NOTES

INTRODUCTION

Cf Schaffer, "Glassworks;" Shapiro, "The Gradual acceptance" for two different versions about this dispute.

2 C.f. Bennett, Hooke and Wren, 37; De Gandt, 6-7. 3 The correspondence has been presented and interpreted in various Ievels of

details by Westfall, "Hooke;" Force, 424-431; and Never at Rest, 382-388; Nauenberg, "Hooke;" Lohne, "Hooke versus Newton;" Whiteside, "Before the Principia," 9-15; "Prehistory," 20-24; and "Newton's early Thoughts," 129-137; Erlichson, "Newton's 1679/80 Solution," 728-729 and "Newton and Hooke," 56-62; Pugliese, "Robert Hooke:" 182-186.

4 Kepler adopted this proportion citing Aristotle (Copernicus took it on the authority of Euclid's Optics), and reasoned from it to his second law, viz.; that the (vector radii to the) planets sweep equal areas in equal times. He then realized that the two 'laws' are not equivalent, and abandoned the Aristotelian one for his own. There is no indication in Hooke's Ietter that he is aware of the relation or the difference between the proportions. See Barker and Goldstein; Wilson, "From Kepler Laws:" 96-98 for details.

5 Westfall, Force, Chapter 5. 6 U nless otherwise stated, all italics, capital letters and other stresses used in

citations, especially from primary sources, are original. I have also kept the original spelling, and avoided 'sie.' as much as possible. The pages of the Micrographia's Preface arenot numbered, and I have assigned Roman numerals to them starting with Brouncker's acknowledgment on the frrst page.

CHAPTER 1: INFLECTION

C.f. Heri vel, 192-198: MS IVa; and Hall, "Newton on the Calculation of Centtal Forces," 63-64. An extensive analysis of theses two issues and the relations between them see Pugliese, "Robert Hooke," 181-205. For a discussion of Wren's claims to priority of this idea, see Bennett, "Hooke and Wren," esp. 33-39.

2 Hall, "Two Unpublished lectures," 226: Address to the Royal Society, February 19, 1690.

3 A notable exception is Whiteside's, "Newton's Early Thoughts," and especially "Before the Principia." See my reference to the latter bellow. There are other mentions of the Address, but there are usually cursory, such as Puglisese's "Robert Hooke," 194-198.

4 For careful discussion of this issue see Aiton, 10-65 and 91-98. Aiton does not seem to recognize the importance of the difference between Hooke's and

208

5

6

7

NOTES

Descartes' accounts. Astronomia Nova, Part III, Chapters 33-37 and Part IV, Chapter 57. Principia Philosophice, Part III, Article 57. "Species ergo mota in gyrum, ut eo motu Planetis inferat, corpus Solis, seu fontem, una moveri necesse est; non quidem de spacio in spacium mundi: dixi enim me id corpus Solis cum COPERNICO in centro mundi relinquere: sed super suo centro, seu axe, imrnobilibus; partibus ejus de loco in locum (in eodem tarnen spacio, toto corpore manente) trancentibus." (Kepler, Werke, 3rct vol., 243)

8 "Et cum differentia perenium temporariorumque corporum sequatur in eorundem etiam motus; circulares vtique revolutiones erunt perenium corporum; seu Sol moueatur, seu eius loco Tellus; rectilinei ver~ vanescentium: habent enim vtrique conditionis suae causam in forma quisque sua: aeternitatis in circulo, motilitatis in linea recta, quae infinita vtique nequit esse." (Kepler, De Cometis, 93-94. Cited by Ruffner, 192)

9 C.f Miller and Miller's footnotes to their translation of these Articles. In Chapter 3 (section 2.2.3) I touch summarily upon Huygens' grappling with the notion of radial centrifugal forces.

10 I am thankful to the anonymaus Kluwer referee who directed my attention to these Articles in the Principia Philosophice.

