notes - luther to berkley

8/12/2019 Notes - Luther to Berkley

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Notes: Martin LutherGeorge BerkleyThese notes cover from Martin Luther through to George Berkley. Test is on 2/26/14. Key

details are bolded for clarity. All dates in this guide are needed for the test.

Remember to study the John Locke packet for the test!

Martin Luther:Born in 1483, to a wealthier peasant (Hans)

- At the time, Germany was considered to be the boonies, the sticks, the backwoods, etc.(like Spokane)

- Genius noticed at an early age, was sent to law school- Graduated 2nd in his class as a lawyer at the University of Erfurt- After graduation party, lightning struck by him and flung him from his horse.

o "Help me Saint Anne! I will become a monk!"o 2 weeks later became an Augustinian monk, Dad wasnt happy.

- Luther was tormented by his guilt, and practice asceticism as his penance.- After reading through Romans 1:16-17, tries to reconcile: Not ashamed of the Gospel

of Christand The righteousness of God is revealed

o Conclusion: Righteousness is a gift that God gives to us.- 1517- Posts his 95 Theses on the Wittenberg Church door (Community Bulletin Board),

random dude takes the 95 theses, translates them into German, publishes them,

distributed them around Germany, and they set Germany on fire.

o Response toindulgence sales.o Written only in Latin

- Excommunicated by Leo X- 1521- Interrogated by Leo X (Giovanni Medici) at the Diet of Worms, delivered his "Here

I Stand" speech.

- 1529- Colloquy of Marburg with Ulrich Zwingli- Died 1546.

Giovanni Medici (Pope Leo X)Son of Lorenzo Medici, brother of Julio(Pope Julius) and Michelangelo(the artist).

- Cardinal at 13 years old, Pope around 30, said God has given us the papacy! Let usenjoy it" when elected.


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- Massive partier, bankrupted the papacy in less than three years.- Started using indulgences to boost funds, sent Johann Tetzelto Germany to sell

indulgences.

- Angered by Martin Luther.

Diet of Worms Summary:Duke Friedrich, elector of Saxony, protected Luther from the Pope and was a key player in the

Diet of Worms (which doesnt sound authentically German unless you say Diet uf

Vorrmppffs!)

- Lots of important people attended, including the young Holy Roman Emperor- Last chance for Luther to recant his beliefs. This is where he gave his famous "Here I

Stand" speech (I am convinced vs. Church convinces you)

- Philosophical shift, Luther thought he'd be dead in 2 monthso Steps outside to greet large crowd, gives victory sign.o Men hired by Duke Friedrich in black hoods abduct Luther

- Taken to Wartburg Castle, spends 11 months there.o Puts on some weight, grows a beard, puts on the clothes of a squire, and

becomes "Squire George"

o Moves back to Wittenbergo Denounces both sides of the Peasant's Revolt

- Marries Katerina Von Borao Former nun who led nine nuns in escape from convento Has 7 children with Luther, 3 died - 1st child, Hans Luthero "the child of a monk and a nun"o Writes A Mighty Fortress is our God

- Attends the Colloquy of Marburg in 1529o Agreed with Ulrich Zwingli on 14 of 15 pointso Only disagreement came on communion

Physical presence of Christ vs. a means of remembrance Consubstantiationvs. Memorial

The Four Solas VS the Churchs Un-Solas

Sola Fide(By Faith Alone) Faith + Works

Sola Scriptura (By Scripture Alone) Scripture + Tradition

Sola Gratia (By Grace Alone) Grace + Merit

Sola Christus (By Christ Alone) Christ + Church

Sola Deo Gloria (The Glory of God Alone) Something extra (the church doesnt define)


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Expansion of By Faith Alone

By: implies causation

- Faith causes our justification- Luther explains with Aristotle's Four Causes

o Material: unjustified humans (Materials)o Formal: Image of Christ (Plan)o Efficient: God (Designer)o Final: His Glory (Purpose)

Faith: Instrumental Cause: Faith (Tool)

- Notitiao Information, contentknowing the Gospel

- Assensuso Agreeing and being convinced of the truth of the Gospel

- Fiduciao Entrusting yourself to the Gospel, Christ becomes your fiduciary.

