Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. J . Milroy, The Language of Gerard Manley Hopkins (London: Deutsch,1977) p. 39.

2. Cf 'If I read a book [and] it makes my whole body so cold no fire evercan warm me I know that is poetry. If! feel physically as if the top of my headwere taken off, I know tluu is poetry. These are the only way I know it. Isthere any other way?' (Emily Dickinson in a letter to Thomas Higginson) seeT. H. Johnson and T . Ward, The Letters of Emily Dickinson (Cambridge,Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1958) vol. II, pp . 473-4.

3. J. Culler, Structuralist Potties(London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1975)ch.8.

4. For an interesting critique of new readings see R. Levin , New Readingsvs. OldPlays(Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1979).

2 VARIETIES

1. See for example Dolores M . Burton, Shakespeare 's Grammatical Style(Austin and London: University of Texas Press, 1973).

2. K. Muir, 'Shakespeare and Rhetoric', Shakespeare ]ahrbuch 90 (1964)60; and Kenneth Hudson, 'Shakespeare's use of Colloquial Language',SS23 (1970) 39-48.

3. A. R . Humphreys (ed .), The First Part of King Henry IV, 6th edn(London : Methuen, 1966) p . 37.

4. P . J. Gillett , 'Me, U , and Non-U: Class Connotations of TwoShakespearean Idioms', Shakespeare Q!uJrterly, 25 (1974) 297-309.

3 VOCABULARY

1. K. Muir (ed .) , King Lear, 9th edn (London: Methuen, 1972) p. 133.2. V. Salmon, 'Some Functions of Shakespearean Word-Formation', SS

23 (1970) 13-26.3. Hilda M . Hulme, Explorations in Shakespeare's Language (London:

Longman, 1962).4. Richard Farmer, 'Essay on the Learning of Shakespeare' ,in D. Nichol

138

139

Smith Eighteenth Century Essays on Shaluspeare (Glasgow : MacLehose, 1903)p.173.

5. Quoted in T. J. B. Spencer (ed.), Shaluspeare's Plutarch (Harmonds­worth : Penguin Books, 1964) p. 201.

6. P. A. JJIlrgensen, Redeeming Shaluspeare's Wordr (Berkeley and London:University of California Press, 1962).

7. Another passage (lH6 II v 10ff.) is analysed by R. Quirk, in'Shakespeare and the English Language' in his The Linguist and the EnglishLanguage (London: Arnold, 1974)pp. 61-2.

4 THE NOMINAL GROUP

1. The grammatical terms employed are those particularly associatedwith systemic grammar, but the majority are found in most modemgrammars other than those based on a transformational generative model.See, for example, R. Quirk tt al., A Grammar of Contemporary English (London:Longman, 1972), and M . Berry, Introduction to Systemic Linguistics, 2 vols(London: Batsford, 1975-7).

2. J. M. Lothian and T . W. Craik, Twelfth Night, 2nd edn (London:Methuen, 1975) p. 10" 'Mellow' is an adj., not a transitive vb . (as might besupposed from F's punctuation).II

3. M. R. Ridley, Antony and Cleopatra (London: Methuen , 1954) pp. 61­2, see note to II ii 232.

4. Lothian and Craik, Twelfth Night p. 71, see note to II v 171.5. E. A. Abbott, A Shakespearian Grammar, rev . edn (London: Macmillan

1872) §430.6. E. A. J. Honigmann, KingJohn, 4th edn (London: Methuen, 1954)

p.57.7. Ibid ., p . 14.

6 ADVERBS . PREPOSITIONS AND CONJUNCTIONS

1. J. H . P. Pafford, The Winter's Tale(London: Methuen , 1963) p. 68, seenote to III iii 48-9.

7 WORD ORDER AND SENTENCE TYPES

1. V. Salmon, 'Early Seventeenth-Century Punctuation as a Guide toSentence-Structure', in her The Study of Language in 17th-Century England(Amsterdam: Benjamin, 1979) pp. 47-60. The standard book is P. Simpson,Shaktspearian Punctuation (Oxford: Clarendon, 1911).

