Notes

INTRODUCTION

1. See the note to sonnet xcv1. 2. From 'Lines': 'Here often, when a child, I lay reclined ... '. 3. H. D. Rawnsley, Memories of the Tennysons, Glasgow, 1900,

pp. 224-5. 4. Alfred Lord Tennyson: A Memoir, 1897, ch. xxxiv. 5. Rawnsley, Memories of the Tennysons, pp. 230--1. 6. James Spedding, introductory essay to Collected Sonnets by

Charles Tennyson Turner, 1880, 1884, 1898, pp. 8-12. 7. Hallam Tennyson, Alfred Lord Tennyson: A Memoir, ch. xxxiv.

FROM SONNETS AND FUGITIVE PIECES, 1830

The title-page epigraph, The Sonnet's humble plot of ground' is from Wordsworth's sonnet 'Nuns fret not .. .'; for 'humble' Wordsworth's first edition (1807) read 'scanty', though he originally wrote 'the little Sonnet's humble ground'.

Many of these sonnets were published in revised form in later volumes. As in the first collected editions, the later text is given only when it remains faithful to the original thought.

I. The Aeolian harp, which became fashionable in the eighteenth century, was suspended in an open window or at any convenient point where the sound of the wind (the classical god Aeolus) playing on it could be heard. (The Turners had one in their garden at Grasby.) This sonnet may have been prompted by Coleridge's 'Dejection: an Ode', vii; it was revised for the 1868 volume. bourne, limit, boundary, point of origin.

II. Revised for the 1868 volume. Vesper-tone, church evensong. Originally the last six lines ran:

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What marvel then that youth so fondly kisses, That deep and long he prints the ardent seal! What marvel then with sorrow he dismisses The thrilling pledge of trustful hearts and leal! While eyes look into eyes and none represses With medling (sic) words, the passion they reveal!

III. thorough go, go through. attainment, what attaining demands. perdurably, permanently, eternally.

IV. The 1873 version is given; originally II. 6--8 read:

- and the twilight skies Imbued with their unutterable dyes, A thousand hues from Summer sources drawn.

The original II. 10-14 ran:

With lonely steps thro' this transcendant scene, The Poet weeps for joys that fled yestreen And staid not here to bless this purple eve, Too lately fled, and brought him here to grieve In passionate regret for what hath been.

V. The 1864 version has 'morning shower-drops' for 'matin dew­fall' (l. 5), and (II. 7-10):

Just risen from the nest where thou wert billing A moment since, and with thy mate in sight, Joy dwells with thee for ever- extasy-Beyond the murmuring bliss of doves or bees.

VI. The scene is at Skegness. tutelar, protective; cf. Wordsworth's sonnet 'September 1802. Near Dover', II. 7-10. Tennyson's seventh line was changed to 'The seething hiss of his tumultuous foam' (1868).

VII. The sycamore ('pollard-oak', 1830) is remembered from the rectory garden at Somersby, and the grove is most probably Holywell Wood, though it does not skirt the 'garden-glade'. ductile, that may be led or carried wherever one goes. wott'st, knowest (cf.

NOTES 209

'wot', x). I learnt ... Jade: This line was changed to 'I learn' dhow all fair things do bloom and fade' (1873).

VIII. office (Lat. 'officium'), the marriage-service. tinsel-mart, market where gaudy things of little worth are sold.

IX. to choose . . . Before, to prefer ... to. Maelstroom, a huge whirlpool off the west coast of Norway. The whole sonnet was revised for Turner's 1873 volume:

SCIENCE AND FAITH

Vexation waits on Passion's changeful glow, But the Intellect may shed its wholesome rays O'er many a theme, yet never work thee woe! The sun is calm, while with his genial blaze He makes all nature bright; be bold to choose This still, concenter'd, permanent, delight, Before the fiery bowl and red carouse, Nor dull with wanton acts thine inner sight; So for the sensual shall be rarer need, So shall a mighty onward work be done; But oh! let Faith and Reverence take the lead, Test all half-knowledge with a jealous heed, Nor set thy Science jarring with thy Creed; Each has its orbit round Truth's central Sun!

X. Published in 1873 as 'The Traveller and his Wife's Ringlet', II. 2-5 and B--14 as follows:

A light from horne, a blessing to mine eyes; Though grave and mournful thoughts will often rise, As I behold it mutely glistening there, So still, so passive! like a treasure's key,

It cannot darken for dead Isabel, Nor blanch, if thy young head grew white to-day!

XI. In the 1868 version 'twilight' was substituted for 'gloaming', 'balmy-sweet' for 'faint and sweet', 'hunting' for 'circling', and 'noiseless' for 'silent'.

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XII. Published as To a Young King' in the 1873 volume, with 'shrewd and selfish' for 'all for lucre' (l. 3) and the following (II. 9-14).

Such are thy dangers! but thy loves and joys Are not more sweet than any shepherd-boy's; The access to all pure delights and ties Is free to peasant stock, or kingly line; Beyond the common bliss thou canst not rise, And royal troubles and restraints are thine.

XIII. Sinai presence, like that of God to Moses (Exod. xxiv, 12-18). Truth ... beauty: cf. Keats, 'Ode on a Grecian Urn', II. 49-50. In 1873 the sonnet appeared To --', with the sub-title 'Faith and Free-thinking':

No trace is left upon that callous mind By truths, that form on thy susceptive thought In instant symmetry; thy mate is blind, A smart, free-thinking sophist, pledg' d to nought; Is he not blind, the man who rashly dares To strut about a realm of mystery? Who carries up his small philosophy Into the heights of Zion, and prepares A lecture on his trespass? To a heart So braz' d with wisdom, canst thou hope to prove That old-world story of a Saviour's love? In thy glad loyalties he bears no part; He wonders at the rapture in thine eye; Negation has no bond with ecstasy!

XIV. volant sweets, air-borne fragrance. This sonnet appears in a slightly changed form, as for the 1868 volume.

XV. Peter's shadow (healing; cf. Acts v, 15). Turner did not republish this sonnet.

XVII. amaranthine, everlasting (from the Greek name of an imaginary flower that never fades).

XVIII. Turner did not republish this sonnet.

NOTES 211

XIX. The title (originally 'Evening') is taken, with other slight alterations (notably 'all is mute around' for 'in a golden swound'), from the 1868 edition. Some alterations to 1830 sonnets were prompted by marginalia written by the poetS. T. Coleridge in his copy of Sonnets and Fugitive Pieces. (The evidence suggests that Alfred Tennyson was responsible for bringing the marginalia to his brother's attention.) Against 'swound' Coleridge had written: "ad's wounds. Such gypsy jargon suits my "Ancient Mariner"; but surely not this highly polished and classical diction.' millennia! morn, the beginning of the thousand years when Christ returns to the earth with his saints (Rev. xx).

XX. Printed as for 1868. The Comet, the first passenger steamboat (1812), operated on the Clyde. Charles Tennyson's 1830 note runs:

A short time back the steamboats, Ayr and Comet, struck together, and the latter instantly went down. Many of the passengers were engaged in dancing at the time. A number of the bodies were afterwards found, and laid out for recognition.

The disaster took place much earlier than Tennyson suggests, occurring in the early hours of 21 October 1825 about a quarter of a mile from the shore, off Kempock Point near Gourock. The Comet carried passengers from Inverness and Fort William, some of whom were dancing on deck when the collision took place. The Ayr backed off without giving assistance, and only eleven of the eighty people on board were saved. Many bodies were washed ashore and laid out for identification in Gourock Church. thy child but slumbereth: cf. Matt. ix, 18-25.

XXI. In 1868 'Pleasing' replaced 'lovely', while 'little' (I. 14) was changed to 'mortal'.

XXII. Published in 1873 with a title and many changes:

A BLUSH AT FAREWELL

Her tears are all thine own! how blest thou art! Thine, too, the blush which no reserve can bind; Thy farewell voice was as the stirring wind That floats the rose-bloom; thou hast won her heart;

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Dear are the hopes it ushers to thy breast; She speaks not- but she gives her silent bond; And thou may'st trust it, asking nought beyond The promise, which as yet no words attest; Deep in her bosom sinks the conscious glow, And deep in thine! and I can well foresee, If thou shalt feel a lover's jealousy For her brief absence, what a ruling power A byegone blush shall prove! until the hour Of meeting, when thy next love-rose shall blow.

(blow, bloom.)

XXIII. Ipse loquitur, he himself speaks. The title was added for the 1873 reprint, where 1. 2 reads 'But oft, when Rapture hath its fullest power', 'fears' is substituted for 'doubts' (1. 8), and ll. 13--14 run:

And when at length, I've realiz'd my prize, Thy husband's heart shall trust thee till it dies!

XXIV. Clotho, Lachesis, Atropos, the inexorable or cruel Fates of classical myth, presided over birth, life, and death. Law, divine law as revealed in the Bible. (Arthur Hallam wrote a sonnet on this subject at the same time as Charles Tennyson.)

XXV. Morat, where the Swiss defeated the invader Charles the Bold in 1476. Marathon, where the heavily outnumbered Athenians defeated the invading Persians in 490 BC.

XXVI. Arthur Tennyson told how he, his brother Charles, and his cousin Albert Fytche went to see their grandmother Fytche at Louth. They were informed she was dead, and invited to see her. Instead of turning pale when he viewed the corpse, Albert blushed (V. C. Scott O'Connor, 'Tennyson and his Friends at Freshwater', The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, December 1897). Arthur's memory was faulty: he thought Charles was only fifteen, and his story that Charles went almost immediately and wrote the sonnet (which he revised later) seems hardly probable. Crusoe: In Daniel Defoe's Robinson Crusoe the shipwrecked hero, after surviving resourcefully as an island solitary, is perturbed by the footmark in the sands

NOTES 213

which proves to be the first sign of danger from landing cannibals. Lines 9-10 originally read:

And by the high and peerless front he bore -No thought of dying armies crost the lad,

XXVII. lim'd, smeared with bird-lime, for catching birds.

XXVIII. The first six lines follow the 1868 version; in 1830 they read:

The light-set lustre of this insect's mail Hath bloom' d my gentlest touch - This first of May Hath seen me sweep the shallow tints away From half his pinion, drooping now and pale! Look hither, coy and timid Isabel! Fair Lady, look into my eyes, and say,

XXIX. The title occurs first in the 1873 edition, which is followed in II. 5-8; in 1830 they ran:

That worms should revel in the shrines of pride, That death should damp the brows of mighty men, Is truth avow' d and dreadful- When, oh! when Shall I stand helpless in the foaming tide?

coil of things: cf. Hamlet, III.i,67. Surceasing: cf. Macbeth, I. vii, 1-4.

