Exclusive: Letter from Usamah Bin Muhammad Bin Ladin to the
American People,” Waaqiah (Internet), Foreign Broadcast Information Service
(October 26, 2002).
18. Barry Desker, “The Jemaah Islamiyah Phenomenon in Singapore,”
Contemporary Southeast Asia, Vol. 25, No. 3 (2003), 489–490.
19. Ibid, 493.
20. Marc Sageman, “Understanding Terror Networks,” Foreign Policy Research
Institute (November 1, 2004). http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20041101.
middleeast.sageman.understandingterrornetworks.html.
21. Rohan Gunaratna, “The Post Madrid Face of Al Qaeda,” The Washington
Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Summer 2004), 93. The figure 4,000 members
come from Al Qaeda detainee debriefs, including the FBI interrogation of
Mohommad Mansour Jabarah, Canadian operative of Kuwaiti-Iraqi origin
now in USA custody since 2002.
22. Banks, de Nevers, Wallerstein, Combating Terrorism: Strategies and Approaches
(Washington, DC: CQ Press, 2008), 55.
23. Angel Rabasa et al., Beyond al-Qaeda, Part 1, “The Global Jihadist
Movement,” Rand Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA, 2006), 68.
24. Peter Bergen et al., “Bombers, Bank Accounts, & Bleedout,” Harmony
Project, Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 5. www.ctc.usma.
edu/harmony/pdf/Sinjar_2_July_23.pdf.
25. Ibid., 7.
26. Bruce Hoffman, “Challenges for the U.S. Special Operations Command
Posed by the Global Terrorist Threat: Al Qaeda on the Run or on
the March?” (Written Testimony to the House Armed Services
Committee, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, February 14,
2007). http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/TUTC021407/Hoffman_
Testimony021407.pdf.
211NOTES
27. Donald Kerr, “Emerging Threats, Challenges and Opprtunities in the
Middle East,” Paper Presented at a Conference Sponsored by the Washington
Institute for Near East Policy (Washington DC, May 29, 2008), www.the-
washingtoninstitute.org/templateC07.php?CID=397.
28. National Intelligence Estimate, The Terrorist Threat to the US Homeland
(Washington, DC. : The National Intelligence Council, 2007). http://
www.dni.gov/press_releases/20070717_release.pdf.
29. Rohan Gunaratna, “The post-Madrid face of Al Qaeda,” The Washington
Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 3 (2004): 99.
30. Audrey Kurth Cronin, “How al-Qaida Ends: The Decline and Demise of
Terrorist Groups,” International Security, Vol. 31, No. 1 (2006): 7.
31. Jason Burke, “The New Matrix of Terror,” India Today ( July 25, 2005).
http://archives.digitaltoday.in/indiatoday/20050725/cs-al.html.
32. Brynjar Lia, “Al-Suri’s Doctrines for Decentralized Jihad Training,” Part 1,
Terrorism Monitor, Jamestown Foundation, Vol. V, No. 1 ( January 18, 2007):
2.
33. Jason Burke, Al-Qaeda (London: Penguin Books, 2007), 15.
34. Debriefing of Umar Al Faruq, detained at the Baghram Airbase in
Afghanistan on September 9, 2002, enabled the U.S. government to issue an
alert immediately before September 11, 2002, the first anniversary of 9/11.
Tactical Interrogation Report/Umar Al Faruq, CIA, Langley (September
2002).
35. Angel Rabasa et al., “Beyond al-Qaeda,” Part 1, The Global Jihadist Movement,
Rand Project Air Force (Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation 2006),
38–39.
36. Ibid., 39.
37. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 9/11
Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks
Upon the United States ( July 22, 2004), 151.
38. Abu Mus’ab al-Nadjdi, cited in Akram Hijazi, “A Journey into the Mind of
the Salafia al-Jihadia: Al-Qa’ida as a Model,” Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper
published in London, August 28 to 31, 2006 (four parts), “Part Two: The
Economy and the Theory of the Snake’s Head.”
39. Interview, Dr. Reuven Paz, International Policy Institute for Counter-
Terrorism, Israel (May 192003).
40. Eliza Manninghma-Buller, Terrorism Conference, Royal United Services
Institute (London, July 17, 2003).
41. Ibid.
42. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), “Remarks Prepared for Delivery by
Director Robert S. Mueller, III, Federal Bureau of Investigation,” (The
City Club of Cleveland, June 23, 2006). http://www.fbi.gov/ pressrel/
speeches/mueller062306.htm; and “New Profile of the Home-grown
Terrorist Emerges,” The Christian Science Monitor ( July 26, 2006). http://
www.csmonitor.com/2006/0626/p01s01-ussc.html.
43. Richard A. Falkenrath, “Prepared Statement of Testimony Before the
Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs,” (United
States Senate, Washington, DC, September 12, 2006). http://hsgac.senate.
gov/_files/091206Falkenrath.pdf.
212 NOTES
44. Gary LaFree, cited in Patrik Jonsson, “New Profile of the Home-grown
Terrorist emerges,” The Investigative Project on Terrorism ( June 26, 2006).
http://www.investigativeproject.org/133/new-prof ile-of-the-home-
grown-terrorist-emerges.
45. Ibid.
46. George J. Tenet, “The Worldwide Threat 2004: Challenges in a Changing
Global Context,” Testimony before the Senate Select Committee on
Intelligence (Global Security.org, January 24, 2004), http://www.
g loba l secur it y.org/intel l/ l ibrar y/congress/2004_hr/tenet_24feb
2004.htm.
47. McMillan and Cavili, “Countering Global Terrorism,” 22–23.
48. Angel Rabasa, Beyond al-Qaeda, 31
49. Ibid., 33
50. Robert F. Worth, “Freed by the U.S., Saudi Becomes a Qaeda Chief,” The
New York Times ( January 22, 2009). http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/23/
world/middleeast/23yemen.html?hp.
51. Paul J. Smith, “Prospects for US-China Cooperation,” (testimony before
the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission Hearing
on “China’s Military and Security Activities Abroad,” Washington,
DC, the United States, March 4, 2009). http://www.uscc.gov/
hearings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/09_03_04_wrts/09_03_04_
smith_statement.pdf.
52. Richard K. Betts, “The Soft Underbelly of American Primacy: Tactical
Advantages of Terror,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 117, No. 1 (2002):
20. Martha Crenshaw, “Why America? The Globalization of Civil War,”
Current History, Vol. 100, No. 650 (December 2001): 425.
53. Paul J. Smith, “Prospects for US-China Cooperation.”
54. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.—China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues
for U.S. Policy,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service,
October 29, 2008).
55. “The Power of Truth,” Al-Sahab Video Featuring Osama bin Laden,
Al-Zawahiri and others (September 20, 2007), ICPVTR Translation.
56. Ibid.
57. “Libi Urges Support for Uyghurs, Calls for Jihad,” SITE Intelligence Group
(October 7, 2009).
58. Ibid.
59. Ibid.
60. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia.”
61. Ibid.
62. Ibid.
63. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia,” Part
Four: Bloody Conf licts and Frantic Competition in Central Asia.
64. The video posted on as-Sahab Web site by al-Qaeda on the occasion of
the f ifth anniversary of the attacks of September 11, 2001, September 7,
2006.
65. Akram Hijazi, “A Journey into the Mind of the Salafia al-Jihadia: Al-Qa’ida
as a Model,”Al-Quds Al-Arabi newspaper published in London, August 28
213NOTES
to 31, 2006 (four parts), Part Two: The Economy and the Theory of the
Snake’s Head.
66. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia,” Part
Three.
67. Akram Hijazi, “China under the Microscope of the Salafia al-Jihadia,” Part
Four.
68. Shirley A. Kan (October 29, 2008).
69. Al-Qa’ida in Afghanistan, “Martyrs in Time of Alienation,” ( January 31,
2008).
70. Paul J. smith, “Prospects for US-China Cooperation,” (March 4, 2009).
http://www.uscc.gov/hear ings/2009hearings/written_testimonies/
09_03_04_wrts/09_03_04_smith_statement.php.
71. Imam Samudra Aku Melawan Teroris (“I am fighting for Terrorism”). For a
detailed discussion about Imam Samudra’s justif ication of Bali Bombings,
see Mohammad Haniff Hassan, Unlicensed to Kill: Countering Imam Samudra’s
Justification for the Bali Bombings (Singapore, Peace Matters, 2006).
72. Ibid.
73. “Pakistan Denies New Reactor Plan,” BBC ( January 3, 2006). http://news.
bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4577044.stm.
74. Urvashi Aneja, “China-Bangladesh Relations: An Emerging Strategic
Partnership?” Special Report No. 33 (Institute of Peace and Conf lict Studies,
November 2006), 5. http://www.ipcs.org/IPCS-Special-Report-33.pdf.
75. “China, Bangladesh to Further Bilateral Economic Ties,” Xinhua Net
( July 23, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–07/23/content_
6416262.htm.
76. Urvashi Aneja, “China-Bangladesh Relations: An Emerging Strategic
Partnership?” 7.
77. B. Raman, “The Blast in Gwadar,” South Asia Analysis Group (May 8,
2004). http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers10/paper993.html.
78. Ibid.
79. “Pakistan blast kills 3 Chinese engineers,” China Daily (May 4, 2004). http://
www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004–05/04/content_328099.htm.
80. “Pakistan car bomb kills Chinese,” BBC (May 3, 2004). http://news.bbc.
co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3679533.stm.
81. “Two Chinese Engineers Kidnapped in Pakistan,” People’s Daily
(October 10, 2004). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200410/09/eng
20041009_159503.html.