2. Abbott, A Shaktspearian Grammar S382.3. See for example Dolores M. Burton, Shaluspeare 's Grammatical Style

(Austin and London: University of Texas Press , 1973); V. Salmon ,'Sentence Structures in Colloquial Shakespearian English', Transactions ofthePhilological Society (1965) 105-40; and Kay Wikberg, Yes-No Questions andAnswersin Shakespeare's Plays. A Study in Text Linguistics (Abo: Abo Akademi ,1975).

4. Burton, Shakespeare's Grammatical Style(1973) .

SelectBibliography

GENERAL REFERENCE

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Glasgow : Collins, 1951).BROOK , G. L. The Language ofShakespeare (London: Deutsch, 1976).FRANZ, W. Die Sprache Shakespeares in Vers und Prosa, 4th edn of Shakespeare­

Grammatik(Halle: Niemeyer, 1939).HINMAN, C . The Norton Facsimile: The First Folio of Shakespeare (New York : W.

W. Norton; London: Hamlyn, 1968).McMANAWAY, JAMES G. and ROBERTS, JEANNE A, A Selective Bibliography of

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ONIONS, C. T . A Shakespeare Glossary, 2nd edn with enlarged addenda (Oxford:Clarendon 1953).

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SPEVACK , M. A Complete andSystematic Concordance to the Works of Shakespeare, 8vols (Hildesheim: Olms, 1968-75).

WELLS, S. Shakespeare: Select Bibliographical Guides (London: Oxford UniversityPress, 1973).

STUDIES

BALDWIN, THOMAS W. William Shakespeare's Small Latins & Lesse Greek«, 2 vols(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1944).

BLAND, D. S. ' Shakespeare and the "Ordinary" Word', SS4 (1951) 49-55.BRADBROOK, M. 'Fifty Years of the Criticism of Shakespeare's Style: A

Retrospect', SS7 (1954) 1-11.BYRNE, M. ST CLARE 'The Foundations of Elizabethan Language', SS 17

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CHARNEY, MAURICE Style in 'Hamlet' (Princeton NJ : Princeton UniversityPress; London: Oxford University Press, 1969) .

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CUSACK, B. •Shakespeare and the Tune of the Time', SS23 (1970) 1-12.DAHL, L. Nominal Style in the Shakespearean Soliloquy (Turku: Turun Yliopisto,

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Shakespeare's Sonnets' ,jEGP49 (1950) 33-48.GRIVELET, M. 'Shakespeare as "Corrupter ofWords" ',SS 16 (1963) 70-6.HART, A. 'Vocabularies of Shakespeare's Plays', Review oj English Studies 19

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39-48.HULME, H. M. 'The Spoken Language and the Dramatic Text: Some Notes

on the Interpretation of Shakespeare's Language', Shakespeare Quarterly 9(1958) 379-86.

Explorations in Shakespeare's Language (London: Longmans,1962).

----- 'Shakespeare's Language', in J. Sutherland and J. Hurstfield(eds), Shakespeare's World(London : Arnold, 1964).

Yours that Read Him: An Introduction to Shakespeare's Language(London: Ginn, for Shakespeare Workshop, 1972).

HUME, ROBERT D. 'Individuation and Development of Character throughLanguage' , ShakespeareQuarterly 24 (1973) 280-300.

JOSEPH, SISTER MIRIAM Shakespeare's Use oj the Arts of Language (New York :Hafner, 1947).

KAKIETEK, P. Modal Verbs in Shakespeare's English (Poznan : Universytet imAdama Mickiewicza, 1972).

J¢RGENSEN, PAUL A. Redeeming Shakespeare's Words (Berkeley, Calif. andLondon: University of California Press, 1962).

KOKERITZ, H. Shakespeare's Pronunciation (New Haven: Yale University Press,1953).

----- 'Shakespeare's Use of Dialect', Transactions ojthe Yorkshire DialectSociety 9 (1951-6) 10-25.

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MciNTOSH. A. 'As You Like It: A Grammatical Clue to Character', Review ofEnglish Literature 4 (1963) 68-81.

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Table of Passages Quoted

In the alphabetical arrangement the articles are disregarded; thehistorical plays are listed under the names of the kings; and the poetictexts come at the end .