XXX. mountain-sermons: cf. Matt. v-vii. prime, early morning, sunrise. The following changes were made for the 1868 version: (1. 2) I trust but faintly, and I daily err; (I. 5) Ah! would my Lord were here amongst us still, (1. 7) Too oft that holy life comes o'er us now, (II. 9-14):

We long for His pure looks and words sublime; His lowly-lofty innocence and grace; The talk sweet-toned, and blessing all the time; The mountain sermon and the ruthful gaze; The cheerful credence gathered from His face; His voice in village-groups at eve or prime!

XXXII. Written with disapproval of western travellers who, after

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visiting Greece, do little to promote its cause, as a result of inaccurate knowledge of the country and its glorious past; cf. XXXIX.

The 1868 version is followed; the original title was 'To-- on his Departure for Greece'. Arcadia, a mountainous region in the centre of southern Greece, and celebrated by the ancient poets for its pastoral simplicity and content.

XXXIII. The 1868 version is given. There is a tradition which suggests that this sonnet could have been addressed to Arthur Hallam. Originally the last two lines were in reverse order:

We call him Death- he telleth not his name-We own his power, but know not whence he came.

XXXIV. The title and form of the sonnet are from the 1868 volume.

XXXV. This is taken from the 1873 volume; the original title ran, 'To a Lady Playing her own Music on the Harp'.

XXXVI. listed, pleased (archaic).

XXXVII. This is the 1868 version; the 1830 contains the archaisms 'ygather' d' and 'Withouten'.

XXXIX. Greece, which had long been in subjection to the Turks, was guaranteed its independence by European powers in February 1830, when the crown was offered to the Belgian prince Leopold. (He declined, and became King of Belgium in 1831.) The sonnet was written in the expectation of access to classical haunts dear to British poets (cf. ccxxxvm). The allusions are to Greek plays of the fifth century BC: Oedipus Coloneus by Sophocles, and the chorus in Euripides' Medea. The text is that of 1873; in 1830 II. 5-11 read:

And ye are free, Arcadian nightingales, To lavish on the air your tuneful woes, That sweetly rise and with all sweetness close Where high Lyc<Eus breathes of rural tales And Pan, and jealous Lucretil surpast: The fanes upon each ruin-cover'd wold, They too are free . . . .

NOTES 215

The last line originally read 'Which is their dowry from the days of old!'

XL. This sonnet, and the next three, are presented as printed in the 1873 volume, after much stylistic revision. In 1830 the last two lines ran:

When he descendeth down on Zion's hill, While darkness is beneath him like a cloud!

touches ... smoke ... hills: cf. Psalm civ, 32.

XLI. Cf. I. 13 with 'Licence they mean when they cry Liberty', from Milton's twelfth sonnet.

XLII. In 1830 the last five lines read:

Drench'd with the silver steam that night had left­Part blossom-white, part exquisitely green, And ringing all with thrushes on the left, And finches on the right, to greet the sheen Of the May-dawn; while he was thus bereft!

XLIII. This is the 1873 version. The 1830 title is 'On the Death of Sir T. Lawrence' (I. 2, 'Inform'd the heart of Lawrence'). Tennyson's interest in Sir Thomas (knighted in 1815) was heightened by familiarity with Lawrence's portrait of his grandfather George at Bayons Manor.

XLIV. Alfred Tennyson's 'The Two Voices' (1833) suggests that this topic was debated at Cambridge. Charles Tennyson's sonnet was not republished.

XLV. Dedicated to Arthur Henry Hallam, friend of Alfred and Charles, and subject of In Memoriam (cf. CLXxxv). It was not republished.

XLVI. Title and text as in the 1868 edition. frore, frosty. II. 7-8 (1830): 'When the loud pealing of the huntsman's horn Doth sally forth

I

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XLVII. Not republished.

XL VIII. Title and text as in 1868. rack, wind-driven clouds.

XLIX. Text as in the 1868 edition; I. 1 has 'greatness' for 'Nature'.

SONNETS, 1864

L. Pindar (c. 522-440 BC), the chief lyric poet of Greece, wrote many odes. Those of the Roman poet Horace (65-8 BC) include his greatest poetry.

Ll. Sian, the upper city of ancient Jerusalem. maugre, despite. refractive, causing light-deflection, to overcome the barrier imposed by the earth's curvature.

LII. Bethlehem, where Jesus was born. Cheops, king of Memphis in Egypt, and builder of the largest pyramid (c. 3000 BC). mound from Babylon, which had been terraced to form the 'hanging gardens', one of the seven ancient wonders of the world.

LIII. Troas, Troy. Homer's war, in the Iliad. the autumn star, Sirius. two grand voices, of the Greek hero Achilles and the Trojan hero Hector (Book xx).

LIV. goat-horn bended, as in the Odyssey (xx1), when Odysseus (Ulysses), returning home after years of absence, tests his old bow. Such a bow consisted of two curved pieces of horn, with a flat centre-piece; the curved pieces had to be bent back to give extra tightness and force to the bow.

LV. Pia ... Antonelli, Pope Pius and Giacomo Antonelli, who accompanied him on his flight (1848) and returned with him to Rome, supporting a reactionary policy.

LVII. Bertrich, on the Moselle.

LVIII. Dr Stanley, in his Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church (1861) describes, following Eusebius, how, during his splendid entry at the Council of Nicaea (AD 325), Constantine the Great was

NOTES 217

so moved by the solemnity of the occasion that the colour rushed to his cheeks; his blush registered genuine emotion, and he lowered his gaze as he advanced. In its final pronouncement against the Arian heresy, the Council asserted the consubstantiality of God and Christ.

LIX. Treves, or Trier, on the Moselle was an important centre for Roman operations in the western part of their empire.

LXI. vans, wings.

LXII. cynotaphium, a dog's grave (from the Greek for 'dog' and 'tomb').

LXVII. Lachrymatory, a phial for tears; such tear-bottles were placed in Roman tombs. meads of asphodel, the Elysian fields in the classical underworld, where the souls of the virtuous lived; according to the poets, the asphodel, an immortal flower, abounded in these meadows. Ulysses ... blood: cf. the opening of Book XI of the Odyssey. Marcellus, nephew of the Roman emperor Augustus, whom he was expected to succeed; he died at the age of eighteen, and his virtues were sung by Virgil. Tully's daughter, Tulliola, Cicero's daughter, who died in childbirth.

LXVIII. An alternative title which Turner had in mind for this sonnet shows that it is based on his experience in Boxley Church (near Maids tone, Kent), where, in October 1842, he had officiated at the marriage of his sister Cecilia and Edmund Lushington, Professor of Greek at Glasgow University. The Lushingtons of Park House, and the Tennysons, during their residence at Boxley Hall in 1841-3, attended this church. The 'incident', which occurred years later, is slightly fictionalized; a mural tablet in the south aisle (not a tomb), surmounted by a white stone cross, gives the names dear to Charles Turner. This Lushington memorial records the death of Edmund's sister Louisa in 1854, of his brother Henry in 1855, and of his son: 'Edmund Henry/only son of Edmund Law Lushington/born December 31'1 1843 at Glasgow/died October 201h 1856 at Eastbourne'. the holiest death of all, of Jesus on the Cross.

LXIX. vestal, pure, virginal, holy. The 'hearts' clear depths'

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metaphor is continued in I. 12: '(This fair tomb-shadow shall) Come floating .. .'.

LXX. Turner's note runs:

Daughters of the Hon. Gustavus and Lady Katharine Hamilton Russell, the elder of whom died by an accident during the mortal illness of her sister, who almost immediately followed her. They were both buried on the same day.

These two children were Turner's distant relatives. His aunt Elizabeth, daughter of George Tennyson of Bayons Manor, had married Matthew Russell of Brancepeth Castle in the county of Durham. Viscount Boyne married her daughter, and in 1850 assumed the surname of Russell in addition to that of Hamilton. His son Gustavus (a family name retained in honour of an ancestor who distinguished himself in the armies of Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden) married Katharine, daughter of the second Earl of Eldon. Turner refers to their first two children, Louisa (d. 23 May 1861) and Emma-Maria (d. 30 May 1861).

LXXI. Milton's 'Lycidas' (1637) is an elegy on his college-friend Edward King, drowned while crossing over to Ireland. Wordsworth's 'Elegiac Stanzas' commemorate the death of F. W. Goddard, a young American drowned while crossing Lake Zurich, shortly after spending two days with the Wordsworth party in 1820. Goddard's companion swam to safety, and was hospitably received by M. Keller, who erected a mural monument to Goddard's memory in the local church. Turner quotes from the footnote to Wordsworth's poem: The first human consolation that the afflicted mother felt was derived from this tribute to her son's memory; a fact which the author learned at his own residence from her daughter who visited Europe some years afterwards.' (This was in the summer of 1829.)

LXXII. For 'the waters', cf. Psalm lxix, 1-3.

LXXIII. This buoy-bell was heard in the shoals of the Humber.

LXXIV. Thy bond, God's promise (Gen. ix, B-17). The 'watery wall'

NOTES 219

suggests that Turner had Niagara Falls in mind, and assumed that the river above them was the StLawrence.

LXXV. anastasis, raising up the dead (Greek); d. I Cor. xv, 51-8. tissues, robes.

LXXVI. Turner, on reading The Life of Cowper (1803) by William Hayley, thinks of the poet William Cowper's release from the madness which afflicted him in his last years, mainly from his conviction, for which the Calvinist preaching of John Newton was responsible, that he was eternally damned.

LXXIX. Berte! Thorvaldsen (1770--1844), the Danish sculptor, worked for many years in Rome. Thyrza-sorrow: cf. Byron's 'And thou art dead, as young and fair'.

LXXX. Lochnager, a high mountain near Braemar in Scotland; Byron, who spent some of his early years in this region, recalls it in 'Lachin y Gair' ('Away, ye gay landscapes .. .').

LXXXI. Holyrood ... ends ... conclave: The queen, disgusted with her husband Darnley, turned to her favoured secretary, the Italian courtier and musician Rizzio. Darn ley, jealous and afraid that Rizzio would thwart his political designs, conspired with several Protestant chiefs, and led the way with them to the queen's private apartments in Holyrood Palace, Edinburgh. Here he managed to detain her while they slew Rizzio in the antechamber.

LXXXII. the Tudor's eye, Queen Elizabeth's; there is an allusion to the old belief that melting the wax image of a person before a fire would act as a curse.

LXXXIII. the faith, the Protestant Church. crime, the execution of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587. Jesuit's foot: Encouraged by the papacy and Philip II of Spain, Jesuits plotted against Elizabeth in the hope of restoring England to the Catholic fold; for this reason Mary Queen of Scots, a Catholic, was removed. great armament: The execution of Mary made Philip resolve to invade England; his huge Armada was defeated by the skill and daring of English captains, finally by Atlantic storms off Ireland and Scotland.

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LXXXIV. This honour was instituted in 1861. Turner thinks of worthy precursors: Sir Henry Havelock, who died in 1857, soon after quelling the Indian mutiny, and Reginald Heber, who became Bishop of Calcutta in 1823. On 27 November 1824, before the sun was too bright, he climbed the ridge on which Almorah stands; there, on his tour below the Himalayas, he was the first Protestant to preach and administer the sacraments (Journey through the Upper Provinces of India, ch. xviii).