11 McGuire and Tamny, 167-175. 12 Herivel, 192-198: MS IV, Hall, "Newton on the Calculation of Centrat Forces,"

63-64 and Whiteside, "Before the Principia," 11. 13 Concerning the former see McGuire & Tamny. In the debate concerning the

latter Whiteside ("Newton's Early Thoughts") maintains that this knowledge was limited, while Russell ("Kepler's Laws") holds a morefavorable opinion.

14

15

Whiteside ("Newton's Early Thoughts" and "Before the Principia") makes the clearest case concerning Newton's difficulties to abandon centrifugal for centripetal force, even after the correspondence with Hooke. In her Janus Faces of Genius the late Betty Jo Dobbs has convincingly shown just how difficult it was for Newton to finally assimilate Hooke's challenge in its own terms and abandon his alchemically motivated vortical notions ( c.f 117-132). Dobbs, however, concentrates more on the notion of gravitation than on that of encurvation or bending. Whiteside ("Before the Principia," 14) makes a similar point.

16 C.f Koyre, Galileo Studies, esp. Part I. 17 See my "Tropes and Topics." 18 "MICROGRAPHIA or some Physiological Descriptions of MINUTE BODIES

made by Magnifying Glasses with Observationsand Inquires thereupon. By R. Hooke Fellow of the Royal Society. LONDON, Printed by Jo. Martin and Ja. Allestry, Printers for the Royal Society, and are to be sold at their Shop at the Bell inS. Paul's Church-Yard. M DC LX V."

NOTES 209

19 Birch II, 272: July 6, 1663. 20 C.f Harwood in Hunterand Schaffer, 119-147; 'Espinasse, 42-59; Drake, 23-32. 21 I have tried to consistently follow the philosophical convention by writing

'inflection' in single quotes when referring to the linguistic object-the term as it appears in Hooke's texts, and inflection without quotes when using it the way Hooke hirnself does. The decision whether to use quotes or not was often more difficult than expected.

22 Or perhaps intermittent-I am not sure whether Hooke is settled on this issue. 23 This depiction of the behavior of light in the atmosphere seems to have been

more readily incorporated by Hooke' s contemporaries than either his term or the further uses he has made of it. This is suggested by the following lines, taken from Lowthrop's introduction to some observations on refraction: "The Air being no uniform Fluid, the Rays of Light are not refracted in any one terminated Superficies, but continually into a Curve" (Hooke, Philosophical Experimentsand Observations, 338).

24 In the version of this Chapter in my "Producing Knowledge in the Workshop" I wrongly claimed that the 'attractive principle' in this experiment is represented by the chord. The exact representation of this 'endeavour' does not affect the argument here, but it will have some bearing on the discussion in Chapter 2 and I will attain to it in detail there.

25 In his Cometographia of 1668 Hevelius used the Latin form of the verb in a similar manner: " ... Cometre neutiquam in exquisia linea rectä, ut quidem Keplerus, alliq; arbitrati sunt, sed in linea ex parte inflexä, & incurvata, cujus concavita pepetuo Soli prona est ... " (658, cited by Ruffner, 194, f. n. 43). Though published two years after the Address, most of Hevelius work on the Cometographia was simulaneous with Hooke's Micrographia. The delay was caused by the debate (and scandal) over the comet of 1664, during which Hevelius turned to the Royal Society to argue his case. Whether the term 'inflection', in the sense discussed here, came up in that correspondence and, if it did, by whom, I simply do not know. Note, however, that Hevelius uses 'inflection' in a manner closer to Hooke's use in the Micrographia then in the Address, namely; as bending rectilinear motion into an open curve. He employs it to account for slight variation of the ephemeral comets from rectilinear projection, which he explicitly opposed to the perpetual revolutions of perfect, etemal planets.

26 c onceming agency in science c.f Gooding, Experiment and Latour, We Have Never been Modem.

27 Rorty is somewhat prone to this approach, c.f Hesse and Rorty, "Unfamiliar Noises," 296 and 2nd Interlude bellow.

28 In my "Tropes and Topics" I called this function of language 'tropical meaning.' 29 Somewhat similar to what I termed the "topical force" of central theoretical

terms in structuring scientific texts ("Tropes and Topics").