82. Ibid.
83. Fazal-ur-Rahman, “Targeted Attacks on Chinese: Myth and Reality,”
(Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad, 2007). http://www.issi.org.pk/
journal/2007_files/no_4/article/a6.htm and Jenny Booth & agencies,
“Chinese workers targeted in deadly Pakistan suicide bombing,” Times
Online ( July 19, 2007). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/
asia/article2103936.ece.
84. Ibid.
85. “Three Chinese Dead in Pakistan ‘Terrorist’ Attack,” Reuters ( July 8, 2007).
http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUSISL27353120070708.
214 NOTES
86. Tarique Niazi, “China, Pakistan, and Terrorism,” FPIF Commentary ( July
16, 2007). http://www.fpif.org/fpiftxt/4384; and “Chinese Workers Shot
in Pakistan,” BBC ( July 9, 2007). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/
south_asia/6282574.stm.
87. Ibid.
88. Zahid Hussain and Jane Macartney, “Suicide Bomb Attack Jolts China
into Realizing the Risks of Global Ambition,” The Times Online ( July
20, 2007). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/arti-
cle2106397.ece.
89. Jenny Booth and agencies, “Chinese Workers Targeted in Deadly Pakistan
Suicide Bombing,” The Times Online ( July 19, 2007).
90. Ibid.
91. “Pakistani Taliban Claims Fighter Kidnapped 2 Chinese Engineers,”
VOA news (September 2, 2008). http://www.voanews.com/english/
archive/2008–09/2008–09–02-voa19.cfm?CFID=139173390&CFTOKE
N=15164071&jsessionid=8430324afe1f23012b2228631a80233a6d37.
92. “Pak Taliban Kidnapped Two Chinese Engineers against Attacks on
Them,” Thaindian News (September 3, 2008). http://www.thaindian.
com/newsportal/india-news/pak-taliban-kidnap-two-chinese-engineers-
against-attacks-on-them_10091902.html.
93. “Zai bajisitan bei taliban bangjia de zhongguo gongchengshi anquan
huoshi” (The Chinese Engineers Kidnapped by Taliban in Pakistan Were
Released Safely,” Xinhua News (February 15, 2009). http://news.xinhua-
net.com/newscenter/2009–02/15/content_10820593.htm; and “Released
Chinese engineer leaves Pakistan for China,” People’s Daily (February
18, 2009). http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/90883/6595649.
html.
94. “ ‘Afghanistan’s Enemies’ behind Killing of Chinese Workers: Karzai,” and
“Rebuilding Activities to Continue in Afghanistan: Chinese Ambassador”
Afghanistan News Center ( June 11, 2004). http://www.afghanistannews-
center.com/news/2004/june/jun112004.html; and Carlotta Gall, “Taliban
suspected in killing of 11 Chinese works,” New York Times ( June 11, 2004).
http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E3DA1530F932A2
5755C0A9629C8B63.
95. Ibid.
96. “Eleven Chinese Dead in Afghan Terrorist Attack, News Black-out
Imposed,” Afghanistan News Center ( June 11, 2004). http://www.afghan-
istannewscenter.com/news/2004/june/jun112004.html.
97. Carlotta Gall, “Taliban Suspected in Killing of 11 Chinese Workers,”
New York Times ( June 11, 2004); “Mystery Shrouds Killing of Chinese
in Afghanistan,” China Daily (updated June 21, 2004). http://www.
chinadai ly.com.cn/engl ish/doc/2004–06/21/content_341247.htm.
98. Ibid.
99. “Taliban Denies It Murdered 11 Chinese in North Afghanistan,” Afghanistan
News Center ( June 11, 2004) and http://www. afghanistannewscenter.
com/news/2004/june/jun112004.html.
215NOTES
100. H. H. Michael Hsiao and Alan Yang, “Ins and Outs of a China Courtship,”
Asia Times (December 4, 2008). http://www.atimes.com/atimes/
Southeast_Asia/JL04Ae02.html.
101. Sheng Ding and Robert A. Saunders, “Talking Up China: An Analysis
of China’s Rising Cultural Power and the Global Promotion of the
Chinese Language,” East Asia: An International Journal, Vol. 23, No. 2
(2006): 3.
102. Hsiao and Yang, “Ins and Outs of a China Courtship.”
103. “Trade and Commerce, Philippines-China Economic Relations,”
Philippine Consulate General Shanghai (October 2008). http://www.
philcongenshanghai.org/Trade.htm.
104. Ibid.
105. “China, Indonesia Intensify Economic Cooperation,” China Daily
(October 7, 2006). http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/information/details.
php?type=news_copy&id=3024.
106. “China intends to increase investment in Indonesia,” ANTARA News
Agency (December 22, 2006). http://www.indonesia-ottawa.org/infor-
mation/details.php?type=news_copy&id=3264.
107. Brian Padden, “Indonesian Muslims protest against China’s crackdown
on Uighur,” VOA News ( July 16, 2009), http://www.voanews.com/
english/archive/2009–07/2009–07–16-voa10.cfm?CFID=283571748&
CFTOKEN=50252070&jsessionid=0030cf81462af08ec7a1237602a2e6
f452f1.
108. “Government Must Lodge Notes of Protest with China,” Bernama
( July 13, 2009), http://www.bernama.com/bernama/v5/newsworld.
php?id=424876.
109. “Indonesians Protest at Chinese Embassy,” AFP ( July 13, 2009),
ht tp://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/ar t icle/ALeqM5gzcZ_
G1WXp3AyiTvGjvgro6Gme7g.
110. Ibid.
111. Ibid.
112. Brian Padden, “Indonesian Muslims Protest against China’s Crackdown
on Uighur,” VOA News ( July 16, 2009).
113. The Web site of Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, http://hizbut-tahrir.or.id/.
Translated by ICPVTR.
114. “Barney Jopson, Somalia Oil Deal for China,” Financial Times ( July 13,
2007). http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/20a8a430–3167–11dc-891f- 0000779
fd2ac.html.
115. “Long-standing China-Algeria Ties Show Strong Momentum for
Growth,” Window of China (March 21, 2008), http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2008–03/21/content_7835496.htm.
116. Ibid.
117. “China-Algeria Trade Has Great Potential: MOFTEC,” People’s Daily
(August 23, 2002), http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200208/23/eng
20020823_101976.shtml.
118. Ibid.
216 NOTES
119. Sun Shangwu, “China, Egypt Agree on Nuke Co-operation,” China
Daily (November 8, 2006). http://chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006–11/08/
content_727329.htm.
120. African Economic Outlook 2007, OECD Development Centre (May 2007),
245–246. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/26/6/38562553.pdf.
121. Ibid.
122. “China and Egypt Go Hand in Hand,” Jane’s Information Group ( January 18,
2007). http://www.janes.com/security/international_security/news/jiaa/
jiaa070118_1_n.shtml.
123. “ ‘China Fever’ Sweeps Egypt,” People’s Daily (October 17, 2006).
http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200610/17/eng20061017_312665.
html.
124. “China, Egypt Launched Construction of Oil Rigs Plant,” Huliq News
(May 31, 2007). http://www.huliq.com/23222/china-egypt-launched-
construction-of-oil-rigs-plant.
125. “Feature: “China Fever” Sweeps Egypt,” People’s Daily (October 17,
2006).
126. “China and Egypt go Hand in Hand,” Jane’s Information Group ( January
18, 2007).
127. Liu Baijia, “Chinese SEZ Likely in Egypt,” China Daily (November 14, 2007).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2007–11/14/content_6253381.
htm.
128. Ibid.
129. “Iraq and China Sign Oil Deal Soon, International Herald Tribune,”
The Associated Press (AP) (August 21, 2008), http://www.iht.com/
articles/2008/08/21/business/21oilchi.php.
130. “Four Oil Workers Killed in Algeria Bus Attack,” Reuters AlertNet
(March 4, 2007). http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L04254748.
htm.
131. Craig S. Smith, “Qaeda-Linked Group Claims Algerian Attack,” New
York Times (December 13, 2006). http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/13/
world/africa/13algeria.html.
132. “Algeria: Militants Focus on Energy Targets,” Stratfor ( June 25, 2007).
http://www.stratfor.com/algeria_militants_focus_energy_targets.
133. “At Least 24 Algerian Gendarmes Killed in Insurgent Ambush,” Xinhua
Net ( June 18, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–06/18/
content_11563113.htm.
134. Ibid.
135. “Aerjiliya 24 ming xianbing zaoxi shenwang (Algeria 24 gendarmes
attacked and dead),” Xinhua Net ( June 18, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.
com/world/2009–06/18/content_11563314.htm.
136. Tania Branigan, “Al-Qaida Threatens to Target Chinese over Muslim
Deaths in Urumqi,” Guardian ( July 14, 2009). http://www.guardian.
co.uk/world/2009/jul/14/al-qaida-threat-china-urumqi; and Cui Jia
and Cui Xiaohuo, “Al-Qaida threatens Chinese abroad,” China Daily
( July 15, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009xinjiangriot/
2009–07/15/content_8428724.htm.
217NOTES
137. Cui Jia and Cui Xiaohuo, “Al-Qaida Threatens Chinese Abroad,”
China Daily ( July 15, 2009). http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/
2009xinjiangriot/2009–07/15/content_8428724.htm.
138. “ISI ‘Knights of Martyrdom 6’ Video, Dedicated to Uyghurs,” SITE
Intelligence Group (August 24, 2009).
139. Ibid.
140. Ibid.
141. Ibid.
142. “Three Suspects Arrested in Chinese Diplomat Shooting,” People’s Daily
( July 2, 2002). http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200207/02/print
20020702_98986.html.
143. Bakyt Ibraimov, “Uighurs: Beijing to Blame for Kyrgyz Crackdown,”
Eurasianet.org ( January 28, 2004). http://www.eurasianet.org/
departments/civilsociety/articles/eav012804.shtml.
144. “China Condemns Killing of Kidnapped Workers in Sudan,” Xinhua Net
(October 28, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–10/28/
content_10266701.htm.