LXXXVI. Turner alludes to the imperial ambitions of Napoleon III, whose demand for Savoy and Nice from Italy was reluctantly accepted in March 1860, subject to a plebiscite. His interest extended from China to Mexico.

LXXXVII. Federal Americans, the Northern or Union party in the American Civil War (1861-5); they were opposed to slavery and the secession of the eleven Confederate States in the south.

LXXXVIII. The liberal outlook of Alexander II of Russia, who emancipated the serfs in 1861, led these Quakers to hope that a message from him to Congress might lead to peace. William Penn, son of an English admiral, became a zealous Quaker, and was imprisoned for his preaching; he urged the Friends to work for a liberal government. In 1681 the crown granted him territory in North America, which was called 'Pensilvania' in honour of his father. After planning the city of Philadelphia in 1682, he governed his colony for two years; he returned to effect necessary reforms in 1699-1701. father's late remorse: Nicholas I, ruler of Russia from 1825 to 1855, incurred widespread hatred as a result of his Panslavic intolerance and military despotism. His imperial designs led to the Crimean War, during which he died, conscience-stricken by the disasters he had brought on his country and by the hostility he had roused in his own people.

LXXXIX. The opening seems to be a continuation of 'If that sweet message ... were meant to ... 'in LXXXVIII. Alexander II came to the throne during the Crimean War, and Sevastopol fell in September 1855 after a long siege or leaguer by British and French forces. balance of his soul: Alexander was anxious for peace, but continued the war for almost a year after his accession rather than accept terms which he thought dishonourable.

NOTES 221

XC. The first of the great trade and industry exhibitions took place in Hyde Park in 1851; the 1862 exhibition, also held in London, was attended by the Turners.

XCII. Hebron, in south Palestine, west of the Dead Sea. Here, in 1862, the cave of Machpelah, which had been closed for seven centuries, was opened to allow Prince Edward and Dean Stanley, on their Eastern tour, to see the shrines of Abraham, Jacob, and Joseph. patriarch, Jacob, later known as Israel, his twelve sons being heads of the tribes which formed the Israelite nation. For lAdder and thigh, see Gen. xxviii and xxxii.

XCIII. the Crescent, Turkey. Niphon, Japan. Cathay, China. El Khalil (or Al-Khalil), the Arabic name for Hebron and its surroundings.

XCIV. the Talmud, the collection of Jewish civil and religious law.

XCVI. Electric lighting was first installed in the South Foreland lighthouse, near Dover, in December 1853.

XCVII. Hercules, Samson, two of the most famous early British railway-engines. letters, literature.

XCVIII. Mormons, a religious sect who took their name from a book allegedly written by the prophet Mormon; they moved from New York State to Utah, where they founded their New Jerusalem (Salt Lake City) in 1847. godless, because they practised polygamy (until 1890). Taepings, Chinese followers of a prince who professed to be a Christian; his murderous rebellion was eventually suppressed in 1864. Livingstone, Scottish missionary and explorer. Mackenzie: Made Bishop of Central Africa on 1 January 1861, he died of fever just over a year later, after receiving help for his journeys from Livingstone; Turner indicates that the sonnet was written before his death. Selwyn, at this time Bishop of New Zealand and Melanesia. The wind-bound ships, carrying Christian missionaries and their supplies, may have been seen off the South or the North Foreland, both in Kent.

Cl. ruddock, redbreast (robin).

en. Compare sonnets LXII and LXIII. condon' d, forgave, overlooked.

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CHI. Hooted, jeered or shouted at. Fulvia was the wife of Mark Antony, one of the three (the triumvirate) who ruled the Roman empire; he was responsible for the assassination of Cicero in 43 BC. When Cicero's head was brought to Rome and hung in the Forum, she wreaked vengeance on it by drawing out the tongue and piercing it repeatedly with a gold bodkin.

CIV. gust, give relish to. Master, Jesus, at the time of his crucifixion (d. Matt. xxvi, 56 and Luke xxiii, 35-6).

CV. Application: This implies use as a moral, bringing the image to bear upon himself (the poet). Hard task was mine: cf. cx1v note. ointment ... tears: see Luke vii, 37-50. comfortable, unaffected by religious doubt or loss of faith.

CVII. Hesperus, the planet Venus, called 'the evening star'.

CXIV. When Turner read this sonnet to Rawnsley, he was distressed, 'as if he went back in mind to some great agony ... , some darkness from which he had mercifully been delivered'. The last three lines made him thank God for the assurance he had found. This faith is felt in the full assonance of 'flowing sea', 'behold', 'golden'. prankt, decoratively projected.

CXVIII. country-town, Spilsby, near Somersby. by night (meta­phorically), not knowing the consequences.

CXIX. schoolmen (a medieval term), scholars. impeach, discredit.

CXX. When he landed in 1862, Garibaldi had already liberated Italy; his intention was to seize Rome. After being wounded at Aspromonte, he was captured and imprisoned at Spezia. The story shows patriotic pride reasserting itself against partisan doubts of his integrity in this rash venture.

CXXI. Prince William George, second son of the heir to the Danish throne, and brother to Princess Alexandra (cf. ccuv note) became George I, King of Greece, in succession to Otho; when he reached Athens on 30 October 1863, he was only seventeen. Britain had already agreed to relinquish its protectorate over the Ionian Islands, which were officially transferred to Greece on 29 March 1864. second

NOTES 223

birth: cf. xxxrx. In 1832 Otho of Bavaria had been made king of Greece when he was only seventeen. Three Bavarian regents were appointed to rule until he came of age, and a Bavarian army was sent to maintain order in a country suffering from inter-factional strife and continual brigandage; his centralized administration was Bavarian. Otho had good intentions, but reigned as an unconstitutional monarch until the bloodless revolt of 1843 forced him to accept a constitution. Problems continued with parliamentary dictatorship, followed by abortive efforts to settle irredentist claims, with state bankruptcy, disaffection in the army, and rising in several parts of Greece; a popular revolt led to Otho's abdication in 1862. Agreement was reached on a new democratic constitution, which was accepted by George I, late in 1864. the Piraeus, the historic harbour of Athens. Adria's wave, the Adriatic Sea.

CXXII. Turner had considered 'Sonnet to E. L. L.' for the title, a reference to Edmund Law Lushington; see LXVIII note.

CXXIII. Hepha!stion, a friend who accompanied Alexander the Great (of Macedonia, 356-323 BC) on his Asiatic conquests. ward, guardianship. prophetic scroll, foretelling that Alexander's entering of Babylon would be fatal to him. horns of Ammon: see ccc note. marshes: Alexander died in Babylon of malarial fever caught from local marshes.

CXXIV. Turner's interest in Julian the Apostate had grown from reading Sir Aubrey de Vere Hunt's drama Julian the Apostate (1823), a copy of which was presented to him at Cambridge by Edward de Vere Hunt. Edward Gibbon (in The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. xxiii) states that the building of the anti-Christian temple in Jerusalem took place during the last six months of Julian's life; it was never completed, being destroyed, according to reports, by an earthquake or a whirlwind or a fiery eruption. Turner's note contrasts Alexander's unwitting opposition to Divine decrees with two abortive efforts to defeat them (cxxrv-cxxv). Julian became Roman Emperor (361-3) after renouncing Christianity. Although, in his attempts to restore paganism, he stripped the Church of its privileges by every means short of persecution, he died confessing the failure of his design in words echoed by Swinburne: 'Thou hast conquered, 0 Galilean.' sacred hill, Moriah, in Jerusalem, the site of

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Solomon's temple. fire; cf. 'the holy fire' of ccxxxn, the second of three sonnets in which Turner resumes the subject he introduces here. Christ and Moses, representing New Testament love and Old Testament law. His prophet . .. fifties, Elijah (II Kings i). Araunah's floor: Solomon's temple is assumed to have been built on the site of Araunah's threshing-floor, where David the king had erected an altar to sacrifice to the Lord after Jerusalem had been spared the plague (II Sam. xxiv and II Chron. iii, 1, with the marginal reference which identifies Oman with Araunah).

CXXV. The Roman emperor Diocletian decreed that Christian worship should cease on 23 February, the day of the agricultural feast Terminalia (connected with Terminus, god of boundaries). Sonnets cxxrv and cxxv introduce a series opposing the 'higher criticism', a historical interpretation of the Scriptures which, rejecting the supernatural, had made headway at German universities and was making an impact in England.

CXXVI. Memnon-chords: According to tradition, the statue erected at Thebes in Egypt to the monarch Memnon uttered a musical sound every sunrise, like that heard when a wound-up harpstring breaks.

CXXVII. It was claimed that Christian beliefs were a continuation of Orphism, a mystic Greek cult based on sacred poems attributed to Orpheus. Guilt and its punishment were central to its doctrines, which affirmed the soul's immortality. blink, close an eye to. double nature, God and man in Christ. death of shame, redemption from sin. wisdom: Turner writes ironically of those who attribute Christianity to Orphism. shade, contrasting with 'substantial things'.

CXXIX. Calvary, the hill, outside Jerusalem, where Jesus (Christ) was crucified. Olivet, the Mount of Olives, associated with Christ's last hours before his arrest and crucifixion, and with his ascension (Mark xiv, 26ff., Acts i, 2-12). Turner welcomes the Orphean stories for their intrinsic merit, alluding to the error which deprived Orpheus of Eurydice, and to his death at the hands of Thracian women, who were so enraged by his coldness that they tore him to pieces, and threw his head into the Hebrus river, where it continued to cry out 'Eurydice!'

CXXXI. head-stall, part of the bridle round the horse's head. smart theosophies, clever attempts to explain the divine.

NOTES 225

CXXXII. Neology, rationalism in theology and religion. He trod ... storm, Matt. xiv, 22-33.

CXXXV. 'Paulus' Theory, that of Heinrich Paulus (1761-1851), a German university professor and pioneer of rationalism. Transfiguration: d. Mark ix, 2-10. Cherubim, angels of a certain order in Hebrew religion. rising, resurrection. dark Gethsemane: Here at night, after visiting the Mount of Olives, Jesus prayed and agonized before his arrest and crucifixion.

CXXXVI. The Apostle, Judas (d. Mark xiv). the Ltlmb, Jesus, so called because his death coincided with the Feast of the Passover. Isaac: God tempted his father Abraham to sacrifice him on a mountain-top (Gen. xxii). fated hill, Calvary.

CXXXVII. the Angel's visit of relief Matt. xxviii, 1-8.

CXXXVIII. puft, suggesting ill-health. mount, substituted in the 1880 edition for 'rise', which appeared in 1864. lively oracles: d. Jesus, 'I am the way, the truth, and the life', John xiv, 6.