210 NOTES

30 In his Culterian Lecture Helioscopes (Gunther, vol. 8., 119-152. Henceforth:

31

C.L.) Hooke presents a somewhat similar line of technological inquiry: various ways of compounding reflecting mirrors in order to control the amount of light reaching the eye and enable observation of the sun. Hooke notes that 'single microscope,' one of a single lens, has, in fact, 'double refraction,' and a double microscope has four refractions, as the ray is refracted once upon entering the lens and once upon exiting it (C.L., 312).

32 Hooke adds: "but this, for other inconveniences, I made but little use of' but does not specify what were these "other inconveniences."

33 f C. . Birch I, 268; 272.

1ST INTERLUDE: PRACTICE

2

3

4

5

6

7

This was a hierarchy that Hooke hirnself acutely experienced. See Shapin, "Who Was Robert Hooke?'' and Pumfrey. For analysis of its epistemological significance see Shapin, Social History of Truth. These citations are from Hooke's "General Scheme ... of the Present State of Natural Philosophy and How its Defects may be Remedied ... " published in Waller's posthumaus edition of Hooke's works (Hooke, Posthumaus Works, 1-70). I bring them here by way of suggestion-my main arguments are going to be drawn from Hooke' s actual scientific work, rather than his didactic presentations. However, this particular work does read as a real methodological treatise by a highly experienced practitioner, and not merely a collection of Baconian commonplaces, and is therefore worth more attention than I can dedicate to it here. 'Of poor origins' would have been more accurate; his legacy included, among other things, close to flO,OOO left in his money ehest. See Appendix to Hunter and Schaffer.

nd Rorty, the focus of the 2 Intcrludc, also uscs Dewey's phrase "spectator theory ofknowledge," e.g. in his "Epistemological Behaviorism," 119, f. n. 18. Quine's position is not that na"ive after all, and he does allow that "ones man's observation is another man's closed book or flight of fancy" ("Epistemology Naturalized," in his Ontological Relativity, 88) An earlier philosophical discussion of skills that comes immediately to mind is Polanyi's. His account resembles Hacking's in the stress on the non-theoretical nature of skills, but his notion of tacit knowledge, as some additional information hidden in the achievements of one genius to be discovered by a later one, is in direct Opposition to Hacking's strengest point-the notion of knowledge production. An interesting scrutiny of skills as an essential element of human reason is Dreyfus, What Computers Can 't Do. Hacking does not pay much attention to the positive secretive tendencics of experimenters, as pointed out, e.g. by Collins, but this addition of course only

NOTES 211

strengthen his point. 8 For a discussion of procedures in knowledge producing practices c.f Gooding,

Experiment, especially Chapters 1 and 2. 9 In his "Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology," Rudolph Carnap, from very

different presuppositions and on his way to almost opposite conclusion, arrives at a very similar claim about "the reality of entities."

10 It also reveals the original context of Hacking's monograph-a reply to the empiricist, anti-realist position developed by Bas van-Fraassen in The Scientific Image.

11 C.f van Prassen, 15-19. Van Prassen himself, an avowed empirieist and anti­realist, presents these two philosophical positions as an indivisible pair. This pairing, however, is not self-evident. One need not commit to any attitude towards realism in order to count as an empirieist

CHAPTER 2: CLOCKS, PENDULUMS AND SPRINGS

My references will be both the edition of published of De Potentia published independently by John Martin in 1678 and to the edition published in Gunther (vol. 8: C.L.) which is more available.

2 Reconstructions of the theory were offered by Hesse ("Hooke's Vibration Theory") and Patterson ("Pendulums of Wren and Hooke").

3 Patterson ("Robert Hooke and the Conservation of Energy ," 151) thinks he does. 4 The part authored by Hooke is titled "An Explication of Rarefaction" (178-182).