Act Scene Line Page

All 's Well thatEnds Well II 55-6 114II 188-9 102II iii 7 129V III 176-7 6

Antonyand Cleopatra I III 35-6 60I III 69-71 61I III 99-101 61I v 43 68I v 70-2 53II 20-2 62II 11 171 60II ii 181-2 68II ii 195-209 49II II 232 54II 11 236 58II III 21 67II iv 1-2 112II v 21 54II Vi 16 63II vi 59 101II vii 122-3 52III 1 52III xii 22 108

143

144

Act Scene Line PageCont.: III Xlll 29 67

III XIll 32-3 69III Xlll 77 75III Xlll 178 67IV lX 21-2 62IV XlV 72 97V 11 119 34V 11 238 62

As YouLike It I 2 78I 105 78I 11 24- 110II V 39-41 67II vii 174- 67III 11 160-1 96III 11 318 33III III 4-6 50-1IV 17-18 107

The Comedy of Errors II 11 212 67IV 47 101V 78-9 103

Coriolanus I III 99 110I lV 37-8 109I lX 5-6 102II 89 95II 11 5 109II III 217-23 54V Vl 43-4 115V Vl 46 111

Cymbeline I 32 74-I 65-7 116I v 25 74I Vl 2-3 74II lV 6 74II lV 132 74-III lV 104-5 70

145

Act Scene Line PageCont. : III v 58-9 89

IV ii 67-8 97IV ii 177-81 69

Hamlet I 45-50 7I 56 120I 56-8 92I 118-19 104I 11 65 25I ii 110-11 77I 11 129 3I 11 239-41 8I III 115-17 106I iii 133 65I v 26 127I v 35-6 73I v 38 128I v 80 3I v 128-9 94I v 134 111I v 143 127II 11 4II 11 92-9 21II ii 110 41II ii 115-21 22II ii 173 3II 11 304-7 122II 11 376 98II ii 430-3 23II ii 496-8 41II 11 543 67II ii 574 66II ii 575 70III 154 3III ii 114-16 50III 11 150-5 23III ii 154-5 83III 11 181-2 37,83III ii 254 7

146

Act Scene Line PageCont. : III ii 278 3

III 111 9 4III 111 37 3III iv 45-8 120III lV 154-5 76III iv 173-4 99III iv 208-9 112III iv 214 3IV iii 22-4 37IV V11 183-4 43IV V11 185 4V 268-73 23-4V 11 105-19 22V ii 239 90

HenryIV, PartI I 37-46 57I 59-61 73I 81-3 72I 86-8 70I 88 48I 96 47I 96-8 72I 11 104 30I 11 109 35I 11 130 30I 11 194 98I 111 49 66I 111 143-4 74I iii 146 121I 111 183 67I iii 270-1 71II 6 31II 72-3 43II 11 36-7 53II 11 49 30II lV 14 30II lV 145 130II lV 375-6 24II lV 415 120

147

Act Scene Line PageCont.: III 47-8 72

III 50 33III 255 35III ii 110 58III 11 116 104III ii 119 70IV 127 97V 3-6 76V 90 64

Henry IV, Part II I iii 39-41 100II 11 124-8 35III 11 50 92

Henry V I 11 61-3 83II 11 100-2 92II 11 102-4 95II iii 45 3-5II IV 90 99IV 111 62 110V ii 15-16 60V ii 245 94

Henry VI, Part I I IV 54 65II ii 32-3 113

Henry VI, Part II I 14-5 98IV viii 13-14- 86

Henry VI, Part III II vi 56 70III 11 91-2 109V 97 74-

Henry VIII II iv 229-30 53

John I 134-5 99I 183 78II 65 59II 325-7 91

148

Act Scene Line PageCont.: III 68-9 77

III IV 73 112IV 11 55 47IV ii 199 78V ii 79-80 112

Julius Caesar I 11 42 77I ii 110 97I 11 142-3 96I III 91 79I iii 124 64III 239-40 94III 11 183 2IV III 147 75IV III 239 98V 79-80 73

King Lear I 50 83I 95-6 126I 99-101 84I 129 83I 145 6I 151 83I 154 84I 173 83I 194 84I 196 83I 216 3I 11 121-2 47I IV 132 50I IV 199 67I iv 290-1 110II 11 77 97II 11 132 102II 11 165 98III vii 57 40IV V 33 99IV VI 237-47 31V III 307-8 47