CXXXIX. Eagle of Saint John, one of the 'four beasts' (Rev. iv, 6--9) associated with the four gospel-writers. Zion, synonymous with Jerusalem. Alexandrian, of Alexandria in Egypt, once famous for its schools of theology and philosophy. Plato, the Greek philosopher. clear your ken, see clearly.

CXL. Reliefs in the Luxor temple depicting the divine birth of King Amenhotpe III (c. 1380 BC) were known from the 1820s, if not earlier, though the cycle is not Coptic but ancient Egyptian. Turner's 'speculative sage' has yet to be traced. It cannot be concluded that the Biblical 'Out of Egypt have I called my son' (d. Matt. ii, 13--15 and Hosea xi, 1) is relevant to the divine birth of Jesus. Possibly the association of the latter with Luxor arose from misunderstanding a suggestion that the idea of the Egyptian divine birth influenced early Christian belief. Coptic frieze, sculptured story on a frieze devised for early Egyptian Christians. meteors, once regarded as ominous. grain, colour, dye.

CXLI. non-natural, commemorating a supernatural event. self-yoked sophist, fallacious or specious reasoner oppressed by problems he has made for himself.

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CXLII. reserves, holds back. snow-white board, Communion-table. Day-star, Christ, here imaged as the Morning Star, an emblem of hope.

CXLIII. the Mount, Olivet, from which Christ ascended (Acts i, 1-12). fiery-tongues . .. Pentecost, Acts ii, 1-11.

CXLIV. great swaths: The quotation marks acknowledge a common expression; a manuscript copy has the earlier form 'swarths'. apostacy than Rome's: cf. cxx1v-cxxv.

CXLV. Leben fesu, by the German rationalist theologian David Strauss, 1835; the English translation, by the writer who became famous as George Eliot, was published in 1846. Vie de Jesus, 1863, the first of a series of works by the French historian Ernest Renan on the origins of Christianity.

CXLVI. melodies from middle heaven ... David's town: cf. Luke ii, 4-16.

SMALL TABLEAUX, 1868

The title-page epigraph, from the Latin writer M. S., recalls that for Sonnets and Fugitive Pieces, 1830; it reads, 'I beg you, painter, not to despise these small pictures.' Cf. CCVI.

CXLVIII. clutch, claw (of the hawk). mell with, become preoccupied with. strophe, antistrophe: The Pindaric ode is an elaborate structure which begins with these two parts (the strophe corresponding to what was chanted in Greek drama by the chorus as it moved in one direction, the antistrophe to what it chanted as it returned); it ends with the epode. Turner's title suggests that he could get no further than the beginning.

CL. Turner's 'only true likeness' implies that he believed the legend of the emerald vernicle, copies of which were on sale in London printshops during the 1860s. It began, 'The only true likeness of Our Saviour, taken from one cut on an emerald by command of Tiberius Caesar'; it was given by the emperor of the Turks, the statement

NOTES 227

continues, to Pope Innocent VIII, for the redemption of his brother, who had been captured by the Christians. It was believed that Tiberius Caesar (42 BC-AD 37) had the engraving made from the imprint of Christ's face on the linen handkerchief Veronica gave him to wipe his brow when he was carrying his cross to Calvary. An earlier tradition indicated that the Pope was given the emerald in the hope that he would keep the Turkish emperor's brother in captivity. (C. W. King, Early Christian Numismatics, and other antiquarian tracts, London, 1873, pp. 95-112).

CU. Augustine (354-430), one of the greatest influences in the early Christian Church, is best remembered for his Confessions. His mother was St Monica; his father, a magistrate in Numidia (north Africa, west of central Tunisia), remained a heathen most of his life. wilful blood alludes to Augustine's mis-spent youth when he was a student in Carthage.

CUI. Nehemiah, made governor of Judea in 444 BC, was responsible for rebuilding the walls of Jerusalem, which had been in ruins since 586 while the Jews were exiled in Babylonia. rode into the dark: see Nehemiah ii, 12ff. Moriah, Gen. xxii, 1-14. Moses, unable to enter the Promised Land, which he views from the top of Pisgah (Deut. xxxiv, 1-6). Gennesaret, the Sea of Galilee. casting of a net, an important juncture in the early growth of Christianity (Luke v, 1-11). hard by him: Calvary, the scene of the Crucifixion, was just outside the north wall of Jerusalem.

CUll. For the story, see Matt. xiv, 1-12. Line 10: The Scribes were professional interpreters of the Law and the Scriptures; the Pharisees were an extremely strict religious sect. Jesus antagonized both; the former played an important part in the arrest which led to his crucifixion (Mark xiv, 1).

CLV. Charlotte Corday, a republican of a noble Norman family, horrified by the massacres which the French Revolution had brought, decided to murder Marat rather than Robespierre, because the former demanded 200,000 further victims. She travelled to Paris, where he was ill, and stabbed him as he sat in his bath, on the evening of 13 July 1793; four evenings later she was guillotined.

CL VI. F. A. Wolf, a German classical scholar (1759-1824), advanced

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the theory that the Iliad and the Odyssey consist of ballads by Homer and his followers on the island of Chios, strung together by later editors. Ionian, associated with Ionia, islands (including Chios, near the western coast of Asia Minor) which belonged to ancient Greece. harp: Perhaps Turner hints at 'wolf', the name for a jarring note, said (with reference to the harp) to be caused by the use of a string from a wolf's entrails. warrior-youth: During his campaigns Alexander the Great took a copy of Homer, corrected by his master Aristotle; it was carried in a golden gem-studded casket, and kept, with his sword, under his pillow while he slept. like Heaven-sent Ossa: Turner refers his reader to the Iliad, n.93-4, where Ossa (Rumour, directed by Zeus) assembles the Greek companies for battle.

CLVII. When his friend Hercules was dying, Philoctetes received from him the arrows which had been dipped in the gall of the hydra. Philoctetes was removed from the Greek army besieging Troy (Ilion) because objections were raised to the offensive smell from a wound in his foot. After long exile he was recalled when the oracle declared that Troy could not be captured without the arrows of Hercules. Turner had made a close study of the play Philoctetes by Sophocles. leech, doctor, healer. Protesilaus, king of part of Thessaly, and the first Greek to leap ashore against the Trojans; he was killed almost immediately.

CLVIII. Achilles' heel: His mother Thetis plunged him in the river Styx, thereby making every part of him invulnerable, except the heel by which she held him. old suitor, of Helen, who married Menelaus, king of Sparta. adulterer, Paris, who had deserted Oenone to marry Helen. twelve-fold labourer, alluding to the twelve labours of Hercules, one of which was the killing of the many-headed hydra.

CLIX. Marathon: cf. xxv note.

CLXII. William Allingham's diary shows that Charles Turner visited Portsmouth to see the French and English fleets at the end of August 1865, and again, with Louisa, Alfred, and other Tennysons, in July 1867, when Queen Victoria was present in her steam-yacht. A display of fireworks marked this second occasion. saw . .. good, Gen. i, 10.

CLXIII. The picture, one of the paintings Charles's father brought

NOTES 229

from Italy, gives an artist's impression of a scene in Gerusalemme Liberata, XIV, by the Italian poet Tasso, 1544-95. A spirit in the form of a nymph lulls Rinaldo, Christ's champion, to sleep; he then falls into the power of the seductive Armida, a magical agent of the Devil who is lurking near. winged boy, Cupid; Armida's first impulse is to inflict revenge on Rinaldo, but she falls in love with his beauty. mystic: Here and elsewhere Turner implies no more than a deep, abiding sense of mystery.

CLXIV. Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona; here he is presented as Phoebus, god of the sun. As soon as he was born he slew with his arrows the serpent Python which Juno had sent to persecute Latona.

CLXXI. little Spot, their one pet dog.

CLXXII. Alderton, a fictitious name for the school. the lordship of misrule, the director of Christmas revels in medieval and Tudor times.

CLXXIV. Lias, a blue limestone rock found in the coastal area near Lyme Regis, Dorset.

CLXXV. Hymen, the Greek god of marriage. flirt, jerk, twitch.

CLXXVII. Gilead's pharmacy: cf. 'balm in Gilead', Jer. viii, 22.

CLXXVIII. Thebaid, the country around Thebes in Egypt. Nubian, a native of the Nubian Desert in Sudan. Midland, Mediterranean.

CLXXIX. lazar, leper.

CLXXX. pledge divine, like the rainbow (a covenant with God's people, after the Flood, Gen. ix, 8-17).

CLXXXI. mast, the fruit of trees such as the beech, oak, and chestnut (here, the beech). Moreham, a fictitious name.

CLXXXII. According to classical legend, Hero, a priestess of Venus, was greatly in love with Leander, a youth of Abydos, who, escaping his family's vigilance, swam across the Hellespont at night to meet

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her at Sestos, where she directed him by holding a burning torch on the top of a high tower. When, during one of his crossings, he was drowned in a tempest, she threw herself from this tower and perished in the sea.

CLXXXIV. nautilus, the argonaut, a small cephalopod, the female of which is protected by a translucent shell and has webbed dorsal arms which were once believed to be used as sails. proiis, Malayan boats. phosphoric, luminous.

CLXXXV. The 1866 war between Prussia and Austria recalls Vienna, the Austrian capital, the death of Arthur Hallam there in September 1833 (cf. XLV), and the series of poems on his death by Turner's brother Alfred Tennyson, In Memoriam A. H. H. (1850). south, a warmer wind, often bearing rain.

CLXXXVI. day-spring, daybreak or the sun; of Luke i, 78--9.

CLXXXVII. victor wreath, like that given to Julius Caesar, in honour of his conquest of Gaul. dole, lot, portion (with a suggestion of niggardliness).

CLXXXVIII. lord of all the year, the sun (its reflection). infant Samuel, probably his picture; cf. I Sam. ii, 18--19.

CLXXXIX. emmet, ant.

CXCII. Beside the lake, quoted from Wordsworth's 'I wandered lonely as a cloud' (beside Ullswater). rode their arches, rising as curved main briars were lifted by the wind. demoiselles, dragonflies.

CXCIII. home-field, immediately below the vicarage and garden, Grasby. flirt, suddenly dart in close proximity to. floats, its pendent branches being lifted as if floating toward its neighbour.

CXCIV. Reculminate (used as in astronomy), rise to its highest point.

CXCV. braided, of coiled, tightly twisted bands of straw (the old type of hive). polity, organization of their state or community. threshold, of the beehive.

NOTES 231

CXCVIII. rookery, colony of rooks. He (II. .5---8), effective use of anaphora for emphasis.

CXCIX. Midas, a legendary Greek king whose request that everything he touched be turned to gold was granted by the gods. As his food turned to gold when he touched it, he besought the gods to withdraw their favour. When he followed their injunction, and bathed in the Pactolus river, its sands were turned to gold.