C.f Hesse, ("Hooke's Vibration Theory," 436-437); Clericuzio. 5 I will attend to this analogy in details later. 6 C.f Clericuzio, 7 4-7 5. 7 On January 23rd, 1675/6, Hooke first remarked in bis Diary: "wrote a theory of

springs." 8 See Clericuzio for Hooke's part in formulating Boyle's Law and the 'spring of

air' hypothesis. 9 Hooke's acquaintance with it was probably via Galileo's writing, in which he

was clearly versed. One reason to believe that he has learned of O'resme's diagram from Galileo is the fact that, like the latter, he treats the areas assums of the ordinates (De Potentia, 19; C.L., 351).

10 See Discorsi, Third Day, Theorem I, Propositions I and II and Corollary I; Figs. 47-49. For an earlier, somewhat different diagram see Dialogo, Second Day, Fig. 15.

11 C.f Westfall (Force, 206-208) and Pugliese, in Hunter and Schaffer, for other occasions in which Hooke makes use of this assumption. Pugliese remarks that this assumption is 'an axiom of motion' for Hooke, but does not elaborate on the particularities of Hooke's notion of 'powers'.

12 In the Introduction, I presented Hooke' s "General Rule of Mechanicks" as

212 NOTES

derived from interpretation of Galileo's theorem. One may understand Hooke's proof here as proceeding along the same lines; if (translating Galileo into "Mechanicks") constant power along distance produces velocity proportional to the root of the distance, then power which varies as the distance (as, according to Hooke, is the case with displaced springs) produces velocityproportional to the distance.

13 Patterson's is still the mostextensive analysis of Of Spring. 14 "The distended rope, by the same endeavor to relax or unhend itself, will draw

the horse as much towards the stone as it does the stone towards the horse" (Newton, Mathematical Principles, 14. Henceforth: Principia). It is tempting to wonder whether Newton did not have Hooke in mind when he formulated his third law in the Principia. Otherwise, the rope illustration seems somewhat out ofplace.

15 The problem, as Peter Machamer has pointed out to me, is principal: parallel processes cannot measure each other.

16 White notes that the origins of the fusee mechanism are probably in military

17

technology-a device for spanning heavy cross-bows called in typical medieval chivalry 'the virgin'. Another mechanism for this purpose is the stackfreed, which operates on similar principles but to a somewhat less satisfactory results, and was therefore less popular.

18 Cycloid is the curve described by a point on the circumference of a circle rolling

on a plain (see Figure 14-top ). A cycloidal pendulum can be visualized as a ball rolling up and down in a bowl whose cross-section is a cycloid. A cycloid, Huygens proved in his Horologium Oscilatorium, is it own "evolute" (see Figure

14-bottom). Therefore the pendulum can be made to describe a cycloid by two cycloidal 'cheeks' limiting the motion ofits chord (see Figure 13).

19 Cf 'Espinasse, 1956, 62 ff. 20 This text survived as Trinity College Ms. O.lla.Jl5, without the diagrams

referred to in the text, and was transcribed by Wright (102-118), who also beautifully reconstructed the devices described. The 1675 dating is bindered by the absence of any reference to Huygens' all-important Horologium Oscilatorium of 1673.

21

22

23

24

Hooke, A Manuscript Conceming Huygens' Horologium Oscilatorium. British Museum MSS, Sloane 1039, folio 129. Transcribed by Robertson (167-173). Henceforth: Sloane. Most notably the clock given by Charles II to his mistress Countess of

Castelmaine-c.f Symonds, 21. A prize of f20,000 was finally offered by the British Government in 1714, and won by John Harrison in 1761 (but was only half-paid in 1765). Cf Gould. Writing the Longitude Timekeeper, however, Hooke is not yet familiar with

NOTES 213

Huygens' proof of isochrony, which was published only in the Horologium Oscilatorium of 1673. If he learned about the proof before amending the text, he did not add anything to indicate that (see Section 4.1).

25 Huygens did try to develop methods of suspending pendulum clocks that would make them immune to "the heaving of the ship" (The Pendulum Clock, 30-32). See Figure 15.