6 China’s Perception of the Threat and Response
1. “Hu Jintao Promises to Stif le Unrest and Make Uighur Rich,” Taipei
Times (May 29, 2005). http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/
archives/2005/05/29/2003257059.
2. “Beijing Hunts Olympic ‘Terrorist’,” BBC (October 21, 2008).
h t t p://news .bbc .co.uk /nol /uk f s _ news/h i /news id _7680 0 0 0/
newsid_7681200/7681297.stm.
3. “Baming Dongtu kongbufenzi mingdan jiqi zhuyao zuixing,” (The eight
East Turkistan terrorists and their criminal activities), the Web site of the
Ministry of Public Security of PRC (October 21, 2008). http://www.mps.
gov.cn/n16/n1237/n1342/n803715/1634373.html.
4. “China Names Eight MUSLIM ‘Terrorists’ Abroad on Most Wanted
List,” AFP (October 20, 2008). http://afp.google.com/article/
ALeqM5ioMxf5vKzTvTkyVd9shnKBicSwiQ.
5. “Gonganbu fabuhui tongbao dier pi rending de ‘dongtu’ kongbufenzi
mingdan youguan qingkuang” (The MPS news brief ing on the second
bath of alleged ‘East Turkistan Theorists’ and relevant information),
the Web site of the Ministry of Public Security of PRC (October 21,
2008). http://www.mps.gov.cn/n16/n1237/n1432/n1522/1634347.
html.
6. “Rights at Risk: Amnesty International’s concerns regarding security leg-
islation and law enforcement measures,” Amnesty International (2002).
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/001/2002/en/dom-
ACT300012002en.html.
7. Boaz Ganor, “Defining Terrorism: Is One Man’s Terrorist Another Man’s
Freedom Fighter?”http://www.ict.org.il/ResearchPublications/tabid/64/
Articlsid/432/currentpage/1/Default.aspx.
218 NOTES
8. Rohan Gunaratna, “Military and Non-military Strategies for Combating
Terrorism,” in Combating Terrorism, ed. Rohan Gunaratna (Singapore:
Marshall Cavendish Academic, 2005), 1.
9. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for U.S.
Policy,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service, October 29,
2008).
10. Yang Hui, “Strengthening Counter-Terrorism Intelligence Cooperation
and Promoting Peace in the Asia-Pacific,” (presented at the Asian-Pacific
Intelligence Chief ’s Conference, Singapore, February 18, 2009).
11. Nicolas Becquelin, “Xinjiang in the Nineties,” China Journal, Vol. 44
( July 2000): 87.
12. Ibid.
13. James Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment
(Washington, DC: East-West Center Washington, 2004), 13.
14. “East Turkestan’ terrorists cannot get away with impunity,” Information
Office of State Council ( January 20, 2002).
15. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 13.
16. “East Turkestan’ Terrorists Cannot Get Away with Impunity,” Information
Office of State Council; and Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 13.
17. An introduction of the first batch of “East Turkistan” terrorist organiza-
tions and terrorists identified by the Ministry of Public Security (December
2003). http://news.china.com/zh_cn/domestic/945/20031215/11587489.
html.
18. “Combating terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18,
2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/18/content_1237985.
htm.
19. Ibid.
20. “Combating Terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18,
2003).
21. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “2008 Beijing Olympics Security Management:
Myth and Reality of Intelligence Inputs on Terror Attack” (Noida: South
Asia Analysis Group, November 10, 2008). http://www.southasiaanalysis.
org/papers30/paper2918.html.
22. Dru C. Gladney, “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’ and the Shanghai Cooperation
Organization,” The U.S.-China Economic & Security Review Commission
Hearings Washington, DC, the United States (2006).
23. “China: the Evolution of ETIM,” Stratfor Global Intelligence (May 13,
2008). http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/china_evolution_etim.
24. Ibid.
25. “Biographical Note of Erkin Alptekin,” The World Uyghur Congress
(2005). http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=10957
38888&mid2=1109104014&mid3=1109598091.
26. Help the Uyghurs to Fight Terrorism (Munich: East Turkistan National
Congress, 2003), 20–27.
27. Ibid.
28. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang” in Flashpoints in the War on Terrorism, ed. Derek
S. Reveron and Jeffrey Stevenson Murer (London: Routledge, 2006), 227.
219NOTES
29. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang,” 235.
30. Ibid.
31. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” World Uyghur Congress.
http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=1095738888
32. “Combating terrorism, we have no choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18,
2003).
33. “Introducing the World Uyghur Congress,” World Uyghur Congress.
34. Ibid.
35. Radio Free Asia, “Rebiya Kadeer: A Fight for Human Rights,” (April 5,
2005). http://www.rfa.org/english/news/in_depth/kadeer_appeal-
20050405.html.
36. Takungpao (Dagong Newspaper), “Dongtu sanfa chuandan, Xinjiang
jishi chuli” (East Turkistan spread leaf lets, Xinjiang handled on time)
(February 10, 2009). http://www.takungpao.com:10000/gate/gb/www.
takungpao.com/news/09/02/10/EP-1029880.htm.
37. Dru C. Gladney, “Xinjiang,” 227.
38. Ian Ransom, “China Names Eight Wanted Olympic Terror Plotters,”
Reuters (October 21, 2008). http://www.reuters.com/article/worldNews/
idUSTRE49K0IW20081021.
39. “Muslim Groups Denounce Inclusion on China’s List of ‘Terrorist’ Groups,”
East Turkistan Information Center (December 15, 2003). http://www.
uygur.org/wunn03/2003_12_16.htm.
40. The Web site: http://www.turkistan-islam.com/ has been inaccessible.
Dru Gladney, “Xinjiang,” 232.
41. Ibid.
42. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 14.
43. Amnesty International, “China’s Anti-terrorism Legislation and Repression
in the Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region” (March 2002).
44. Martin I. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism: Counter-insurgency, Politics and
Internal Security (London and New York: Routledge, 2008), 72.
45. “Role of Xinjiang Production Construction Corps Important: White
Paper,” Xinhua News (Beijing, 2003).
46. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 77.
47. Dennis J. Blasko, The Chinese Army Today: Tradition and Transformation for the
21st Century (London: Routledge, 2006), 80.
48. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel: Military and Strategy,” in Xinjiang:
China’s Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Fredrick Starr (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe,
2004), 122–123.
49. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel,” 122–123; and Dennis J. Blasko
(2006), 72–73.
50. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 76.
51. David Shambaugh, Modernizing China’s Military: Progress, Problems, and
Prospects (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002), 8.
52. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 76.
53. Ibid.
54. An armed version of French Aerospatiale Dauphine helicopters coproduced
in China. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel,”122–123.
220 NOTES
55. Yitzhak Shichor, “The Great Wall of Steel,” 125.
56. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 77.
57. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 14; and Anwar Rahman, Sinicization
Beyond the Great Wall: China’s Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (Leisester:
Matador, 2005), 53.
58. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 81–82.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid.
61. Richard McGregor, “Chinese Military in Muslim Region,” Financial Times
(August 15, 2001), 8.
62. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 75.
63. Ibid.
64. “Chinese Military Preparing for Beijing Olympic Security,” Xinhua
Net ( June 28, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–06/28/
content_6307814.htm.
65. “Chinese Military Steps up Counter-terrorism Preparations for
Olympics,” Xinhua Net (February 18, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2008–02/18/content_7622174.htm.
66. “Chinese military preparing for Beijing Olympic security,” Xinhua Net
( June 28, 2007).
67. Ibid.
68. “China’s Anti-terrorism Force in Action Ahead of Olympics,” Xinhua
Net ( June 19, 2008). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008–06/19/
content_8400608.htm.
69. “Chinese military steps up counter-terrorism preparations for Olympics,”
Xinhua Net (February 18, 2008).
70. China’s National Defense in 2008 (Beijing: The State Council Information
Office of PRC, January 20, 2009). http://www.china.org.cn/government/
central_government/2009–01/20/content_17155577.htm.
71. Ibid.
72. Ibid.
73. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 76.
74. Ibid.
75. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 15.
76. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 82–83.
77. Jay Todd Dautcher, “Reading Out-of-Print: Popular Culture and Protest
on China’s Western Frontier,” in China Beyond the Headlines, ed. T. B.
Weston and L. M. Jensen (Lanham: Rowman and Littlef ield, 2000),
273–295.
78. Ibid.
79. Ibid.
80. Ibid.
81. Michael Dillon, Xinjiang—China’s Muslim Far Northwest (London:
RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 93.
82. Ibid.
83. Rémi Castets, “The Uighurs in Xinjiang: The Malaise Grows,” China
Perspectives (2003). http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/document648.html.
84. Ibid.
221NOTES
85. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 85–86.
86. Ibid.
87. Wang Shacheng and Cao Feng, “Information Galaxy: Intelligence Study
on Security and Defense: Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing 2008
Olympic Games” at the Midwest Political Science Association National
Annual Conference (Palmer House, Chicago, April 3–6, 2008). http://belf-
ercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Information%20Galaxy_Intelligence%20
Study%20on%20Security%20and%20Defense.pdf.
88. Li Zhihui and Li Shu, “China’s Anti-terrorism Force in Action Ahead
of Olympics,” Xinhua Net ( June 19, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2008–06/19/content_8400608.htm.
89. “China Sets Up Anti-Terror Squads as Riots Spread,” Reuters (August 17,
2005).
90. China’s National Defense in 2008 (Beijing: Information Office of State
Council of PRC, January 2009).
91. “China Sets Up Anti-Terror Squads as Riots Spread,” Reuters (August 17,
2005).
92. China’s National Defense in 2008.
93. Ibid.
94. The Official Web site of the Ministry of Public Security. http://www.
mps.gov.cn/cenweb/English/index.htm.
95. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 328.
96. Millward, Violent Separatism in Xinjiang, 17.
97. So far, the Xinjiang government has not published the figures about the
number of arrests during the crackdown in the whole region.
98. South China Morning Post, July 17, 1997; December 29, 1997; February 6,
1998.
99. “China’s Anti-terrorism Legislation and Repression in Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region,” Amnesty International (March 2002). http://
a s i apac i f ic . am ne s t y.org / l ib r a r y/ Index/ENGASA1701020 02?
open&of=ENG-CHN.
100. “Anti-terrorism Legislation and Repression in XUAR,” Amnesty
International (2002), 11.
101. Pan Guang, “East Turkestan Terrorism and the Terrorist Arc: China’s
Post-9/11 Anti-Terror Strategy,” China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4,
No. 2 (2006): 21.
102. Ibid.
103. Li and Li, “China’s Anti-terrorism Force.”
104. Ibid.
105. Ibid.
106. “Chinese Police Destroy Terrorist Camp in NW Region,” Xinhua
Net ( January 8, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–01/08/
content_5580233.htm.
107. Ibid.
108. Ibid.
109. “Months Later, Xinjiang ‘Terror’ Raid Remains a Mystery,” AFP (April 7,
2008). http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jGUlp674YNDiKZrwMe
HeQcuHRuOw.
222 NOTES
110. “China Arrests East Turkestan ‘Terror’ Suspects,” Taipei Times (April 11,
2008). http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2008/04/11/
2003408949.
111. “Chinese police detain 82 suspected terrorists targeting Olympics in
Xinjiang in 1st half,” People’s Daily ( July 10, 2008). http://english.
peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90776/90882/6447914.html.
112. Li and Li, “China’s Anti-terrorism Force.”
113. Ibid.
114. “Chinese Police Forces Kick off Anti-terrorism Drills for National Day
Security,” Xinhua Net ( June 9, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2009–06/09/content_11515789.htm.
115. Rohan Gunaratna, “China under Threat,” The Straits Times (August 3,
2008).
116. Bill Smith, “ ‘Great Wall of Steel’ Tightens around Beijing,” Asia-Pacific News
( July 22, 2008). http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/ asiapacific/
news/article_1418554.php.
117. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism, 71–73.
118. Ibid., 29.
119. Ibid.
120. Gunaratna, “Military and Non-military Strategies,” 1.
121. Kua shiji de Zhongguo renkou—Xinjiang fence (The Population of China towards
the 21st Century: Xinjiang Volume) (Beijing: Zhongguo tongji chubanshe,
1994), Table 13–7, 418.
122. Ibid.
123. Colin Mackerras, “Why Terrorism Bypasses China’s Far West,” Asia
Times Online (April 23, 2004). http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/
FD23Ad03.html.
124. Ibid.
125. Li Dezhu, “Xibu da kaifa yu minzu wenti” (The Opening of the
West and China’s nationality problem), Qiushi (Seeking Truth) ( June 1,
2000).
126. “Jointly Prosper: 4,000 Gansu Households Begin Work in Xinjiang’s
Construction and Production Corps,” Gansu Daily (April 21, 2005),
reprinted on Tianshan Net (April 22, 2005).
127. Nicolas Becquelin, “Staged Development in Xinjiang,” China Quarterly,
No. 178 ( July 2004): 375. http://journals.cambridge.org/download.php?
file=%2FCQY%2FCQY178%2FS0305741004000219a.pdf&code=5aeb59
7a2d9f4c1b14e1b68b258da7cd.
128. Study Group of the Xinjiang CCP Committee, “Guanyu zhengque
renshi he chuli xingshi xia Xinjiang minzu wenti de diaocha baogao”
(Investigative report on correctly apprehending and resolving Xinjiang’s
nationality problems under the new situation) (February 2001).
Reproduced in Makesizhuyi yu xianshi (Marxism and Actuality) (February
2001), 34–38.
129. US Congressional-Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2005
(Washinton, DC: Congressional-Executive Commission on China,
October 11, 2005). http://www.cecc.gov/pages/annualRpt/annualRpt05/
223NOTES
CECCannRpt2005.pdf; and Colin Mackerras, “Why terrorism bypasses
China’s far west,” Asia Times Online (April 23, 2004).
130. Yang, “Strengthening Counter-terrorism Intelligence.”
131. “China Experiments with Debt,” The Wall Street Journal (March
25, 2009). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123787407588322681.
html#mod=rss_asia_whats_news.
132. Xinjiang Regional Road Improvement Project, Final Report (Hong Kong: SMEC
Asia LTD, November 2006), Vol. 3. http://www.adb.org/Documents/
Reports/Consultant/39655-PRC/Volume-III.pdf.
133. “China to build twelve new highways linking its west region with
Central Asia,” Xinhua Net (6 April, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2007–04/07/content_8312145.htm.
134. Chinese “nan shui bei diao,” “xi qi dong shu,” and “xi dian dong song.”
National Development Programming Commission of PRC, “xi qi dong
shu, xi dian dong song, qing zhang tielu, nan shui bei diao si da gongcheng
jinkuang” (Recent situation about the four grant programs—“west-to-
east natural gas transfer,” “west-to-east power transmission,” “south-to-
north water diversion,” and Qinghai-Tibet railway. http://www.cec.org.
cn/news/content.asp?NewsID=12433.
135. Elizabeth Van Wie Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism in Xinjiang,
China,” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies, January
2008). www.apcss.org/Publications/APCSS%20Uyghur%20Muslim%20
Separatism%20in%20Xinjiang.doc.
136. “Report on the Work of XUAR Government in 2008,” Xinjiang Gongyi
(Xinjiang Charity) ( January 18, 2009). http://www.xjgy.org/post/
Report-on-the-Work-of-Xinjiang.aspx.
137. Vincent Kolo, “The national question in Xinjiang,” Socialist World
( January 9, 2008). http://socialistworld.net/eng/2008/01/09chinaa.html.
138. Ibid.
139. Ibid.
140. Dillon, Xinjiang, 157–158.
141. Liam Stack, “China Raises Casualty Toll in Uighur Riots,” The Christian
Science Monitor ( July 12, 2009). http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0712/
p99s01-duts.html.
142. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “2008 Beijing Olympics Security Management:
Myth and Reality of Intelligence Inputs on Terror Attack” (Noida: South
Asia Analysis Group, November 10, 2008).
143. Pan, “East Turkestan Terrorism,” 22.
144. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “Chinese Counter Terror Intelligence Module:
Compatibility to Nov 26 Mumbai Type Terror Attacks,” (Noida: South
Asia Analysis Group, December 27, 2008). http://www.southasiaanalysis.
org/%5Cpapers30%5Cpaper2993.html.
145. Ibid.
146. Pandey, “Chinese Counter Terror Intelligence.”
147. Ibid.
148. Pandey “Chinese Counter Terror Intelligence” and Pan, “East Turkestan
Terrorism,” 22.
224 NOTES
149. Pan, “East Turkestan Terrorism,” 22.
150. Dailymirror.lk, “Counter Terrorism in UK,” Counter-terrorism Strategies
in the West ( January 29, 2009). http://srilankatoday.com/index.php?
option=com_content&task=view&id=944&Itemid=52.
151. Yang, “Strengthening Counter-terrorism Intelligence.”
152. Sheo Nandan Pandey, “2008 Beijing Olympics Security Management:
Myth and Reality of Intelligence Inputs on Terror Attack,” (Noida: South
Asia Analysis Group, November 10, 2008).
153. Pan, “East Turkestan Terrorism,” 22.
154. Wang Shacheng and Cao Feng, “Information Galaxy: Intelligence Study
on Security and Defence- Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing
2008 Olympic Games,” (paper presented at the Midwest Political Science
Association National Annual Conference, Palmer House, Chicago, the
US, 3–6 April, 2008), 14–15. http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/
Information%20Galaxy_Intelligence%20Study%20on%20Security%20
and%20Defense.pdf.
155. Ibid.
156. Yang, “Strengthening Counter-terrorism Intelligence.”
157. “Zhongguo Jingfang Jianjue Daji Yiqie Kongbuzhuyi Zhuzhi” (Chinese po-
lice firmly strike all terrorist organizations in accordance with law), Xinhua
Net ( January 9, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/legal/2007–01/09/
content_5583031.htm.
158. The Criminal Law f the People’s Republic of China, Part II Special Provisions,
Chapter I (Amended by the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People’s
Congress on March 14, 1997). http://www.lawinfochina.com/law/
displayModeTwo.asp?id=354&keyword=
159. Zhao Bingzhi and Wang Xiumei, “Countermeasures against Terrorism
through Criminal Justice in China,” (paper presented at the First World
Conference of Penal Law: Penal Law in the XXIst century, Guadalajara,
Mexico, November 18–23, 2007).
160. Amendment of the Criminal Law f the People’s Republic of China (III),
issued by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress
(December 29, 2001).
161. “Combating Terrorism, We Have No Choice,” Xinhua Net (December 18,
2003). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2003–12/18/content_1237985.
htm.
162. Zhao and Wang, “Countermeasures against Terrorism.”
163. “Woguo zhuanjia zhengzai jiajin zhiding zhuanmen de fankongfa”
(Chinese specialists are hastening making a sepcific Counter-terror Law),
Zhongguo Wang (China Net) ( January 1, 2008). http://www.china.com.
cn/news/2008–07/01/content_15916774.htm.
164. Xiang Junbo, “Combating Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing
in China,” (speech at the High Level Seminar on AML and Combating
Terrorist Financing, Beijing, China, September 22, 2005). http://www.
pbc.gov.cn/english//detail.asp?col=6500&ID=86.