Alone: goes into conflict between Reformers and Catholic Church

Reformed Position Catholic Position

Forensic

- Justification is a legal declaration byGod

- Spoken

Legal Fiction

- Forensic is fiction- There is some righteousness there,

God simply digs around and finds it

Synthetic

- Synthesis of ourselves and Christsrighteousness

-

Analytic

- God analyzes us to look for somerighteousness

Imputation

- Legal transfer- Guilt is transferred to Christ and

righteousness is transferred to us

Infusion

- Fusing something into another,mixing

- Righteousness is mixed into usQualitative Grace

- Gods disposition towards you Quantitative Grace- Habitus- A substance rationed out to people


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No Merit

- Christs work alone Congruous Merit- We have merit sufficient enough forGod to accept if He wants

Secures

- You cannot lose your salvationProvisional

- You can commit mortal sin (asopposed to venial sin) and lose your

salvation

- You can regain it through penanceFaith Alone

- See notes above Faith + Works- See notes above

Faith

-

You are justified the moment youhave faith

Baptism

-

You are justified the moment you arebaptized

The Seven Sacraments of the Catholic Church

- Mass- Baptism- Confirmation- Marriage- Penance

o Contritiono Confessiono Absolutiono Satisfaction

- Holy Orders- Extreme Unction

Rene Descartes1596-1650

Great upheaval due to the Scientific Revolution, Doubts of the Church, and People in Skeptical

Panic


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Bible printed in people's native languages

- People started to read for their own as the Church lost moral authority- If people couldnt trust the Church or the Bible, then the only thing they have left is their

reason

- This introduces us to the Age of Reason (lasts for 300 years, 1600-1900)Two ages

Three sections

- 1600-1700Reason vs. Empiricism (The mind vs. Experience)- Two movements

o Continental Rationalists Descartes Leibniz Spinoza

o British Empiricists Locke Berkeley Hume (who will not be on this text but the next one)

- 1700-1800 Reason vs. Revelation- 1800-1900 Reason alone, is God

Age of Reason (16001900) Age of Irrationality (1800present)

Kant

Darwin

Freud

Hegel

Nietzsche

Schaeffer

Descartes


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Descartes

For Descartes, reason is where we put our trust

- Meditationso Meditation 1: Doubto Meditation 2:"Cogito Ergo Sum"- leads to certaintyo Meditation 3: God

All have sensations All sensations are stimuli from the environment All have factitions, what my mind constructs from experience, prior

sensations

All have pure innate ideas of the Perfect Being (This is a mixture ofAnselm and the Causation Arguments)

o Eventually the meditations lead to everything we know and experience (Savingthe Appearances)

Problem of Interactionism

- Two types of realityo Extended(Existence is in space and time)o Non-extended (Existence is not in space and time)

The question is how do these two types of reality interact?

- Descartes's answer: A point in the penial gland.

Spinoza and Leibniz

Spinoza: 1632-1677

- Spanish Jew, fled the Inquisition as a child, resettled in Holland- At age 24, rejected Judaism, kicked out.- Earns a living grinding glass for microscopes and telescopes- Met Leibniz later in his life- Died of breathing glass dust

Most famous work: Ethics (or, as it should really be called, Anti-Ethics)


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Spinoza believed in Substance Monism

- There can only be one substance (sufficient to explain its own existence)- Substance must be equal to everything (pantheist)

o God is substance in nature and God = Substance = Natureo God must be infinite, therefore everything

Substance AKA Nature AKA God has Attributes

- God has infinite amount of attributes- We can only know 2 (Extension and Non-Extension)

In addition to the attributes are Modes

- Substance has temporary wrinkles, like waves on an oceanthey just happen with littlesignificance.