CC. Teas, a town on the west coast of Asia Minor, north of Samos; here the Greek lyric poet Anacreon lived. The reference is to his poem 'The Dove'.

CCIV. ashen keys, winged seeds of an ash tree.

CCV. hunter's moon, full moon following the harvest moon (both appearing unusually large). Zodiac, an imaginary belt in the heavens against which the sun, moon, and planets appear to move; it was divided into twelve equal parts named after constellations with which they coincided. The sun enters the Lion in July; the Virgin, in August. The two great lights, the sun and the moon (Gen. i, 16).

CCVI. flaw, sudden onset of rough weather.

CCVII. mystic, creating a sense of wonder. him ... husbandry, Virgil in his Georgics.

CCVIII. like a god ... shoulders: Turner alludes, as he indicates in a note, to Horace, Odes, 1.2 ('Nube candentes humeros amictus'), where Apollo is invoked to come, his 'gleaming shoulders hidden in a cloud'. Hesiod, a Greek poet of the eighth century BC, who wrote on agriculture in The Works and the Days. Mantuan, Virgil, born near Mantua in Italy. The Rake, the Roller, and the mystic Van: cf. Virgil, Georgics, 1.147-66, where the 'mystica vannus Iacchi' alludes to the Eleusinian mysteries (religious rites in honour of Ceres, goddess of com and harvests), at which the name of Iacchus, son of Ceres, was frequently heard. sweating statue: In the procession to Eleusis the statue of Iacchus was carried with a burning (dripping) torch in his hand.

CCIX. Memnon: cf. cxxv1 note.

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CCX. force (a north of England term), waterfall. Keeper, the dog (named possibly after Emily Bronte's, from Mrs Gaskell's The Life of Charlotte Bronte, 1857).

CCXI. Woldsby Ebriorum, a fictitious name indicating a village in the Lincolnshire Wolds where drunkenness was common. shepherd, pastor (charged with the spiritual care of his 'flock').

CCXIII. annular, in the form of a ring. rack, driven cloud.

CCXV. haply, perchance. belt ... sword: The constellation Orion (seen in the autumn) was named after the mighty hunter of Greek mythology. Betelgeuse and Bellatrix are his shoulder stars; three bright stars form his belt, below which the sword contains a remarkable nebula.

CCXVII. aerolites, meteorites. Turner gives a note: 'Thirty-three, I believe, is the accurate number, dating from 1866.'

CCXVIII. fires of prophecy: Shakespeare exemplifies such ancient superstitions in Julius Caesar, Liii, 1-35. Humboldt (1769-1859), German traveller and scientist, author of Cosmos, an attempt to provide a comprehensive picture of the universe. Greenwich, Greenwich Observatory; Turner implies that he has regarded meteors as erratic and not subject to scientific calculation.

CCXXIII. the hammer, the auctioneer's, which 'knocks down' the sale, or indicates the conclusion of the bidding. wood-god, Pan. Turner alludes to Theocritus's first idyll, where a goatherd refuses an invitation to sit down and pipe, for fear of Pan, who rests at noon, weary from the chase, with 'keen Wrath sitting ever at his nostrils'.

CCXXIV. Needles, a line of high rocks at the western tip of the Isle of Wight, here seen from Aubrey House, Keyhaven, where Turner stayed with the Welds (Louisa's sister and family). Vectian wold: The island was called Vectis by the Romans; 'wold' refers to the high chalk down in the west (now called Tennyson Down), above Farringford, where Turner stayed with his brother Alfred.

CCXXV. Hermes, messenger of the Greek gods, who enabled him to travel with celerity wherever he wished. storm-drum, a canvas

NOTES 233

cylinder which was hoisted as a danger-signal. Fitzroy, an allusion to Robert Fitzroy (1805--65), who was responsible for its installation. Fitzroy was captain of HMS Beagle, on which the naturalist Charles Darwin sailed to participate in a scientific survey of South American waters. After retiring as a vice-admiral, Fitzroy dedicated his energies to meteorology, and devised the storm-warning system that developed into daily weather forecasts. cable, flat-bottomed boat for sea-fishing.

CCXXVI. ebbing stream . .. harbour, at Lymington, opposite the Isle of Wight.

CCXXVII. The sonnet-sequence suggests that Turner was on his way to Bath from the Isle of Wight. The White Horse is carved out on a chalk down near Westbury, Wiltshire. Hengist and Horsa, traditional leaders of the first Saxon war-bands to settle in England. Western deep, edge of the Atlantic, in Cornwall.

CCXXVIII. Moschus, a Sicilian bucolic poet of the second century BC who mourned the loss of a fellow-poet in his epitaph on Bion. Beau, Richard Nash (1674-1762), an English dandy who made his reputation as Master of Ceremonies at Bath, an ancient spa, where he conducted balls with unprecedented splendour. His reforms in manners and his influence on planning and building-improvements helped to make Bath the most fashionable resort outside London in the latter part of the eighteenth century.

CCXXIX. This recollection (and the next) shows that Charles visited Jersey to see his elder brother Frederick Tennyson in the summer of 1867. Photograph, reflected image. gift of sight: Turner had at one time feared he was going blind (Lxxvn). told, numbered.

CCXXXI. Vie de Jesus: Wordsworth's sonnet Cambridge'.

see cxLv note. Reject the lore, from 'Inside of King's College Chapel,

CCXXXII. Hodge, a generic name for the English rustic. Sans Fay: The name means 'faithless'; he is compared to Judas, who betrayed Jesus. vestal, the priest in his ecclesiastical vestments (cf. Wordsworth, 'vestal priest'). Tubingen, the German university where Strauss taught (cf. cxLv note).

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CCXXXIII. Styx, a river which flowed round the Greek hell, with which it is here synonymous.

FROM SONNETS, LYRICS, AND TRANSLATIONS, 1873

(Agnes Grace Weld, to whom this volume is dedicated, was Turner's niece, daughter of Louisa's sister Anne.)

CCXXXIV. right of common, an allusion to the struggle of the Commons Preservation Society to save common land in villages from further take-overs or 'enclosures' (successfully concluded with the Commons Preservation Act of 1876).

CCXXXVI. The story of Nausicaa, daughter of Alcinous, king of Phceacia, an island in the Ionian Sea, is recalled from the Odyssey, vi: how she came nobly to the aid of the shipwrecked Odysseus, and directed him to follow her chariot at a distance (for fear of slanderous tongues in the unsocial city). Their course lies in the direction of a sacred grove of poplars (dedicated to Athena), near which he is to hide before making his way to the palace, where he must seek the queen, whom he will know by the purple yarn being spun in her presence. sue, for necessary aid to take him to Ithaca, his island home.

CCXXXVII. Phidias, the greatest of the Greek sculptors, commissioned to execute the chief statues in Athens, including the gold and ivory Athena of the Parthenon, which he designed. Belvidere, the Apollo Belvedere (so called from the Belvedere Gallery where it stands in the Vatican), a copy of a Greek bronze discovered in 1485, and for centuries considered a model of Greek art at its best.

CCXXXVIII. Prince William of Denmark became George I of Greece in 1863 (cf. cxxi); for the 'aspiration' cf. XXXIX. the Maiden's Jane, the Parthenon, temple of Athena Parthenos ('the virgin'). Argos, the ancient capital of Argolis in south Greece, two miles from the sea. spread . .. lovingly: Turner refers to Virgil's Georgics, 111.285, 'Singula dum capti circumvectamur am ore', where the last three words, literally taken, supply the image and feeling of his line. Faunus, Pan. Lyc<Eus, a mountain in Arcadia, sacred to Pan. Lucretil, a mountain

NOTES 235

above the valley near Horace's Sabine farm, not far from Rome (d. XXXIX note). In II. 9-11 Turner paraphrases the opening of the seventeenth of Horace's Odes, I: 'Velox amoenum saepe Lucretilem/ Mutat Lycaeo Faunus .. .'.

CCXXXIX. frith, firth, estuary: Turner's description suggests Barmouth (d. ccLxn). jellies, jellyfish.

CCXL. The Barmouth railway-bridge is half a mile long, most of it across a low tract of the estuary, to the south of the town. Turner happened to be at Barmouth when it was completed; it was opened in 1867. cars, railway-carriages or waggons.

CCXLI. holy Stephen, before he, the first Christian martyr, was stoned to death (Acts vii, 54-60). shrewd, malicious, hurtful. blench, start back.

CCXLII. The suggestion in the 1880 edition that Turner intended 'drew' (for rhyming) in the first line, in place of 'gave', has been adopted.

CCXLIII. Memphian girl, the mummy from Memphis. little scroll of prayer, 'the extract from the "Book of the Dead" which was put into the hands of the deceased' (Turner's note).

CCXLIV. stee, provincial word for ladder, here the ladder to the cottagers' bedroom (Turner).

CCXLV. doffs aside, turns aside ('doff' from 'do off', usually meaning 'take off', as opposed to 'don').

CCXLVI. When water could not be piped by natural pressure to a house or farm on an elevated site, it could be supplied from below by means of a hydraulic ram. This machine depended on a supply of water from a lake or stream above its own level. Working automatically through two valves which opened and shut alternately according to water-flow and air-pressure, it could raise water many feet for every foot of fall from the source of supply. imprison'd engine: It was probably housed in a brick building, partially below ground-level in the lowest part of the 'wood-girt field'.

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CCXLVII. When the new church of St Thomas at Newport was being built under the patronage of the Prince Consort, Queen Victoria commissioned a monument to the princess; it was executed by Marochetti, and erected in the north aisle in 1856. Princess Elizabeth Stuart was the daughter of Charles I, who had been imprisoned with his family in Carisbrooke Castle near Newport. She was frail, and died there, at the age of fourteen or fifteen, in September 1650, more than a year and a half after her father's execution. She was buried in a vault below the high altar of the old church. Parian, from Paras, an island in the Cyclades, famed for its white statuary marble; the marble for Marochetti' s recumbent figure came from Carrara in northern Italy. her father's book: Tradition has it that the princess was found dead on her couch, her cheek reclining on the Bible which her father had given her; it was open at Matthew xi, 28 ('Come unto me all that travail and are heavy laden, and I will give you rest'). This detail appears in a memorial which presents the princess lying in a tomb with broken bars, to indicate her release from captivity by death.

CCXLVIII. Francis of Assisi (1182-1226), founder of the Franciscan Order. Son of a wealthy merchant, he renounced his patrimony, and was rejected by his father for devoting his life to the sick and poor; he loved all forms of natural life, and his preaching to the birds became a favourite subject with artists.

CCXLIX. The story, based on what happened to Ginevra of the Orsini family at Modena in northern Italy, was brought to the notice of English readers by Samuel Rogers in his notes to Italy (1822-8), and made the subject of 'The Mistletoe Bough' (to which Hardy refers in A Laodicean, 1.ix), a popular song by T. H. Bayly (1797-1839). pleached, interwoven.