165. Zhou Xiaochuan, “Anti-money laundering in China: the status quo and
prospects,” (speech at the first meeting of the Ministerial Joint Conference
225NOTES
on AML, Beijing, China, August 27, 2004). http://www.bis.org/review/
r040920a.pdf.
166. The Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Bank of China
(amended by the Standing Committee of the 10th National People’s
Congress, December 27, 2003). http://www.pbc.gov.cn/english//detail.
asp?col=6800&ID=22.
167. Xiang, “Combating Money Laundering.”
168. Ibid.
169. The Criminal Law f the People’s Republic of China (Amended by the Fifth
Session of the Eighth National People’s Congress on March 14, 1997). http://
www.lawinfochina.com/law/displayModeTwo.asp?id=354&keyword=.
170. “China adopts anti-money laundering law,” China Daily (October 31, 2006).
http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006–10/31/content_721316.htm.
171. Xiang, “Combating Money Laundering.”
172. The EAG official Web site. http://www.eurasiangroup.org/.
173. “U.S. Treasury targets leader of group tied to al-Qaeda,” Xinhua Net
(April 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–04/21/
content_11226318.htm.
174. “Treasury Targets Leader of Group Tied to Al Qaeda,” (Washington, DC:
U.S. Department of the Treasury, April 20, 2009) TG-92.
175. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 335.
176. Ibid.
177. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads, 335–336.
178. Ibid.
179. Pete Lentini, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Central
Asia,” in M. Vicziany, D. Wright-Neville and P. Lentini (ed.) Regional
Security in the Asia Pacific (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2004), 128.
180. “Chinese President Calls For Joint Efforts In Fighting Terrorism in Central
Asia,” People’s Daily ( June 18, 2004).
181. “Kyrgyzstan and China Begin Joint Anti-terrorist Exercises,” Associated
Press World Stream (October 10, 2002).
182. “Shanghai Five Fight Terrorism,” China Daily (August 12, 2003).
183. “Counter-terrorism Exercise Ends,” China Daily (August 27, 2003).
184. “China’s Defence Minister Praises Shanghai Organization Antiterror
Exercise,” Xinhua Net, (August 15, 2003).
185. “First China-Russia Military Exercise Conclude,” Zhongguo Junwang
(Chinese Military Net) (August 25, 2005). http://english.chinamil.com.
cn/site2/special-reports/2005–08/26/content_281921.htm.
186. Ibid.
187. “Peace Mission 2005,” People’s Daily ( July 27, 2007). http://english.peo-
pledaily.com.cn/90002/91620/91644/6225701.html.
188. “Joint war games testify new concept of security: Chinese DM,” Zhongguo
Junwang (Chinese Military Net) (August 26, 2005) http://english. chinamil.
com.cn/site2/special-reports/2005–08/27/content_282258.htm.
189. Nadine Godehardt and Wang Pengxin, “Peace Mission 2009: Securing
Xinjiang and Central Asia,” RSIS Commentary (September 2, 2009).
190. Ibid.
226 NOTES
191. “China Looks back on Its Anti-terrorism Role over Past Year,” BBC
(September 10, 2002); “China Accuses Muslim Separatists of Getting
Weapons, Money from bin Laden,” Associated Press Newswires
( January 21, 2002).
192. Dru Gladney, “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’ ” (2006).
193. Philip P. Pan, “U.S. Warns of Plot by Group in W. China,” Washington Post
(August 29, 2002), A27.
194. “Husein Celil (known as Huseyin Celil) (m), aged 37, Canadian citizen:
Fear of Imminent Execution,” Amnesty International Canada (August 10,
2006). http://www.amnesty.ca/resource_centre/news/view.php?load=arc
view&article=3657&c=Resource+Centre+News.
195. “China, Tajikistan Pledge to Further Cooperate in Fighting ‘Three Evil
Forces’,” People’s Daily (May 16, 2006).
196. Gladney, “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’,” (2006).
197. “China, India Sign Defense Cooperation MOU,” China Net (May 31,
2006). http://www.china.org.cn/english/2006/May/169952.htm.
198. “India and China launch war games,” BBC (December 20, 2007). http://
news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7153179.stm.
199. “China, India kick off joint anti-terror military training,” Xinhua Net
(December 21, 2007). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007–12/21/
content_7288587.htm.
200. Praful Kumar Singh, “India and China to hold joint counter terror, insur-
gency exercise,” Thaindian (December 4, 2008). http://www.thaindian.
com/newsportal/india-news/india-and-china-to-hold-joint-counter-
terror-insurgency-exercise_100127210.html.
201. Ibid.
202. Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism.”
203. Amnesty International, “People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing
Persecution as China Wages Its ‘War on Terror’ ” (2004). http://web.am-
nesty.org/library/index/engasa170212004.
204. B. Ramam, “Sino-Indian Co-operation in Counter-Terrorism-an
Update—International Terrorism Monitor- Paper No. 311,” (Noida: South
Asia Analysis Group, November 2007). http://www. southasiaanalysis.
org/%5Cpapers25%5Cpaper2472.html.
205. “Sino-Pakistani Joint Drill Concludes,” China Net (December 19, 2006).
http://www.china.org.cn/international/2006–12/19/content_1192951.
htm.
206. Ibid.
207. “Pakistan, China Sign Extradition Treaty,” Pakistan Latest (December 12,
2007). http://pklatest.com/2007/12/12/pakistan-china-sign-extradition-
treaty/.
208. “Pakistan Hands over Nine Uyghur Militants to China,” The Free Library
(April 27, 2009).http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Pakistan+hands+over+n
ine+Uyghur+militants+to+China.-a0198683701.
209. White House, “U.S., China Stand against Terrorism,” (October 19, 2001).
210. Dewardric McNeal and Kerry Dumbaugh, “China’s Relations with
Central Asian States and Problems with Terrorism,” (Washington, DC;
Congressional Research Service, December 17, 2001).
227NOTES
211. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues
for U.S. Policy,” (Washington, DC; Congressional Research Service,
October 29, 2008): 5–6.
212. Ibid.
213. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation,” 1.
214. Ibid.
215. Ibid., 2.
216. Ibid.
217. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation,” 5; quoted in Frank
R. Wolf, letter to Attorney General Holder Eric H. Holder, Jr., May 13,
2009.
218. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for
U.S. Policy.”
219. Daniel Schearf, “U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigations Seeks Further
Cooperation with China,” VOA News ( June 13, 2007).
220. Wang Shacheng and Cao Feng, “Information Galaxy: Intelligence Study
on Security and Defense: Case of Potential Terrorism at the Beijing 2008
Olympic Games,” (paper presented at the Midwest Political Science
Association National Annual Conference, Palmer House, Chicago,
April 3–6, 2008).
221. Shirley A. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation: Issues for
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222. Ibid., 9.
223. Ibid., 10.
224. “Rebiya Kadeer meets with President Bush at the White House,” Uyghur
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meets-with-President-Bush-at-the-White-House-/index.html.
225. “Group Says Chinese Saw Detainees,” Washington Post (May 26, 2004);
and “China: Fleeing Uighurs Forced Back to “Anti-Terror” Torture and
Execution,” Amnesty International ( July 7, 2004).
226. Robin Wright, “Chinese Detainees are Men without a Country,”
Washington Post (August 24, 2005).
227. Ibid.
228. Kan, “U.S.-China Counterterrorism Cooperation,” 12.
229. Ibid.
230. Agence France Presse (AFP), “American court denies Uighurs release from
Guantanamo into US,” The Dailystar (February 29, 2009). http://www.dai-
lystar.com.lb/article.asp?edition_id=10&categ_id=2&article_id=99484
231. “Palau to resettle 17 Guantánamo detainees,” Guardian ( June 10, 2009).
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jun/10/palau-guantanamo-
detainees-housed
232. “Row over release of Guantanamo Uighurs on Bermuda,” AFP ( June
12, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090612/pl_afp/ usattacksgu
antanamouighurbermuda;_ylt=AtXa484OA1Siv2ikP81mgLdSbA8F.
233. China’s National Defense in 2002 (Beijing: The Information Office of the State
Council of the PRC, December 9, 2002), Part VI, “International Security
Cooperation.” http://www.china.org.cn/e-white/20021209/VI.htm#2.
228 NOTES
234. Denny Roy, “Lukewarm Partner: Chinese support for U.S. counter-
terrorism in Southeast Asia,” (Honolulu: Asia-Pacific Center for Security
Studies, March 2006). http://www.apcss.org/Publications/APSSS/
LukewarmPartnerChinaandCTinSEA.pdf.
235. Roy, “Lukewarm Partner.”
236. P. Parameswaran, “US-China extend dialogue to cover counter-terrror-
ism,” AFP (September 11, 2009). http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090911/
pl_afp/uschinaattacks
237. Ibid., and “Clinton stresses key China goals,” BBC (September 11, 2009).
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8249824.stm.
238. China’s National Defense in 2008.
239. Davis, “Uyghur Muslim Ethnic Separatism.”
240. China’s National Defense in 2008.
241. Fangyang (ed.) “White Paper: China persists in int’l security coopera-
tion,” Xinhua Net ( January 20, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/
english/2009–01/20/content_10688957.htm.
242. Gunaratna, “Military and Non-military Strategies,” 1.
Conclusion: Need for Moderation and a Humane
Approach
1. “Fourth Issue of TIP Magazine, ‘Islamic Turkistan’,” SITE Intelligence
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2. T.R.Gurr, People versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century
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3. T. Vanham, “Domestic Ethnic Conf lict and Etnic Nepotism: a Comparative
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4. M. Reynal- Querol, “Ethnicity, Political Systems and Civil Wars,” Journal
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5. Isak Svensson, Fighting with Faith: Religion and Conf lict Resolution in
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6. Kelvin Siqueria and Todd Sandler, “Terrorists versus the Government:
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7. K. J. Holsti, The State, War and the State of War (Cambridge: Cambridge
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8. S.C. Poe, C. N. Tate and D. Lanier, “Domestic Threats: the Abuse of
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and Contentious Politics, ed. C. Davenport (Latham, MD: Rowman and
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9. Rudelson and Jankowiak, “Acculturation and Resistance,” 299.