- Wrinkles are called modes- Wrinkles are experienced in space and time- Just like waves take different forms, substance takes different forms

How humans connect to modes is through Active/Passive Emotion

- Free will is impossible, we only think we have free will, but we are not aware of thecausing factors

- Human bondage - being forced to act on some causes, and not others- Passive Emotion

o Being a victim to aggravating circumstances in the world.- Active emotions

o Being a victim to aggravating circumstances in the world but at least knowingthat you are a victim.

Spinoza wants us to respect and awe nature reverently - love God/nature, but dont expect any

love back

LeibnizBorn in 1646, politician, liked the limelight

-

Court official in King George I (Hanover line from Germany)- Co-inventor of Calculus (Newton won)


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Leibniz's Philosophy consisted of infinite particlesMonadology

- Everything is made of simpler, smaller parts, the smallest part is a monad- The first monad was God, who created an infinite number of monads- If they are infinitely small, they cannot be material, therefore spiritual- Therefore,there is no matter, all is spiritua l

His philosophy questions causation

- Pre-established Harmony- All monads are programmed- All monads are in syncwith each other

All of this leads to his theodicya justification of God

- Addresses the problem of evilo Evil is an unavoidable necessity, no other way to make the world. Evil comes in

three forms, in a kind of progression.

Metaphysicalsince everything God creates is inferior, everything is evil, Physical- Natural disasters Moral- violence, crime, sin

"If you start with the mind, you lose the world. If you start with the world, then you lose your

mind." - Mr. Gore

John Locke:Born 1632 in England, British Empiricists under the rule of Charles I- Lives through the puritan revolution, interregnum of Oliver Cromwell, Charles

beheading

- Becomes an aid to Lord Shaftsbury, founder of the WhigParty in England. (Opposite theTories)

- Lord Shaftsbury gets into trouble, Locke flees. Travels Europe for Four years- Comes into contact with the Continental Rationalists

o Doesnt like them because their thought directly leads to monarchy- Returns to England, writes The Two Treatises on Government

The social contract is rooted in "Official Authority" (temporary) not "Personal Authority"

(staying with the person)


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Most Important Work: AnEssay Concerning Human Understanding

- Book 1: Attacks Descartes's reliance on "innate idea" i.e. existence, Godo Gives definitions for the Idea: the mind is tabula raza or a blank slate, and the

Self: the stream of perception writing knowledge on your slate.

o Denies independence of the mind, ideas are effects that comes from perceptiono An idea is the effect of perception

- Book 2: Ideas are an effect of perceptionso Perceptions leave residual images in our mindo Fundamental reality is outside of us.o Locke is an Objectivist

Ideas are divided into two qualities:

- Primary- qualities that are inherent to that object itself. They dont depend on theobserver (size, number of objects, etc.)

- Secondary - only possible because of the participation of the observer (color, smell, etc.)Knowledge is a combination of the two (think of these as the knobs on an Etch-A-Sketch)

- Mind operating on perception - "Natural Law"- Knowledge of this natural law comes from the discovery of the world and applying

reason to perception

This idea bled over into other philosophies, inspiring

- Blackstone - law- Adam Smith - economics- Montesquieu - politics

George Berkeley1685-1753

Bishop in Anglican Church, 1st of our philosophers to come to America (missionary)

Published in math and optics

Saw the rise of materialism, seeds of atheism, and wanted to bring mankind away from it.

- In order to deny materialism, Berkeley thinks we need to deny the existence of matter.Anti-material empiricist (its weird, but it works).

Criticized Locke's view of qualities (primary and secondary). In his mind, everything is

secondary.


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Famous quote: Esse est percepe To be is to be perceived

- A thing only exists if it is perceived. Basically, its all in your head.- God's perceptions are creative, everything is in the mind of God (This is his theistic

proof)

Goofy limerick written about him after his death. You dont need to know this for the test.

Thought he was saving the world, but no one bought his thought. This only helped contribute to

the eventual collapse of Rationalism.

notes - luther to berkley

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