CCL. The subject may have occurred to Turner after reading a press report on the death of Mrs Arbuthnot, who was killed by lightning during a thunderstorm in the Bernese Alps, while with her husband during their wedding-tour in June 1865.

CCLII. drag, trail or draw (in their wake).

CCLIII. As the first stage of an attempt to oust the English from India, Bonaparte seized Cairo in 1798. Nelson had pursued his fleet

NOTES 237

in the Mediterranean, narrowly missing it twice, until he found it anchored in Aboukir Bay, where he defeated the French imperial plan by putting all the French ships out of action except four. yeast, foam.

CCLIV. After the Crimean War, Britain was less inclined to participate in European conflicts. Demand for action became particularly clamant in 1864, when duchies closely linked with Denmark, chiefly Schleswig and Holstein, were invaded by Prussia and Austria, to whom they were respectively ceded. (Bismarck's imperialism was carried a stage further when he seized Holstein from Austria in 1866.) The strongest argument heard in England against war at the time was that advanced by Cobden, on the commercial and industrial advantages to be obtained by non­intervention. Edward Prince of Wales, who had married the Danish princess Alexandra in 1863, supported the Danes; his sister Victoria was married to the crown prince of Prussia. The sister's prayer, which Turner may have taken for granted, could have been to her from Princess Alexandra; it might have been to her from Queen Victoria's daughter Alice, hereditary grand-duchess of Hesse-Darmstadt, when, in 1866, Hesse-Darmstadt was involved in war with Austria against Prussia.

CCLV. Phalanx, heavy-armed troops in close formation. A Roman army under Flamininus (Fiaminius) defeated Philip of Macedonia, thereby adding a large part of Greece to the Roman empire. Ram, the battering-ram which was used in attacks on defensive walls and castles in medieval war.

CCLVI. During the Franco-Prussian war, Strasbourg was heavily bombed by the Prussians in late August 1870; many of its chief buildings were demolished, and the fire which was started in the cathedral destroyed most of the roof. spurn ... drift, drive the French army back; eagles were associated with the imperialism which began with Napoleon I, and which had been renewed under Napoleon III (d. Lxxxvi). ark, suggesting holiness, from the Jewish Ark of the Covenant (cf. ccLxxxvn). Saint Cecilia, patron saint of music, of the organ especially. their own Handel, a German organist and composer (1685-1759) who settled in England; his compositions include Ode forSt Cecilia's Day (music for John Dryden's poem).

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CCLVII. The Franco-Prussian war had begun with several defeats for France in August 1870. Victor Hugo did not return from his long exile in the Channel Islands until the French republic was reconstituted on 4 September 1870.

CCLVIII. wight (archaic), person.

CCLIX. Penmaenmawr, on the north coast of Wales. There would be trips to Anglesey (Mona, an ancient name, sometimes applied to the Isle of Man) and to the Great Orme, a high peninsula near Llandudno. The cattle had been shipped across the Irish Sea via Holy head.

CCLX. The irony of appearance and the deeper reality links this sonnet with ccux and CCLXI.

CCLXI. Rather late in the summer of 1868 Charles and Louisa took a holiday on the north coast of Wales for the sake of their health, travelling there by train. West of Abergele they passed the spot where an appalling railway accident had occurred not many days earlier, on 20 August, when the forepart of the Irish mail train surmounted waggons that had become detached from a goods train, and run back down an incline. Two of these contained petroleum, which was ignited by fire from the engine-furnace. Flames soon spread to the first four carriages (three of them first-class), in which men, women, and children were soon burned to death. Altogether thirty-three people lost their lives; their unidentifiable remains were buried in one common grave, in the churchyard at Abergele, on 25 August. For the artist, or the poet, the 'jarring trains' are reminders of the disaster, and the colours of a happy seaside scene are darkened, just as shadows deepen over the inland hills at the end of the day. (See the article by Roger Evans in The Tennyson Research Bulletin, vol. IV, no. 2, November 1983.) Turner gives a brief note, 'English pronunciation' for 'Abergele', evidently intending it to rhyme with 'feel'.

CCLXII. Cader Idris, a mountain range south-east of Barmouth (south of the estuary).

CCLXIV. Lucy Walter claimed that her son, the Duke of Monmouth, was fathered by Charles, afterwards Charles II. In 1685

NOTES 239

he led a rebellion and was proclaimed James II at Taunton; defeated not far away, on Sedgemoor, he fled, was captured on Shag's Heath in Dorset, taken to London, and beheaded on Tower Hill. kinsman, James II, who succeeded his brother Charles II in 1685. tryst, mutually arranged meeting. headsman, executioner.

CCLXVI. land ... ears: Turner thinks of rich and poor, owners of huge farms and gleaners, usually wives and children of farm­labourers.

CCLXVII. slip-shoulder' d flail: In some parts of England the flail (Lat. flagellum, a whip or scourge) was still used at the end of the nineteenth century. It differed very little from the instrument used in the Middle Ages, consisting of a handstaff five feet or more long, and the 'swingle', 'swipple', or 'souple', a stouter pole or club about three feet long. These two parts were securely attached by a thong or 'slip' of leather or eelskin. The handstaff was grasped with hands a little apart, then raised and swung so that the swingle flew round the flailer' s head and came down sharply on the ears of com (usually in a bam). When the flail was swung above the head, or viewed at rest on the wall of a bam, its joint (chiefly the 'slip') might well appear as its 'shoulder'.

CCLXXI. firmament, the arch or vault of heaven. Limbo, oblivion (originally the borderland of the classical hell, a dim region). Hunter's Copse and Home-cover are names of thickets, cover implying a lurking-place for game.

CCLXXIII. pent, shut up, confined (penned).

CCLXXIV. the Olympian King, Zeus Oupiter), king of the gods on the top of Olympus; he was represented with an eagle perched on his sceptre. Theban, the poet Pindar, ofThebes in Greece; in his footnote Turner indicates that ll. 2-4 are based on the picture of the drowsy eagle on Zeus's sceptre in the first of Pindar's Pythian odes.

CCLXXV. Partlet, a hen (as in Chaucer, 'The Nun's Priest's Tale'). hois' d (raised, lifted) ... across, rose and scrambled flutteringly over. minim, atom, minute insect.

CCLXXVI. Podager, one suffering from gout (Latin).

240 NOTES

CCLXXVII. merle, blackbird.

CCLXXIX. Dodona: The ancient oracle of Jupiter at Dodona in Greece was founded, according to tradition, by a dove; its oracles were frequently delivered by the oaks around Jupiter's temple and by the doves which inhabited the grove. Moreham: cf. cLxxxi. Muses know thee: cf., for example, Wordsworth,' ... shall I call thee Bird, Or but a wandering voice?'

CCLXXX. According to classical myth, Juno set Argus, who had a hundred eyes, to watch Io, with whom Jupiter was in love; in accordance with Jupiter's command, Mercury slew Argus after lulling him to sleep with music; Juno then placed his hundred eyes in the tail of the peacock, a bird sacred to her. Cydnus, a river near Taurus in Asia Minor where Cleopatra sailed to meet Antony (cf. Shakespeare's description of her barge in Antony and Cleopatra, II.ii).

CCLXXXI. Turner told Canon Rawnsley that a clock was a companionable thing, especially to an invalid, providing a subject which had not been given its due by poets. apologue, story with a moral.

CCLXXXII. vacant quatrefoils: A quatrefoil is an opening or ornament in stone, the outline divided by cusps to give the appearance of four radiating leaves or petals, equally rounded in shape. Here Turner refers to those centrally placed in the upper part of the windows illuminating the nave; they were then glassless or vacant. hodman, a labourer who uses a hod to carry building-material to the working mason. Table ... Cup . . . Bread, for the Holy Communion service.

CCLXXXV. J£olian: cf. 1 note. bourne, destination, goal.

CCLXXXVII. Bishop Patteson, a missionary who was made Bishop of Melanesia in 1861, and killed by Santa Cruz natives in 1871. Ark . .. Cherubim ... Mercy-seat: All this Church imagery derives from the ancient Jewish Ark of the Covenant (where the Lord communed with his priests; cf. Exod. xxv, 10-22).

CCLXXXIX. Turner opposes the Mariolatry which grew in England after the Oxford Movement. Him who made us: The Trinity implies

NOTES 241

that God the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost are one (d. the Word at the opening of St John's gospel). glorious angel, Gabriel (Luke i, 26-33). rent . .. veil . .. darkness, Matt. xxvii, 45, 51. John, the apostle and writer of the gospel.

CCXC. Palm-sun, Palm Sunday, the Sunday before Easter, when the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem (Matt. xxi, 1-9) was traditionally observed by processions with 'branches' or leaves of palms in their hands.

CCXCI. Olivet, the mount of Olives. city . .. raz' d: d. Matt. xxiii, 37 to xxiv, 3. Vailing, lowering. dark Cross: According to tradition, the dark stripe running down the back of an ass, crossed by another at the shoulders, commemorates Christ's riding on an ass into Jerusalem before his Crucifixion. foal: d. Matt. xxi, 5 and John xii, 15.

CCXCII. Spedding thought he had heard Turner recite this sonnet during the long period of 'silence' before his 1864 volume was published. It first appeared in The Tribute, a volume promoted by the Marquis of Northampton for charitable ends, in 1837.

POSTHUMOUSLY PUBLISHED SONNETS

(With the exception of four or five which had appeared in magazines, these are from Turner's MSS, first published in Collected Sonnets, Old and New.)

CCXCIII. lowly place of birth, at Alloway, on the Doon river, south of Ayr. Kirk . .. brig ... tail: see Burns, 'Tam o' Shanter'. multiply the moon ... mill, 'see double' as a result of drunkenness; for both references see Burns, 'Death and Doctor Hornbook', II. 7-30, probably the source of 'multiplying eye' in Hardy's Far from the Madding Crowd, ch. xlii; Willie's Mill is near Tarbolton, north-east of A yr.

CCXCV. seculars, people who believe that welfare in this world is all that matters. prigs, conceited persons. gnostic, 'knowing', clever.

CCXCVI. Let us go a-hunting: Turner may have been reminded of

242 NOTES

this story by William Hepworth Dixon's History of Two Queens, published in 1874. Anna, Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII and mother of Queen Elizabeth; when the king tired of her, she was imprisoned, falsely charged, and executed within the walls of the Tower of London.

CCXCVII. Chariot reaper: No such trade-name has been found, and it seems most probable that Turner uses 'Chariot' descriptively for the machine drawn by two horses, with the driver on a high seat from which he can watch all operations. tale, total, the complete number. little gains ... Ailsie . .. store, from gleaning; cf. CCLXVI.

CCXCIX. Elysian . .. asphodels: cf. LXVII note. Charon, the ferryman who conducted the souls of the dead over the river Styx (and Acheron) to the infernal regions. his fee, an obolus (a Greek silver coin).