10. Nicolas Becquelin, “Staged Development in Xinjiang,” China Quarterly,
No. 178 (2008), 358–78.
11. Ibid.
12. Quoted in Stephen Schwartz “Beleaguered Uyghurs: Oppressed minority,
terrorist recruits, or both?,” Weekly Standard 9, No. 39 ( June 21, 2004),
229NOTES
posted online at Uyghur American Association. Source: http://www.
uyghuramerican.org/articles/59/1/Beleaguered-Uyghurs-Oppressed-
minority-terrorist-recruits-or-both.html.
13. Amnesty International, “China’s Anti-terrorism legislation and repression
in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,” (March 2002). http:// asiapacific.
amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA170102002?open&of=ENG-CHN;
and “People’s Republic of China: Uighurs Fleeing Persecution as China
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org/library/index/engasa170212004
14. Amon N. Guiora, Global Perspectives on Counterterrorism (Aspen
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15. “Full Text: China’s National Defense in 2008,” Xinhua Net
( January 20, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009–01/20/
content_10688124.htm.
16. “Mainland calls for military trust amid warming cross-Straits relations,”
Xinhua Net ( January 21, 2009). http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2
009–01/20/content_10688477.htm.
17. The alleged leaders of the US-based organization are Professor Larry
Gerstein and Dalai Lama’s elder brother, Thubten Jigme Norbu. “The
Statement of International Tibet Independence Movement,” Taiwan
Gonglun Bao (Tianwan Tribune) (April 25, 2006). Source: http://www.tai-
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Muthiah Alagappa (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998), 131.
19. Kung Lap-Yan, “National Identity and Ethno-religious Identity,” A
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20. Ishaan Tharoor, “Tearing Down Old Kashgar: Another Blow to the
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21. Quoted in Ishaan Tharoor, “Tearing Down Old Kashgar.”
22. Sofia Jamil and Roderick Chia, “Lifting the Lid Off Xinjiang’s Insecurities,”
NTS Insight (Singapore S.Rajaratnam School of International Studies,
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Baker, Rodger. “China and enduring Uighurs.” Rightside News, August 6, 2008.
Bonner, Raymond and Jane Perlez. “Bali Bomb Plotters Said to Plan To Hit Foreign
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Cody, Edward. “Truck, Grenade Attack in China Kills 16 Policemen.” Washington
Post, August 4, 2008.
Crawley, Mike. “Focus Turns to Somali in Search for Terrorists.” The Christian Science
Monitor, December 3, 2001.
Cui Jia and Cui Xiaohuo. “Al-Qaida Threatens Chinese Abroad.” China Daily,
July 15, 2009.
Fang Jinying. “The Development of Islam Groups in South Asia and Southeast Asia
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Givner-Forbes, Rebecca. “China under Threat: Jihadist Community Has China in
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———. “China’s ‘Uighur Problem’ And the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.”
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Godehardt, Nadine and Wang Pengxin. “Peace Mission 2009: Securing Xinjiang and
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Gunaratna, Rohan. “Al-Qaeda’s Trajectory in 2003,” IDSS Perspectives, May 3, 2003.
———. “China under Threat.” The Straits Times, August 3, 2008.
Jacobs, Andrew. “Ambush in China Raises Concerns as Olympics Near.” New York
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Joe, McDonald. “China Targets Xinjiang Rebels.” The Washington Times, January 22,
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239BI BLIOGR A PH Y
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Ramzy, Austin. “Jihad in China’s Far West.” Time, August 6, 2008.
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Stratfor Global Intelligence. “Geopolitical Diary: Beijing Eyes the Periphery.”
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———. “China: The Evolution of ETIM.” May 13, 2008.
The NEFA Foundation. “Turkestan Islamic Party (TIP): Why Are We Fighting
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———. “The Islamic Jihad Union.” October 14, 2008.
———. “TIP: ‘Steadfastness and Preparations for Jihad in the Cause of Allah.”
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———. “Statement from the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP),” May 1, 2009.
Tong, Goh Chok. “Fight Terror with Ideas, Not Just Armies.” Paper presented to the
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Wang Shacheng and Cao Feng. “Information Galaxy: Intelligence Study on Security
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240 BI BLIOGR A PH Y
Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association National Annual
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Watson, Paul and Mubashir Zaidi. “Militant Flourishes in Plain Sight.” Los Angeles
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Wong, Edward. “Warning of Attacks on Olympics Is Said to Be Linked to Muslim
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Wright, Robin. “Chinese Detainees are Men without a Country.” Washington Post,
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INDEX
Abdul Hakeem 53–54
Abdul Haq 53–54, 56–59, 64, 72–74,
110, 133, 160, 194
Abdullah Mansour 59, 71–72
Abu Mohammad al-Turkistani, see
Hasan Mahsum
Abu Sayyaf Group 117, 235
Abu Yahya al-Libi 1, 110, 122, 179, 210
Afghanistan 18, 32, 51, 55–58, 60–65,
71, 74, 81, 105, 113–114, 116,
119–122, 125–126, 143–144,
165–166, 213–215
Afghanistan-Pakistan border 54, 61
Ahong 96, 100, 103–104
Akram Hijazi 123, 211, 213
Al Qaeda (Al-Qaeda) 1–3, 5, 7, 18,
57–58, 60–65, 67–68, 70, 105,
109–129, 131–134, 160–161, 166,
174–175, 194–196, 209–213, 225,
232, 234
Al Qaeda in China 58, 110
Al Qaeda Organization in the Islamic
Maghreb (AQIM) 51, 86, 118,
120, 132, 134
Algeria 51, 114, 116, 130, 132, 216
Anti-Money Laundering (AML)
159–160, 224–225
Anti-Terror Bureau (ATB) 149, 156
Anti-terrorist drills
Great Wall 5 145, 150
Great Wall 6 150
Arab 3, 28, 62, 90–92, 96
Arab Muslims 74, 90, 92
Arabian Peninsula 99, 112, 120
Arabic 21, 23, 29, 61, 73, 96,
100–101, 104, 184
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) 169
Ayman al-Zawahiri 2, 105, 112, 119,
121–122, 131, 212
Bangladesh 106, 126–127, 213
Bank of China 159, 168, 225
Beijing Olympic Games 2, 6, 48, 57,
59, 67–68, 70–72, 75–78, 124, 135,
144–145, 147, 150–151, 155–157,
166, 175, 193, 198, 201, 218,
220–224, 227, 238–239
Bin-Laden, see Osama bin-Laden
Bishkek 133, 161, 163
Bombings 48–49, 71, 73, 77–78, 82,
118, 144, 147, 161, 201–202
suicide 71–73, 128, 150
CCMS (Consequence Control and
Management System) 157
CCP, see Chinese Communist Party
CCTV (China Central Television) 74
Central Asia 22, 24, 28, 52, 62,
66–67, 79, 96–97, 153, 161
Muslims 22, 90–91
China Counterterrorism
Cooperation 212, 218, 227, 239
China International Oil and Gas
(CIOG) 130
China Islam Association, see Islamic
Association of China
China National Offshore Oil
Corporation (CNOOC) 130
China National Petroleum Corporation
(CNPC) 134
China Securities Regulatory
Commission 159
242 IN DEX
China’s anti-terrorism force 142,
220–222
anti-terrorism legislation 219,
221, 229
counter-terrorism intelligence 156
Islamic Schools 207–208, 233
Minorities 187, 191, 208, 238
Muslims (Chinese Muslims ) 16–17,
20, 24, 26–27, 29, 44, 46, 89, 90,
92, 100, 102–104, 190, 206–208,
231, 233, 239
nation-building process 17, 46,
172–173
National Defense 47, 146, 168, 175,
190, 220–221, 227–229
State Council, see State Council