26 C.f Patterson, "Pendulums ofWren and Hooke." 27 Cited by Wright, "Robert Hooke's Longitude Timekeeper,"66-67. 28 This is Oxford English Dictionary's definition of 'force'. 29 C.f Hesse, "Hooke's Vibration Theory," 437; Clericuzio, 73-74. 3° Concerning his musical interests see Gouk. 31 For a modern theory of tropes and the difference between metaphors, metonyms

and synecdoches see Vickers. A more philosophical approach to these particular 'master tropes' is Burke's Grammar of Motives.

32 The examples in my "Tropes and Topics" are terms like gravity, levity, proper places and natural form, the never-questioned relations between which structured texts in the tradition of Aristotelian cosmology. I show there how Galileo, carefully observing these relations, is able to introduce radical changes into the ('tropic') meaning of these terms without rendering his text unintelligible.

33 In "Tropes and Topics" I explored Galileo's use of terms like 'natural motion' and 'proper places' in discussing falling bodies after depri ving these terms of their traditional Aristotelian (tropic) meaning.

2~INTERLUDE:REPRESENTATION

2

3

4

For another account of Rorty's argument see Bernstein (1985). My interpretation is similar to Bernstein's on a number of points, but my motivation is concerned with Rorty's criticism of the theory of knowledge, and Bernstein's in his reflections in the role left for philosophy. As Ong (Ramus, Method, and the Decay of Dialogue) forcefully argues, these metaphors gained new vigor with the invention of the movable type, which encouraged the use of diagrams, tables and emblems for pedagogical and rhetorical purposes. Foucault, for one, offers in The Order of Things a very different interpretation of enlightenment concept of representation. According to his interpretation language "does not stand in opposition to thought as the exterior does to the interior" (82). A most potent argument in favor of personal knowledge is provided by Collins in hisChanging Order.

214 NOTES

CHAPTER 3: NEWTON'S SYNTHESIS

2

"On the tercentenary of the frrst publication of his master work on 'The mathematical principles of science' my final words are simple: I give you its onlie begetter: Isaac Newton!" (Whiteside, "The Prehistory of the Principia," 35). And Whiteside is one of the more sophisticated readers of this 'prehistory', giving much attention to the roles of others in its shaping. Especially by Whiteside, "Prehistory" and "Before the Principia," and also by Westfall, "Hooke and the Law of Universal Gravitation" and Pugliese, "Robert Hooke."

3 Westfall, "Hooke and the Law of Universal Gravitation;" Wilson, "From Kepler's Laws," especially 143 ff. Nauenberg ("Hooke," 335) argues that Hooke's 1666Address "shows Hooke's understanding ofthe universal character of gravitational force."

4 Tobe exact, the apex of all the cones lies in the center of earth. 5 "Demonstratum est cap. XXXII. Planetarum motus intensionem et remissionem

sequi proportionem distantiarum simplicem. At videtur virtus ex Sole emanans intendi et remitti debere in proportione duplicata vel triplicata distantiarum seu linearum effluxus. Ergo intensio et remissie motus Planetarum non erit ex attenuatione virtutis ex Sole emanantis." (Kepler, Werke 3, 248) Kepler investigates the analogy and its boundaries again in his Epitome Astronomire Copemicance, explicitly rejecting an inverse square law for the solar force moving the planets (Kepler, Werke 7, 304-305).

6 C.f Wilson, "From Kepler's Laws," 107; Oe Gandt, 4-5. 7 "Denique in Planetis primarijs cum cubi distantiarum a sole reciproce sunt ut

quadrati numeri periodorum in dato tempore: conatus a sole recedendi reciproce erunt ut quadrata distatniarum a sole." (Herivel, 195)

8 Wilson, "From Kepler Laws," especially 89-92, 133-135; "Newton and Some Philosophers," 233-240. Whiteside ("Newton's Early Thoughts," 121-129), agrees with Wilson about the frrst two laws, but is wavering about Newton's acceptance of the third law from "degree of confidence" (125) to "unequivocally" (129). Russel's demonstration that Kepler's laws were widely known in the seventeenth century strengthens the impression that Newton positively chose not to accept them.