CCC. Alexander the Great, son of Philip of Macedonia, was one of the first to have his portrait on coins. He claimed to be the son of Ammon, and a Thracian coin shows him wearing the ram's horns of this Egyptian deity. Bucephalus, a horse with a head like a bull's (hence the name), which none of his father's courtiers could manage. abortive court . .. among the reeds, Alexander's; cf. cxxm. A simple child ... sight: 'I saw it done', Turner told Rawnsley, after reciting these lines.

CCCI. 'Tenting' (from 'giving attention to') was colloquially applied to the work of one, usually a poorly paid boy, who kept watch in newly sown fields, to scare off marauding birds.

CCCIV. paulum sylvae (Lat.), a small area of woodland.

CCCVIII. In January 1876 Canon Rawnsley had expressed the wish that Turner would do for the railway what he (Turner) had done for the steam-thresher and the hydraulic ram. Charles agreed on the condition that Rawnsley sent him a sonnet on his railway journey the next day; the sonnet on the mute lovers was the sequel to Rawnsley' s response.

CCCX. Written soon after the Turners' stay at Cleethorpes, on the Lincolnshire coast, in the summer of 1876.

NOTES 243

CCCXV. A variation on CCXCIX.

CCCXVI. Avon, Doon, and Tweed, rivers associated respectively with Shakespeare, Burns, and Scott (two of whose homes, Ashes tiel and Abbotsford, were by the Tweed). houseless kings: Turner may have been thinking of those primitive Britons who, in the interglacial periods, lived near their food-sources, the sea-shore, rivers, and lakes, camping or seeking shelter in caves.

CCCXVII. Mrs Julia Cameron, an eminent portrait-photographer who lived near the Tennysons, used her personality to good effect in organizing people to pose in costume for illustrations of Arthurian stories in Idylls of the King (1874-5). Tritons ... Nereids, classical sea-gods and sea-nymphs. sit to, pose for.

CCCXIX. For Beau Nash see ccxxviii note. waters of the sun: Turner confuses Sui, the British goddess of the waters or springs who was worshipped at Bath before the Romans settled there, with the sun-god Sol. Lethe, a river in the Greek hell where the spirits of the dead drank the waters of oblivion, after suffering in Tartarus. Caius, a common Roman forename.

CCCXXII. the Boehmer Wald, the Bohemian Forest, an extensive region in the border mountains of Bavaria and Czechoslovakia. Immense damage was done to this forest by a violent storm in December 1868, and fallen trees and branches provided breeding­sites for barkbeetles. Clearing-up operations were hardly completed in October 1870, when another destructive storm struck the Bohemian Forest, affording new breeding-grounds for the large numbers of barkbeetles already in the area. They increased at a prolific rate, and attacked healthy trees. Devastation was so widespread that the pest was not brought under control until 1875. Turner's concern for the fate of the Boehmer Wald affords eloquent testimony to the sincerity of poems such as ccxxiii and ccciv.

CCCXXV. An MS copy of this poem has 'The Postage Swan' for its title.

CCCXXVI. Turner follows Shakespeare's Julius Caesar in placing Caesar's assassination (on the ides of March, 44 BC) near Pompey's statue in Rome; Plutarch gives the site as one of the porches about

244 NOTES

Pompey's theatre. rival, Pompey, who formed the first triumvirate with Caesar and Crassus; his ambition led to civil war and final defeat by Caesar's forces in the plains of Pharsalia (48 BC).

CCCXXVII. pale, boundary, limit.

CCCXXX. Ardrossan, on the south-west coast of Scotland opposite the island of Arran; cf. cccxxxvn. Turner stayed at Sea Mill, near Ardrossan, in July 1873.

CCCXXXI. Agnes, Turner's niece Agnes Weld. Aries: This alludes to a passage, indicated below, in Pollio, the fourth of Virgil's Eclogues, probably also to the season, the sun entering Aries, a sign of the Zodiac, near the end of March. Mara's vision, Virgil's vision of the Golden Age in the same eclogue. Amomum: cf. Eclogue IV, 25, where, in the imagined millennium, the Assyrian amomum, from which the Romans prepared balsam, springs up everywhere. Agnes ... shawls: In the last lines Turner playfully alludes to II. 43-4 of Virgil's eclogue, by substituting 'Agnes' (evocative of 'agnus', a lamb) and her 'change of shawls' for the ram ('aries') that, with the coming of the Golden Age, changes its fleece, now into maroon, now into saffron.

CCCXXXIV. The second line of this sonnet is m1ssmg in the manuscript copy. morgenluft and abendsonnenschein, 'morning breeze' and 'evening sunshine', key words in Rhineland songs, the second remembered most probably from the singing of Heinrich Heine's 'Die Lorelei'.

CCCXXXV. Dis, Pluto, god of the Greek underworld or gloomy hell, who carried off Proserpine, daughter of Ceres, as she was gathering flowers on the plains of Enna in Sicily. horned Zeus: While Europa was gathering flowers near a herd of cattle, Zeus Oupiter to the Romans) took the form of a bull, and carried her off to the shore, crossing the sea with her to Crete.

CCCXXXVI. The event took place in Brathay churchyard, near Ambleside, in the spring of 1878, after the wedding of Edith Fletcher of Ambleside and H. D. Rawnsley, who became vicar of the neighbouring parish of Wray the same year.

NOTES 245

CCCXXXVII. The title To Millie MacGill' occurs in one manuscript copy.

CCCXXXVIII. daughter of Portinari, Beatrice, whom Dante (1265--1321), author of the Divina Commedia (Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso), met when they were both very young. distrain'd, seized (a legal term). flame: God's love is seen in Beatrice's robe of 'living flame', as in the flames of the divine pageant which precedes her in Dante's Earthly Paradise (Purgatorio, xxix, xxx). angel-guide: Virgil relinquishes Dante as soon as the Earthly Paradise is reached; there Dante meets Beatrice, who guides him to God in the Paradiso.

CCCXXXIX. Calvus (Lat. 'bald'), a bald-pate; Turner alludes to himself, perhaps with a hint of the factious Latin satirist and orator Calvus.

CCCXL. Cf. LXXVI note. At Olney, in 1774, while suffering in consequence of Newton's Calvinistic preaching, the poet William Cowper found comfort in the companionship of a hare which a neighbour gave him, to save it from his children's teasing; when this was known, many leverets were offered. Cowper limited himself to three, which he called Puss, Tiney, and Bess, though they were all males; cf. his 'Epitaph on a Hare', The Task, 111.334-51, and 'Epitaphium Alterum'.

CCCXLI. Rawnsley states that this sonnet recalls the Sir Roger de Coverley dance at Horncastle (where Louisa had lived) or at Spilsby. refluent, as the couples return successively between the lines (ladies in one, gentlemen-partners opposite in the other) until the dance 'figure' is completed.

Index of Titles

JEolian Harp, The 32, 207 After the School-Feast 5, 177 Aftemote of the Hour, The 177,

240 Agnes and Aries 200, 244 Air Register, The 25, 183, 241-2 Alexander the Great's Designs at

Babylon Frustrated 94, 223 Alice Wade versus Small-pox 13,

121, 229 Anastasis 70, 219 Annie and Ambrose 122, 229 Application of the Waxing Moon,

An 85,222 Apprehension of Blindness 71 April Day, An 16, 20, 82 Arms Old and New 162, 237 Arrow-King, The 63, 217 Art and Faith 5, 14, 115, 229 Artist on Penmaenmawr, The

165, 238 Ascent of Snowdon, The 163, 238 Autocratic Policy of the Federal

Americans 25, 76, 220 Autumn 38, 210 Axe Forbidden, The 160

Barmouth Sea-Bridge, The 23, 154, 235

Beau Nash 147, 233 Beau Nash and the Roman 194,

243 Bee-Wisp, The 17, 131 Bier of the Christian Soldier, The

114 Bird-Nesting 65 Birthday, A 50 Blush at Farewell, A 211-12 Blush of Constantine at the

Council of Nice, The 25, 61, 216-17

Bomb and the Organ, The 162, 237

Brilliant Day, A 20, 128, 230

Buoy-Bell, The 30, 69, 218 Butterfly, The 45, 213 Butterfly and the Rose, The 152

Cader Idris at Sunset 165, 238 Called from Bed 11, 156, 235 Calm Evening, A 41, 211 Calvus to a Fly 17-18, 204, 245 'Cannon Fever', The 52, 215 Cattle Train, The 18, 164, 238 Ceasing of the Storm 16, 20, 91 Charlotte Corday 25, 111, 227 Charming of the East Wind, The

16, 83, 221 Christ and Orpheus 26, 96-7, 224 Classic Canary on its Death, by a

Student, The 192, 243 Classic Lark, The 16, 184, 242 Collision of the A yr and Comet

Steamboats 41, 211 Colony of Nightingales, A 16,

173,240 Constantine's Amphitheatre at

Treves 25, 62, 217 Country Dance, A 205, 245 Cowper's Three Hares 205, 245 Critics at Gethsemane, The 27,

101,225 Cynotaphium 19, 63-4, 217

Danger- a Personification 146, 232-3

Death and its Antidote 27, 46, 213 Death-Smile of Cowper, The 70,

219 Decadence of Greece, 1830 24-5,

47, 213-14 Dishonourable Peace 24, 161, 237 Dream, A 98, 225 Dreams 92 Drowned in the Tropics 125 Drowned Spaniel, The 192 Drunkard's Last Market, The 138,

232

246

INDEX OF TITLES 247

Dying Sculptor, The 153, 234

Eagle and the Sonnet, The 171, 239

Earthquake, The 51, 215 East or West? 186 Ellen 13, 121 Emmeline 13, 157, 235 Enforced War 24, 161, 236-7 England's Honour 24, 160, 236 English Church, An 48, 214 Eustace and Edith 12, llS--19, 229 Evening 211 Evening in Harvest Time, An 21,

183, 242

Fanaticism, A Night-Scene in the Open-Air 21-2, 141

Farewell to the Isle of Wight, A 146,233

Fir-Grove, The 159, 236 First Week in October, The 135,

231 Flock for the Market, The 18, 186 Fly's Lecture, The 17, 132 The foot of Time so soundless

never pass'd 39, 210 Forest Glade, The 88 Forest Lake, A 54, 215 Forest Sunset, A 144 Free Greece 25, 153, 234-5 From Harvest to January 136, 231 Fulvia 84, 222

German and French Gospels 104, 226

Gethsemane 27, 100, 225 Goddard and Lycidas 68, 218 Going Home 122, 229 Gold-Crested Wren, The 17, 108 Gout and Wings 172, 239 Great Britain through the Ice 193,