Chinese Communist Party 26, 36–40,
42–43, 49, 101
Chinese engineers kidnapped 127,
213–214
government 28, 32–33, 36–37, 39,
44, 69–70, 74–75, 77, 80, 122,
137, 154, 156–158, 160, 167–169,
175–176
speaking Muslims 29, 89, 94
Chinese Muslim Association 26, 41
Chinese Muslim Educational
Association 26
Chinese Muslim General
Association 26
Chinese Muslim Mutual Progress
Association 26
Chinese Muslim Young Students
Association 26
Combatant Status Review Tribunals
(CSRTs) 64, 197
Combating terrorism 144, 151, 153,
155, 162–163, 166, 169, 191, 196,
203, 210, 218–219, 224, 232
Combating terrorist f inancing (Also
Countering the Financing of
Terrorism) 159, 160, 224
Commander Seifallah 47, 58–59,
71–72, 78, 195
Conf lict zones 115, 126
Consequence Control and Management
System (CCMS) 157
Constitution of the PRC 36, 39, 43,
189–190
Counter-terrorism exercise 148, 225
legislations 158–159
policies 167, 169
Dashi 90–92
Department of Public Security of
Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous
Region 148
Desecuritization 13
Development, socioeconomic 37–38,
40, 43, 45–46, 153, 173
Discrimination 1–2, 9, 18, 46, 85
Dolqun Isa 80, 82–83, 139
Domination 9, 16, 34
Early Warning and Prevention System
(EWPS) 156–157
East Turkistan 7, 47, 52, 55, 62, 75, 79,
80–82, 86, 110, 124, 133, 137–139,
141, 161, 175–176, 202–205, 218
East Turkistan Information Center
(ETIC) 48, 87–88, 139, 166,
205, 219
East Turkistan Islamic Movement
(ETIM) 2–3, 5, 7, 47–48, 51–79,
81, 110, 124–125, 135, 138,
164–166, 175, 193–194, 196–197,
203, 218
East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP) 49,
52–53
East Turkistan Liberation Organization
(ETLO) 2, 5, 48, 61, 79–82, 88,
138, 166
East Turkistan Union in Europe
(ETUE) 87, 140
Eastern Turkistan National Congress
(ETNC) 81, 83, 87, 140–141
Eastern Turkistan organizations 48, 87,
190, 195–196
Erkin Alptekin 83, 86, 140, 173
Ethnic conf lict 5, 7, 9–10, 17, 31, 35,
50, 95, 153, 171, 182, 237
groups 17, 28, 31–32, 37, 52, 56, 90,
92, 138–139, 176, 185, 189, 192
identity 4–5, 15, 19, 52, 94
243IN DEX
minorities 14, 17, 32, 38, 40–41,
43, 185
nationalism 4–5, 184, 232
tensions 16, 33–34, 45–46, 153–154,
169
Ethnicity 4–6, 59, 136, 153, 179, 182,
184, 228, 232, 237
Euro-Asian Group on Combating
Money-laundering and Financing
of Terrorism 160
Extremism 2, 6–7, 9, 57, 89, 102,
104–105, 137–138, 140, 143, 145,
148, 151, 162–163, 169–170, 174
FATA (Federally Administered Tribal
Area) 7, 60, 66–68, 87, 115, 127,
164, 175
Federal Bureau of Investigation
(FBI) 105, 165–166, 212, 244
Financial Action Task Force
(FATF) 160
Financial Counter-Terrorism Working
Group 165
Fundamentalism 102, 173
Fundamentalist Islam 53, 103
Gansu 3, 22, 29, 34, 75, 96–98,
100–102, 153
Gedimu 21, 23, 29, 96–97, 100–101,
184
Germany 51, 81–83, 85, 115, 140–141,
148, 151
Global War on Terrorism (GWOT) 168
Group for Preaching and Combat
(GSPC) 118, 120, 132
Guangzhou 20–21, 72, 78–79, 90–91
Guantanamo Bay 57, 64–65, 161, 167
Hajj 26–27, 100, 102–104, 173
Han Chinese 19–20, 22–23, 25, 28–30,
31–33, 37, 40, 42, 45, 48–50, 52,
59, 89, 91–95, 106, 152–153, 155,
172–174, 177–178
Hanafi Islam 23, 96
Hasan Mahsum 52–57, 61, 63–65, 70,
139, 199
Hezb-e-Islami 128
Hizbul Islam Li-Turkistan 53–54,
58, 63
Hong Kong 3, 20, 105, 145, 151, 204,
206, 223, 233
Hui 3, 25, 28–30, 32, 35, 46, 52,
89–90, 92–96, 98–99, 101–103,
105–107, 185–186, 231, 236
communities 7, 23, 90, 95–96, 98,
101, 103–105
Jiao 20, 89
Muslims 3, 7, 19–20, 28, 89–90,
93–95, 97–98, 100–102, 104,
106–107, 186, 206
Muslims in Beijing 29
Muslims in China 94–95, 98, 105
Huihui 23, 89–90, 92
Human rights 5, 10, 16, 80, 86–87,
166, 168, 177, 187, 191, 219, 238
Human security 10, 12, 180–182, 233,
236–237
Husein (Huseyin) Celil 62, 163, 226
Identity 1, 4–7, 10, 13–20, 28, 30–32,
37, 39, 95–96, 171–172, 182–183,
202, 234–237
conf licts 16
Hui 94–95
societal 14, 46, 90, 94–95, 105–106,
173, 177
Uighur 15, 31–32, 36, 177
Ikhwani 29, 99–100, 106
ILD (International Liaison
Department) 156
Independence 2, 43, 69, 79–81, 85, 87,
93, 133, 141, 176
Indonesia 120–121, 129–130, 215, 231
Indonesian Muslims 130, 215
Information Office of State
Council 168, 183, 187–189, 218,
220, 227
Insurgents 36, 136, 159, 245
Integration 4, 20, 22–23, 32–33, 101,
106, 139, 173, 245
of religious minorities in China
206, 239
Intelligence 155–157, 165, 212,
221, 224
244 IN DEX
International cooperation 136, 156,
159–160, 168–169
counter-terrorism treaties 148, 168
security 181–182, 211, 236–238
Internet 59, 66, 68, 71, 74–75, 87, 105,
112, 117, 119, 123, 142, 210
Interpol 79, 151
Iraq 18, 105, 109, 113–114, 119–120,
122, 126, 131, 245
Isa Yusuf Alptekin 83, 140, 184
Islam 3–7, 9, 17, 19–24, 26–33, 42,
45–46, 93–95, 101–102, 104–106,
112–113, 126, 184–186, 189–190,
206–208, 231–236
in China 4, 7, 17, 20–22, 69, 179,
184–186, 190, 206–209, 231–235
golden age of 23
radical 5, 27, 106, 116
in Southeast Asia 183, 236
traditionalist 26, 99
universal Ummah of 20, 102
in Xinjiang 24, 185–187, 232
Islamabad 115, 122, 128
Islamic Association of China 26,
102–103
Islamic education 32, 100
fundamentalism 90, 95, 101–106,
173, 186, 232
identity 18, 28, 31, 46
law 23, 49, 113, 132
orthodoxy 31, 98–99
reform movements 26, 95,
99–101
schools 43, 56, 95, 101, 104
states 105, 111–112
Ummah 23, 26, 106, 110
world 5, 25, 44, 92, 102–103, 123,
133, 190, 237
Islamic Institute 41, 56
Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) 2, 5, 62,
66–67, 133, 175
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan
(IMU) 2, 5, 18, 61–62, 64–66,
115, 133, 175
Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) 105, 109, 122,
132, 209, 217, 239
Islamist extremism 1, 3
groups 18, 51, 111–112, 114, 118,
129–130
terrorism 6, 17, 109, 115, 135
terrorist threat 7
terrorist threat to China 6
Islamists 55, 99, 115
radical 10, 46, 123
Islamization 22, 26, 31, 90,
93, 101
of Xinjiang 25
Israel 111, 123–124, 148,
151, 211
Istanbul 79, 82, 140–141
ITIM (International Tibet
Independence Movement)
176, 229
Jeddah 55
Jemaah Islamiyah ( JI) 183, 210, 236
Jews 3, 112–113, 121–123
Jihad 2–6, 9, 18, 34, 51–52, 55,
57–59, 62–63, 69–73, 79, 105,
111–112, 116, 121–122, 125,
130–133, 171, 193, 195–196,
199, 239
Jihadi groups, see groups under Jihadist
forums
Jihadist forums 58–59, 74, 110, 132,
179, 184, 195, 200, 210
groups 60–62, 69, 153
Jihadists 3, 61, 104–105, 109, 114,
119, 124
Jungars 34
Kabul 61, 64, 71, 81
Kashgar 30, 36, 48, 50, 54, 77, 82–83,
93, 143
Kazakhstan 32, 52, 63, 79–80, 85,
160–162
Kunming 72–73, 78–79, 202
Kyrgyz 28, 30, 32
Kyrgyzstan 52, 62–63, 81, 85, 160–163,
165, 225
Land reforms 38–39, 101
Libyan Islamic Fighters Group 61
Local radical Islamic groups 81
245IN DEX
London 116, 118, 179–180, 182, 184,
186, 188, 191, 196, 210–211, 213,
218–220, 231–232, 234–235
Ma Wanfu 26, 100
Mahsum, see Hasan Mahsum
Manchus 25, 32, 34, 94
Mass Mobilization System
(MEMS) 157
Mecca 23, 25–27, 100, 102–103, 173,
208, 232
Menhuan 24, 97–98, 207–208, 233
Middle East 3, 21, 26, 33, 57, 59, 72,
83, 99–102, 104, 109, 112,
124–125, 130–131, 211
Militant Islam in Central Asia
196, 234
Ming dynasty 23–24, 34, 90, 92
Ministry of National Defense
(MND) 176
Ministry of Public Security (MPS) 48,
58, 75, 80–81, 135, 138, 148–151,
156, 158–159, 217–218, 221
Ministry of State Security (MSS) 156
Minorities 4–5, 7, 15–17, 19, 37–39,
41, 43, 133, 153–154,
170–172, 174, 177–179,
186, 188, 191, 232
Minority Conf lict 10, 15, 180
identities 2, 4, 6–7, 20
nationalities 28–29, 38–40,
42–43, 190
Modernization 99–100, 185, 208,
231–232
Mohammad Abdullah Saleh
Sughayer 110
Mohammad Emin Hazret 79–80, 139
Mongols 22, 25, 91–92, 94
Mosques 21–23, 27, 29, 42–44, 53,
92–94, 96–97, 100, 103–104,