9 "Spatium quod corpus urgente quacunque vi centripeta ipso motus initio describit esse in dupllicat ratione temporis." (Herivel, 258)

10 "Corporibus in circumferentijs circulorum uniformiter gyrantibus vires centripetas esse ut arcuum simul descriptorum quadrata applicata ad radios circulorum." (Herivel, 259)

11 "Casus corolarij quinti obtinet in corporibus c«Xlestibus ... jam statuunt Astronomi" (Herivel, 260. Herivel's translation is on page 279).

12 "Hinc si datur figura qrevis et in ea punctum ad quod vis centripeta dirigitur,

NOTES 215

inveniri potest Iex vis centripetae quae corpus in figuras illius perimetro gyrare faciet'' (Herivel, 261). De Gandt's (33) translates "gyrare faciet" as "will cause ... to orbit." I think Herivel's use of the present tense better captures the impression of saving a given astronomical phenomenon that Newton is working to create, but the difference is of course minor.

13 "Gyrat corpus in ellipsi: requiritur Iex vis centripetae tendentis ad umbilicum Ellipseos." (Herivel, 263)

14 "Gyrant ergo Planetae majores in ellipsibus habentibus umbilicum in centro solis, et radijs ad solem ductis describunt area temporibus proportionales, omnino ut supposuit Keplerus" (Herivel, 263)

15 "Posito quod vis centripeta sit reciproce proportionalis quadrato distantiae a centro, quadrata tenporum periodicorum in Ellipsibus sunt ut cubi transversorum axium." (Herivel, 263)

16 The proofs are extremely interesting, but accounting for them in any detail will carry us too far away from our main inquiry. They were excellently interpreted in De Gandt, 31-42.

17 "Haec ita se habent ubi figura Ellipsis est. ffieri enim potest ut corpus moveat in Parabola vel Hyperbola." (Herivel, 267)

18 " ... figura erit parabola umbilicum habens in puncto S ... Sin corpus majori adhuc celeritate emittitur movebitur id in Hyperbola ... " (Herivel, 267)

19 I owe this citation to Sophie Roux. 20 Trinity College Library, Newton Library, NQ.10.52. 21 C.f Wilson, op. cit., 92; 132-133. 22 C.f Wilson, op. cit., 136. 23 "Gyrantia omnia radijs ad centrum ductis areas temporibus proportionales

describere." (Herivel, 258) 24 C.f his "Newton's Early Thoughts on Planetary Motion," 119-120; "Before the

Principia," 10-15. 25 Wilson presents somewhat of an exception. Op. cit., 140-141. 26 C.f Wilson, op. cit., 140-144. 27 "[V]is gravitatis est toties major, ut ne terra conventendo faciat corpora recedere

et in aere prosilire." (Herivel, 196) 28 According to Whiston and De Moivre (Whiteside, "Before the Principia," esp. f.

n. 30), this was an early test-the "moon test" (see Section 2.1.1)--ofthe theory of universal gravity and ISL. The theory failed the test because, following the common assumption that the distance between the moon and the earth is 60 times the Earth's radius, Newton expected the result to be was 3,600: J. Thus, according to this almost legendary story, the world was deprived of the Principia for another 20 years. As can be understood, I follow Whiteside in rejecting this account

29 In order to facilitate understanding, I replaced Newton's originallettering in the De Motu diagram to match the lettering he uses in OCM. The originalletters are

216

30

NOTES

S; B; C; D; F which I exchanged with C; A; B; D; E respectably. This is somewhat dangerous. For example, the Ietter S is consistently used by Newton in bis later writing for the center of motion, designating Sol, and is therefore rather important for manuscript dating. However, my interest here is in the comparison, which is rather cumbersome otherwise. Newton also produces two diagrams, as opposed to only one in OCM, and his procedure is that of proportions; F :f:: CD: cd which I abbreviated as ratios. See also Wilson, op. cit., 141.