243 Great Exhibition of 1862, The 26,

77-8, 221 Great Localities. An Aspiration 6,

5&-9, 216 Great Localities. Rome 60, 216 Greatness of England 23, 81, 221

Greece: an Aspiration 24-5, 25, 51, 214-15

Half-Rainbow, The 123, 229 Harvest-home (All day we watch'd

th' unintermitted fume) 19, 134

Harvest-home (Late in September came our com-crops home) 19, 90

Harvest Moon, The 19-20, 21, 167,239

Hebron 26, 7&-9, 221 Hero and Leander 14, 124, 229-30 Hesperus 86, 222 'Higher Criticism', The 101, 225 Holy Emerald, The 108, 226-7 Home-Field, The. Evening 21,

130,230 Hope beneath the Waters 68 How the 'Higher Criticism' Blesses

the Bible 27, 106 Human Sorrows 164, 238 Hydraulic Ram, The 22, 157, 235

Illumination of the English and French Fleets at Portsmouth, The 23--4, 114, 228

In and Out of the Pine-Wood 22, 143

Incident in a Church, An 66, 217 Innocent Listener, The 190 It was her first sweet child, her

heart's delight 199

Jealousy 123, 229 Joy came from Heaven 49, 214 Julian's Attempt to Build on the

Site of the Temple 94, 223-4 Julias Cresar and the Honey-Bee

198,243-4

Kiss of Betrothal, The 32, 207-8

Lachrymatory, The 66, 217 Landing of King George I of

Greece at the Pirreus, The 25, 93, 222-3

Lark's Nest, The 15--16, 18, 195

248 INDEX OF TITLES

Last Sweep of the Scythe, The 19, 27, 134

Last Year's Harvest 136, 231 Late Pastor of Woldsby Ebriorum,

The 7, 139, 232 Lattice at Sunrise, The 89, 222 Leben fesu and Vie de Jesus 27, 105,

226 Lectern's Foot, The 187 Letty's Globe 12, 188 Lion's Skeleton, The 62 Little Heir of Shame, The 167 Little Nora 11-12, 155, 235 Little Phrebe 12, 120, 229 Little Samuel 20, 127, 230 Little Sophy by the Seaside 12,

151, 234 Localities of Burns 181, 241 Look-out for Thirty Years, A 142,

232 Loss and Restoration of Smell 71 Love of Home 9, 35, 208-9 Lover and his Watch, The 22, 194 Lucy 14, 116 Luxor Nativity, The 102, 225

Maggie's Star 19, 21, 130, 230 Make-believe Hunting 12, 119 Marble Landing, The 92, 222 Martial Ardour in Age 44, 212 Mary- a Reminiscence 14, 11&--17 Mary Queen of Scots 73, 219 Millie Macgill 30, 203, 245 Minnie and her Dove 11, 118 Missing Bride, The 159, 236 Missing the Meteors, 1866 142,

232 Modern Termini 26, 95, 224 Moon and Sin, an Illustration,

The 21, 140 Moorland Tree in the Garden,

The 143 Morning 16, 20, 89 Morning Sorrows 117 Moselle Boatman and his

Daughter, The 6, 60--1, 216 Mourning Lover, A 49, 214 Murder of Bishop Patteson, The

26, 178, 240

Mute Lovers on the Railway Journey, The 189, 242

My First and Last Strophe 107, 226

My Timepiece 175, 240

Nature and Language 10, 184 Nausicaa 14, 152, 234 Needles' Lighthouse from

Keyhaven, Hampshire, The 24, 145,232

Nehemiah's Night Ride 25, 109, 227

Night Thought, A 27, 87 Night-Charge against a Swan by a

Lover, A 189 Nightingales 86 Nightingales in Lincolnshire 198,

244 No Nightingales, or

Compensation 16, 129 No trace is left upon the vulgar

mind 38,210 Non-natural Ascension and Whit­

Sunday, A 27, 104, 226 Non-natural Christmas, A 27,

103, 225 Non-natural Easter, A 27, 103, 226 November Sunshine and the

House-flies 17, 138, 231

0 be thou keen to guess when Flattery's near! 37, 210

0 God, impart Thy blessing to my cries 27, 46, 213

0! it is sweet to weave aerial ties 47

Oak and the Hill, The 27, 188 Ocean, The 34, 208 Old Fox-hunter, The 170, 239 Old Hills' -man and his Truck,

The 166 Old Ruralities 9, 168, 239 Old Stephen 13-14, 195 On a Child's Eyes 155, 235 On a Genius of Lowly Estate 56,

216

INDEX OF TITLES 249

On a Picture of Armida and Rinaldo, with the Decoy­Nymph 115, 22~9

On a Picture of the Fates 43, 212 On a Vase of Gold-fish 133, 231 On an Annular Eclipse of the Sun

in a Storm 140, 232 On an Old Roman Shield Found in

the Thames 113, 228 On Board a Jersey Steamer 148,

233 On Certain Books 97-8, 224 On Finding a Small Fly Crushed in

a Book 17, 171, 239 On Seeing a Child Blush on his

First View of a Corpse 11, 44, 212-13

On Seeing a Little Child Spin a Coin of Alexander the Great 14-15, 185, 242

On Shooting a Swallow in Early Youth 15, 199

On some Humming-birds in a Glass Case 27, 180, 241

On Startling some Pigeons 16, 42, 211

On the Death of Sir T. Lawrence 215

On the Death of Two Little Children 67, 218

On the Eclipse of the Moon of October 1865 139

On the Monument of the Princess Elizabeth Stuart in Newport Church, Isle of Wight 158, 236

On the Secularists' Notion of Making our Churches into Museums and Exhibitions 182, 241

On the Statue of Lord Byron 72, 219

Order of the Star of India, The 74--5, 220

Orion 20, 141, 232 Our Mary and the Child-Mummy

156, 235 Our New Church 15, 175, 240 Our New Church Clock 15,

176

Palm-willow, The 179, 241 Parting-Gate, The 13, 124, 229 Pastor's Prayer, The 178 Paulum Sylv<e 187, 242 Perseverance 33, 208 Perverse Lover, A 43, 212 Philoctetes 112, 228 Photograph on the Red Gold, A

20--1, 148, 233 Planet and the Tree, The 85 Plea of the Shot Swallow, The

133, 231 Podager begs Pardon of Birds,

Bees, and Wings in general 172, 239

Poor Hodge and the Rev. Sans Foy 149, 233

Portrait Painter, The 53, 215 Possible Results of the Friends'

Mission to St Petersburg 25--6, 7fr7, 220

Posted Swan, The 197, 243 Pray, Think, and Strive! 150, 234 Prefatory: I dreamed I wrote an

ode 5--6, 57, 216 Prisoner, The 52, 215 Process of Composition, The 10,

88 Public and Private Use of the

Telegraph 23, 196

Queen Elizabeth 74, 219 Quiet Tide near Ardrossan, The

200,244

Rainbow, The (Father of all! Thou dost not hide Thy bond) 69, 21~19

Rainbow, The (Hung on the shower that fronts the golden West) 55, 216

Recantation, A (The conqueror's chaplet doth not suit at all) 127, 230

Recantation, A ('Twas Christ that spoke, while sitting on the Ass) 180,241

Resuscitation of Fancy 10, 87 Rogue's Nightmare, The 120

250 INDEX OF TITLES

Rookery, The 16, 132, 231 Rose and Cushie 18, 201

St Augustine and Monica 109, 227 StJohn's Eagle 102, 225 Salome 110, 227 School-Boy's Dream on the Night

before the Holidays, The 14, 119, 229

Science and Faith 209 Sea-Fairies' Answer, The 125, 230 Seaside, The 154, 235 Sea-side Truants, The 190, 242 Seest thou her blushes, that like

shadows sweet 42, 211-12 Shadows off the Coast 206 Sick Orphan, The 158, 236 Sighing of the Boehmer Wald,

The 18, 196, 243 Silent Praise 10-11, 144 Silkworms and Spiders 50, 214 Sonneteer to the Sea-shell, The

191 South-Foreland Electric Light,

The 6, 24, 80, 221 Sparrow and the Dew-drop, The

16, 173 Starling, The 128 Steam Threshing-Machine, The 7,

22, 137, 231 Storm, The - a Harvest Memory

135 Summer Evening. Retirement of a

Garden 19, 83, 221 Summer Night in the Beehive, A

131, 230 Summer Twilight, A 37, 209 Supposed to be written by any

Feeble-minded man meditating Self-destruction 53, 215

Supposed to be written by One on whom the Death of an Excellent Woman has forced the Conviction of a Future State 39-40

Swan and the Peacock, The 174, 240

Telegraph Cable to India, The 23, 80

Terminus 26, 95, 224 Thaw-Wind, The 82 Thought for March 1860, A 75,

220 Time and Twilight 9-10, 91, 222 To-- (A lovely vision fading out

of sight) 55, 216 To-- (How can the sweetness of

a gentle mind) 35, 209 To-- (I have a circlet of thy

sunny hair) 36, 209 To-- (Thought travels past thee

with intenser glow) 27, 48, 214 To--: Faith and Free-thinking

210 To -- on his Departure for

Greece 21>-14 To a Cuckoo in a Highway Hedge

174, 240 To a French Poet and Refugee

163, 238 To a Friend 93, 223 To a German Lady 202, 244 To a Greek Girl on the Seashore

25, 202,244 To A. H. H. 54, 215 To a Lady Playing her own Music

on the Harp 214 To a Little Child who Asked for a

Laurel Crown 126, 230 To a Nightingale on its Return 191 To a Red-Wheat Field 19-20, 168 To a Scarecrow, or Malkin, Left

long after Harvest 30, 169 To a Starved Hare in the Garden in

Winter 18, 182 To a 'Tenting' Boy 11, 185, 242 To a Young King 210 To Beatrice on her First Interview

with Dante 204, 245 To Mrs Cameron, Freshwater, Isle

of Wight 193, 243 To my Sister Mary 2, 31 To the Gossamer-Light 7-8, 170 To the Holy Virgin 179, 240-1 To the Lark 34, 208 To the Nightingale 33, 208

INDEX OF TITLES 251

To the Robin 16, 45, 213 To the Survivors 67, 217-18 Token Lights. A Contrast 59, 216 Transfiguration, The 26-7, 100,

225 Traveller and his Wife's Ringlet,

The 209 Twelve o'clock at Noon 15, 176 Two Sorts of Emigrants 201

Vacant Cage, The 16-17, 64-5 Vexation waits on passion's

changeful glow 36, 209 Vie de Jesus 27, 149, 233 Vienna and In Memoriam 126, 230

Waking Thought, A 27, 99

We cannot keep delight- we cannot tell 10, 40, 210

Wedding Posy, The 203, 244 Welsh Lucy 166, 238--9 White Horse of Westbury, The

147, 233 Widow' d Bridegroom, The 197 Willow, The 18, 169 Wind on the Corn 19, 21, 90 Wind-bound Mission, The 81, 221 Wolf and the Casket 111, 227-8 Wood-Rose, The 21, 129, 230 Written at the Wood-Sale of

Messrs Blank and Co., Non­resident Proprietors 145, 232

Young Neologist at Bethlehem, The 105, 226