notes properties periodic table - mrhee.weebly.com · metals shiny good tend to be solids malleable...
TRANSCRIPT
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Periodic Table PropertiesMetals vs. Nonmetals
Electron Configurations Valence Electrons
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Metals vs. Nonmetals
AppearanceConductivity
of heat & electricity
State of Matter Other
Metals shiny good tend to be solids
malleable (can be hammered)
ductile (can be drawn into
a wire)
Nonmetals dull poorgases,
solids, and a liquid
brittle
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Metals
melting point of gallium is 85.6 ℉ antimony
sodium can be cut with a butter knife
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Nonmetals
sulfur
carbon
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Electron Configurations
• The PT can be divided into s,p,d,f blocks corresponding to the predictions made by quantum mechanics.
• Knowing the location of an element on the PT can easily give the electron configuration.
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Blocks
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Practice electron configurations: Ti: Br: Ba: S: Pb:
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Practice electron configurations: Ti: [Ar]4s23d2Br: Ba: S: Pb:
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Practice electron configurations: Ti: [Ar]4s23d2Br: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Ba: S: Pb:
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Practice electron configurations: Cu: [Ar]4s23d9Br: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Ba: [Xe]6s2 S: Pb:
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Practice electron configurations: Cu: [Ar]4s23d9Br: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Ba: [Xe]6s2 S: [Ne]3s23p4 Pb:
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Practice electron configurations: Cu: [Ar]4s23d9Br: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Ba: [Xe]6s2 S: [Ne]3s23p4 Pb: [Xe]6s24f145d106p2
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Valence Electrons
• Valence electrons are responsible for an element’s chemical properties.
• Valence electrons - electrons in the outermost energy levels (highest energy levels) that are gained, lost, or shared to form chemical bonds.
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Mg 1s22s22p63s2
ValenceElectrons(electrons in the highest energy level)
12
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Mg 1s22s22p63s212
Valence ShellThe region of space occupied by the valence e-
Core ElectronsInterior e-
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Valence Electrons• Must always be in the s and p orbitals
which means there is a maximum of 8 valence electrons for any element.
• Valence shell - the region of space occupied by the valence electrons
• Core electrons - electrons interior to the valence electrons (lower energy levels)
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Determine Valence Electrons
Ti: [Ar]4s23d2Br: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Ba: [Xe]6s2 S: [Ne]3s23p4 Pb: [Xe]6s24f145d106p2
Valence ElectronsElectron Configuration
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Determine Valence Electrons
Ti: [Ar]4s23d2Br: [Ar]4s23d104p5 Ba: [Xe]6s2 S: [Ne]3s23p4 Pb: [Xe]6s24f145d106p2
Valence ElectronsElectron Configuration
6
72
4
2
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How many valence electrons do all transition metals have?
Family Valence Electrons
1A 1
2A 2
3A 3
4A 4
5A 5
6A 6
7A 7
8A 8
The 1A-8A naming system indicates the numberof valence electrons in a family!
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Transition metals have 2 valence electrons from the s sublevel.
They never make it to the p sublevel of their period.
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4s14s2 4p14p23d1
The energy level drops when you move to d or f blocks!
4f1
But the energy level goes back up when you move to the p block!
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Dot StructuresValence e- can be represented with dots around the chemical symbol.
Think north, south, east, west. Fill in each direction before doubling up!
F CB7 valence e- 3 valence e- 4 valence e-
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Practice Dot StructuresMg
S
Ar
Li
He
Mg
S
Ar
Li
He
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Octet Rule• Atoms tend to gain, lose, or share
electrons to have a stable octet and have the same electron configuration as the nearest noble gas!
• Usually that equals 8 valence electrons (unless near helium then it equals 2 valence electrons).
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Ionic Charge
• Metals tend to lose electrons and become positively charged to form an octet
• The charged metal is a “cation”
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CationsNa+ now has same e- config
as neon! (10 e-)
Ca2+ has the same e- configas argon! (18 e-)
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Ionic Charge
• Nonmetals tend to gain electrons and become negatively charged to have a stable octet
• The charged nonmetal is an “anion”
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Anions
F + e- F-
S + 2e- S2-
F- now has the same e- configas neon! (10 e-)
S2- now has the same e- configas argon! (18 e-)
fluorine fluorine anion
sulfur sulfur anion
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Ionic Charge TrendFamily Ionic Charge Trend
alkali metals +1
alkaline earth metals +2
boron family +3
carbon family (nonmetals) -4
nitrogen family (nonmetals) -3
oxygen family (nonmetals) -2
halogens -1
noble gases no charge