149

Act Scene Line Page

Love's Labour'sLost IV ii 53 41IV iii 163-6 99V 78 25V ii 908 108

Macbeth I VII 1-2 90I VII 2-5 116II 5 79II ii 37-40 57II ii 62 25III IV 120-1 85III IV 136-8 98III VI 41 36IV 11 66 88IV 11 69 100V 70-1 95V ii 3 77V V 31-2 96V VIII 12-13 93

Measurefor Measure II 11 5-6 100II ii 17 2II ii 52-3 91IV ii 33 37

TheMerchant oj Venice I 11 22-3 110I III 7 91I III 173 123II 17-20 87II 11 1-17 29-30II IV 39 93II VI 40 93II VIll 25-6 93III 72 75III 11 61 88IV 75-7 126V 237 26

TheMerry Wivesoj Windsor I 196 52

150

Act Scene Line PageCont.: I 207 52

II Il 190 111IV iii 2 94

A Midsummer Night's Dream I 188 75III Il 222-3 76III ii 422-4 110

Much AdoAboutNothing II 35 128II III 190 87III Il 15 88IV 22 79IV 128 112

Othello I 36-8 87I 158-9 94I III 49 58II 61-2 53II 202 67II III 76-7 37III iii 396-7 96IV 155 96IV ii 3 79IV ii 46 75IV Il 66 88V 14-16 89V Il 4 70V Il 155 100

RichardII I 144 68I 152-9 123I Il 27 100I Il 57 85I iii 3-4 106I III 206-7 125I III 259 103II III 168-9 95III 44 112III Il 80 94III IV 20 95

151Act Scene Line Page

Cont. : IV 125-9 114V 90 77V ii 41-3 115V iii 52 98

RichardIII I iii 348 98II iii 27-30 115II iii 39 109III 11 99 99III v 35 109III v 56-7 101IV 11 60-1 104IV IV 190-5 89IV iv 267-9 113IV IV 426-7 129IV iv 440 86

Romeo andJuliet I 174-8 68I iv 1 128I v 9-10 98

The TamingoftheShrew I 3 97I 11 5-14 36III 11 194-6 91IV IV 15-16 111

77ze Tempest I 11 387 95II 11 15 114II 11 63 95II ii 70 112III 11 50-2 86IV 26-7 90IV 122-4 118V 118-19 89

TimonofAthens I 140-2 106II 11 156 27IV 11l 23 51V 179-80 111

152

Act Scene Line PageTitus Andronicus III 269 7

Troilusand Cressida I 41-2 115I 11 3-11 137I 11 12 136I ii 28-9 135I ii 39 135I ii 45-9 135I ii 63 137I ii 67-70 136I ii 118-19 136I 11 167-8 136I 11 212 137I ii 230 135I 11 240-1 135I ii 268 137I 11 274-87 132I ii 278-9 102I iii 358 89II 1Il 172 109III 1Il 75-7 63III iii 247 93V IV 25 129

Twelfth Night I 31 59I 11 41-4 58II 11 28-9 63II IV 106 72II V 3 26II V 152 65III 64-5 71III 86 75III ii 41 6III 1Il 8-9 71III 1Il 18 101III IV 194 64III IV 201-2 64III iv 369 64V 58-9 73

153

Act Scene Line Page

Cont. : V 64-6 71

V 242 69V 268-9 71V 375 113

Two Gentlemen of Verona I 11 50 96I 11 59 108II 65 112IV 20-2 92IV 11 18 97-8V IV 4 91

The Winter's Tale I 11 27 119I 11 43-4 66I 11 44-5 127I ii 62-5 105I 11 71-5 126I 11 88-9 127I 11 111-14 119I 11 137 118I 11 150-3 122II 19-20 85II 33 98II 98 118II 11 41-2 107II 11 55 4II 11 57 101III 15-17 120III II 2 101III 11 55-9 128III 11 67-9 108III n 111-13 106

III 11 160-2 102, 121III 11 212-13 100III iii 47-9 107IV ii 8 75IV IV 513-14 92IV iv 755 96V III 140-1 78

154

SonnetsSonnet 9:4-5Sonnet 12:4Sonnet 39:9-14­Sonnet 48:5Sonnet 116:2-4

Venus and Adonis10

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