31 See also De Gandt, 55-57. 32 In Yehuda Elkana's terrninology, this would be a change in the image, rather

than the body of knowledge ( c.f "Two-Tier-Thinking" and "A Programmatic Attempt," esp. 15-21).

33 C.f De Gandt, 124-139; Yoder, esp. Chapter 3, Erlichson, "Huygens and Newton."

34 Though slightly earlier than OCM, De Vi Centrifuga was published only posthumously and was not known to Newton when working on his text. Huygens published most of its theorems, but without proof, in the Horolgium Oscilatorium of 1673.

35 I have, again, installed a comparable lettering to that used by Newton in OCM. ~ .

It is a problern Huygens adopted from Mersenne, and constitutes an 1mportant

37

departure from physics of proportians towards physics of constants. C.f Yoder, esp. Chapter 2. In modern notation: Latus Rectum = :l-!y or 1/a in y = d.

38 . The segments DB, which are the path AB viewed as receding from the pomt 0, are equal to-not just approximating-the arcs DO. The curve BBBB will be titled the 'evolute' of the circle when investigated in the Horologium Oscilatorium. De Gandt ( 134-137) provides an excellent interpretation of the Huygens' reasoning here.

39 "The motion of a body can be at the same time truly uniform and truly accelerated, according as one relate its motion to different other bodies." (Oe Gandt, 137)

4° C. f. Dobbs; McGuire and Rattansi. 41 Of course, because of "the progression of the auges" (Birch, 92) the planetary

orbits are not properly closed. Hooke clarified that point in his 1666 address, and the Programme in the Ietter to Newton on 6 January 1679/80 also requires only that "the auges are almost opposite" (Correspondence II, 309. Italics rnine ). I shall return to this theme in the next section.

42 See also Whiteside, "Newton' s Early Thoughts," 119. 43 In the 1681 correspondence with Flamsteed Newton reverts to Borelli's model.

Whiteside ("Before the Principia," 15) takes it as evidence to bis claim that until 1684 Newton did not complete the transition from the centrifugal to the centripetal approach. My analysis of this transition is very much informed by

NOTES 217

Whiteside's, but here I think he overlooks an important phase of it. 44 On the role of the parabola in Galileo' s mathematical mechanics see Renn et al.,

"Hunting the White Elephant." 45 I purposefully shy away from the anachronistic 'integrate'. 46 It is questionable if Newton was able to solve this 'inverse problem', as it has

come tobe called in the 18th century, even in the Principia. C. f. Oe Gandt, 8-9 and 244-250.

47 Esp. 456-466. 48 "Creterum totum creli Planetarij Spatium vel quiescit (ut vulgo creditur) vel

uniforrniter movetur in directum et perinde Planetarum commune centrum gravitatis ... vel quiescit vel una movetur. Utroque in casu motus gravitatis inter se .. . eodem modo se habent, et eorum commune centrum gravitatis respectu spatij totius quiescit, atque adeo pro centro immobili Systematis totius Planetarij haberi debet. Inde vero systema Copernicreum probatur a priori. Nam si in quovis Planetarum situ computetur commune centrum gravitatis hoc vel incidet in corpus Solis vel ei semper proximum erit. Eo Solis a centro gravitatis errore fit ut vis centripeta non semper tendat ad centrum illud immobile, et inde ut planetre nec moveantur in Ellipsibus exacte neque bis revolvant in eadem orbita. Tot sunt orbitre Planetre cujusque quot revolutiones, ut fit in motu Lun? et pendet orbita unaquareque ab omnium Planetarum motibus conjunctis, ut taceam eorum omnium actiones in se invicem. Tot autem motuum causas simul considerare et legibus exactis calculum commodum adrnitentibus motus ipsos definire superat ni fallor vim omnium humani ingenii. Ornitte rninutias illas et orbita simplex et inter omnes errores mediocris erit Ellipsis de qua jam egi." (Herivel, 297)

49 "Gyrantia omnia radijs ad centrum ductis areas temporibus proportionales describere." (Herivel, 258)

50 "Hypoth 2 Corpus omne sola vi insita uniforrniter secundum rectam lineam in infinitum progredi nisi aliquid extrinsecus impediat." (Herivel, 258)

51 Hooke writes "consequently" here, which seems to me as a lapse, since it is followed by another "consequently" which signals a perfectly good argument. On the other hand the assumption that "Velocity will be in subduplicate proportion to the Attraction" (namely f oc --.IV) is a ratio between motion and force that Hooke used regularly and for many years, completely independently ofiSL.