122, 130
Mujahideen 62, 70–74, 111–113, 122,
125, 196
Mullah Mohammad Omar 124
Multinational states 9, 14, 16–17, 46
Munich 81, 83, 86–87, 141, 218
Muslim Brotherhood 60, 100
Muslim communities 18, 21–22, 27,
41–42, 46, 70, 90–91, 96, 102,
112, 115, 119, 122
countries 26–27, 72, 91, 104,
111–113
diversity 186, 232
Han conf licts 26, 99
identity 4, 6–7, 17, 19, 106, 172, 177
migrants 3, 90
minorities 4–5, 7, 17, 19–20, 25, 28,
37–39, 42, 46, 49, 94, 102, 106,
155, 172, 174, 183–184, 190, 207
opposition 4, 46, 95, 172
rebellions 25, 35, 93
states 23, 44, 104, 172
world 18, 27, 99, 103, 113, 126, 184,
186, 236
Muslims in China 5, 7, 19, 24–25, 27,
46, 89, 93, 104, 122, 124, 185
Nation-state 28, 94, 177
National Anti-Terrorism Coordination
Group (NATCG) 149–150, 156
National conf lict 5–6
identity 9, 16
security 13, 139–140, 175, 182, 236
unity 37, 152, 174
National People’s Congress (NPC) 84,
158–159, 168, 190, 224–225
Nationalist government 35–36, 94
Nationalists 36–37
Nationalities 26, 31, 38–39, 41, 46, 90,
94–95, 101, 111
Netherlands 51, 82–83, 85–86
New Terrorism 180, 183
Ningxia 3, 22, 28–29, 34, 96–97, 100,
102, 207, 233
Non-governmental organizations
(NGOs) 103–104, 106
Olympic Games, see Beijing Olympic
Games
Osama bin-Laden (bin Laden) 2, 18,
52, 55, 58, 61–62, 64, 67, 81,
110–113, 116, 119, 121–122,
124–126, 160, 190, 195–196
Overseas Uighur communities 61, 141
246 IN DEX
Pakistan 2, 32, 44, 53–56, 58–62,
64, 66, 68, 102–103, 115,
126–128, 161, 163–165,
194–195, 200, 214
Pakistani security forces 66–67,
128, 164
Taliban 2, 67, 127–128
Pan-Islamism 172, 193
Pan-Turkic nationalism 172
Peace Mission 145, 162, 225, 238
People’s Armed Police Force
(PAPF) 76, 135, 143, 146–148,
150–151, 162
People’s Bank of China (PBC) 159
People’s Liberation Army (PLA) 36, 49,
142–147, 150–151, 156, 164
People’s Republic of China (PRC) 1, 4,
10, 17, 19–20, 26–28, 31–32,
36–37, 39, 43, 50, 52, 85,
89–90, 94, 124, 126,
151–152, 158–159, 165,
184–185, 188–190, 195–196,
206–207, 224–226, 231–232
Persian 21–22, 28–30, 90–92, 96
Philippines 113, 116–117,
120, 129
Pilgrimage 23, 25, 27, 44,
102–103, 208
Political violence 1, 10, 13, 107, 169,
180, 193–194, 236
Qadi 23
Quick Response System (QRS) 150,
157
Qur’an 27, 70, 99–101
Radical 72, 81, 138
Radicalization 6–7, 89, 102–103, 105,
126, 152, 173–174, 206
Rebiya Kadeer 51, 83–86, 141, 166,
204, 219, 227
Regional Anti-Terrorism Structure
(RATS) 163
Regional autonomy 38–39, 43,
188, 190
security 161, 193, 225, 233
Republic of China 25, 83, 94, 185
Riots 36, 41, 50, 130, 132, 146, 148,
178, 217
Russia 32, 34, 89, 148, 160–163, 248
Salafia al-Jihadia 105, 123, 211, 213
Salafi Group for Call and Combat
(GSPC), see Al Qaeda
Organization in the Islamic
Maghreb
Salafism 28
Security 6, 10–14, 17, 76, 79, 90,
117–118, 124, 137, 145, 177–178,
180–182, 221–222, 231,
233–237, 248
Seifallah, see Commander Seifallah
Separatism 7, 57, 60, 87, 136–138, 140,
143–145, 148–149, 152, 162–163,
173–176, 185–186, 190, 206–207,
223, 232
Separatists 9, 45, 60, 85, 136–137,
142–144, 149, 152, 162, 192
Shanghai Cooperation Organization
(SCO) 136, 143, 145, 161–163,
169, 218, 225, 238
Snake’s head 124, 211, 213
Snow Wolf Commando Unit
(SWCU) 147
Societal identities 14–15, 46, 90,
94–95, 105–106, 173, 177
security 13–15, 177
Society 14–15, 26, 42, 142, 153,
181–182, 206, 209, 229, 232–233,
238, 248
Society Union of Uighur National
Association 85
South Asia 3, 126, 197, 239
Southeast Asia 3, 110, 112,
128–129, 228
Soviet Union 35–36, 38, 41–42, 113,
172, 188
State Council 20, 137, 146, 168, 183,
187–189
Sufism 24–26, 97–99, 207, 233
Tablighi Jamaat (TJ) 62, 105–106, 173,
209, 235
Taiwan 20, 175–176, 178
247IN DEX
Tajikistan 32, 52, 62–63, 160–161, 163
Taliban 2, 55, 57–58, 61–65, 74, 113,
115, 124–125, 128, 144, 160–161,
166, 190, 195–196, 214, 234
Tang dynasty 20–21, 33, 90, 184
Tarim Basin 22, 24, 30–32, 34, 53, 155
Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) 18,
67, 128
Terror 10, 52, 114, 117, 139, 155, 180, 196,
211–212, 231–232, 235–236, 249
Terrorism 1–7, 9–10, 16–18, 136–137,
140–142, 144–145, 147–148,
150–152, 156–161, 168–170,
172–174, 179–180, 218–220,
222–224, 231–233, 235–237
contemporary wave of 1, 10, 136
fighting 158, 163, 225
international 138, 162
threat of 10, 135, 143, 169, 174
transnational 161, 174
war on 46, 136
Terrorist attacks 46, 48, 59, 63, 70, 75,
78–79, 87, 105, 118, 146–147, 149–151,
156–157, 164–165, 198–199, 211
financing 159–160, 165, 224
groups 3, 47, 62, 72, 79–80, 83, 135,
138, 150, 165, 169, 180, 211, 219,
231, 236
incidents 48, 63, 142
organizations 48, 58, 81–82, 125,
138–139, 141, 156, 158, 165–166,
168, 224
threat 2, 6, 9, 109, 119, 137, 142, 150,
169, 171, 211
training camps 61–62, 64, 150, 162
violence 46–47, 80, 106, 133, 138–139
Terrorists 3, 48, 62, 67, 76, 79–80,
83–84, 104–105, 135–137,
141–144, 151–152, 158–160, 198,
200–202, 217–218, 249
designated, 58, 160
suspected 150, 163, 167, 222
Three evil forces 136–137, 140, 142,
148–149, 163, 174
Turkey 44, 55, 79–80, 82, 84, 140, 186, 236
Turkic Muslims 25, 28, 30, 89,
106, 187
Turkistan al-Islamia, 68, 73–4
Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) 19, 47,
53–54, 58, 63, 68, 71, 73–74,
78–79, 88, 132, 160, 171, 193–195,
198–199, 239
Uighur 2–5, 30–34, 36–38, 40–43, 45,
50–53, 59–68, 74–76, 80–87,
121–122, 124–126, 138–142, 150,
152–153, 155, 166–167, 172–174,
193, 238
detainees 57, 64–65, 165, 167
Diaspora (émigrés) 4, 49, 82, 85, 140
identity 15, 31–32, 36, 177
kingdom 30, 33
militants 61–62, 64, 68, 71, 87
Muslims 5, 31–32, 42, 45, 57, 60,
70, 74, 86, 130, 132, 140, 146,
153, 172
nationalism 171, 191, 237
organizations 82, 140
separatism 47, 142, 190, 195, 236
separatist groups 47, 86
separatist movement 49, 52, 86, 106,
132, 137, 140–141
separatists 50, 55, 88, 140, 144, 151
Uighur American Association 85, 191
United States (also US) 3, 9, 44, 46,
50, 58, 61, 63–65, 74, 76, 78,
84–85, 109, 111–115, 121–125, 127,
129–131, 137, 155, 165–168, 170–
171, 175, 196–197, 211–212,
224, 227
UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and
People’s Organizations) 82–83,
140, 203–204
Urumqi 33, 35, 45, 48–56, 59, 62, 75,
80, 82, 84–86, 94, 129, 132,
143–145, 147–148, 150
US-China Cooperation 212–213
Uzbekistan 52, 62–63, 67, 161–163
Uzbeks 28, 30, 32, 62, 66–67
Values, dominant identity 14–15
Violence 1, 11, 13, 18, 46, 48, 51–52,
60, 63, 81–82, 86–87, 129–130,
135–139, 141–142, 146–147, 172
248 IN DEX
Violent incidents 49–50, 128, 164, 166
resistance 6
War on Terror 142, 173, 180, 182–183,
195, 226, 229, 236
Terrorism 5, 179, 191, 218–220, 222,
232, 235
Washington 64, 141, 165–166, 168,
189–191, 194–195, 197, 201,
203–205, 208, 210–212, 218, 225,
227–228, 231–233, 238–239
Wenzhou 72–73, 78
World Uighur Congress (WUC) 2, 5,
51, 77, 81, 83–86, 88, 140–141,
166, 173
World Uighur Youth Congress
(WUYC) 48, 80–83, 87, 138,
141, 166
Xinjiang 4–7, 24–25, 30–39, 41–46,
48–50, 52–56, 60–65, 82–85, 87,
135–144, 146, 148–155, 174–178,
182–193, 218–223, 231–238
and Central Asia 163, 225
independence of 80, 82, 85, 87, 141
needle attack in 192
occupation of 45, 80
police 77, 148–150
southern 25, 29, 34, 36, 53, 84,
144, 150, 160
stability of 141, 152, 154, 169
Xinjiang Military District (XMD)
143, 188
Xinjiang Military Region, see Xinjiang
Military District (XMD)
Xinjiang Nationalities Committee 36
Xinjiang Production Construction
Military Corps (XPCMC) 152
Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region
(XUAR) 29, 52, 56, 76, 79,
136–137, 140, 172, 174, 191, 220,
219, 234, 236
Xinjiao 26, 99
Yemen 98, 114, 120
Yinchuan 28, 207–208, 233, 235
Yining 34, 36, 41, 48–49, 53, 67,
146–147
Zeydin (Ziyauddin) Yusup 49, 53