52 Herivel, 108-17; Westfall, Force, 513-514, f. n. 6. 53 Hall and Hall; Whiteside, "The Prehistory," 53-54, f. n. 87; De Gandt, 283, f. n.

62. 54 In the case of a circle, this is a Straightforward consequence of the fact that the

angle between a tangent and a chord equals half the central angle on that chord. Here is the proof in short:

218 NOTES

Given a circle with center o, radius R, AC

tangent at point A, BC 1. AC and OD 1. AB, then: sina/2 = AD/R = AB/2R and sinß = CB/AB.

Now ß= a/2, therefore: CBIAB = ABI2R, or: CB = AB212R, which means that CB oc AB2 (because R is a constant). And since the arc AB is proportional to the chord AB, the ratio holds for the arc as weil. I thank E. Gal for helping me with this proof.

55 This is, admittedly, a little overstated-see Nauenberg, "Hooke."

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agassi, Joseph. "Who Discovered Boyle's Law?" Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science 8 (1977): 181-205

Aiton, E. J. The Vonex Theory of Planetary Motions. London: Macdonald, 1972.

Armitage, Angus. ""Borrell's Hypothesis" and the Rise of Celestial Mechanics." Annals of Science 6 (1950): 268-282.

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INDEX

Aiton, E. J., 207 Animadversions to the

Machina Ccelestis, 50 area law, 22, 173, 174, 175,

182,196,198,199,202, 203,206

Aristotle, 24, 31, 134, 144, 149, 150, 151, 158, 207

Astronomia Nova, 25, 39, 170,172,196,207

astronomy, 25, 176, 178, 196, 197

Astronomy, 22, 34, 35, 53, 55,56, 137,172,174,178, 188,192,205

authority, 148 Bacon, Francis, 60, 64, 65, 67 Bennett, J. A., 43, 44, 48, 71,

152,207 Bernstein, R. J., 156 Birch, Thomas, 19, 23, 31,

32,34,37,43,54,83, 140 Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, 2,

28,29,30,31 Bourdieu, P., 17 Boyle, Robert, 14, 54, 55, 64,

84,86,87,92,93,95, 108, 127, 128

Camap, R., 65 clocks, 14, 34, 43, 98, 102,

105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 121, 124, 125,

128, 132, 139, 140, 141, 142

congruity, 87, 94, 127, 128, 131' 133, 134, 135, 136, 137

Copernicanism, 25 Copemicus, Nicolaus, 23, 25,

207 cosmology, 22, 25, 39, 40,

193, 195, 196, 199 credit, 3, 14, 17, 18, 29, 47,

68, 167, 168, 171 cycloid, 105, 110, 111, 112,

115, 117 De Gandt, F., 174, 175, 176,

178,196,197,198,200, 201,203,207

De Motu Corporum in Gyrum, 31, 165, 166, 168, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 199, 200,201,202,204

De Potentia Restitutiva or Of Spring, 10, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88,89,90,91,92,93,94, 95,96,97,98,99, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142

De Vi Centrifuga, 184, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191

234

Descartes, Rene, 2, 21, 24, 26,27,28,29,31,39, 129, 143, 144, 145, 147, 151, 186,207

Dewey, J., 64, 68, 159 Drake, E. T., 15, 59, 71 ellipse, 6, 7, 19, 23, 29, 37,

40, 165, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 188, 191, 195, 199,200,202,203,204, 206

epistemology, 13, 26, 62, 64, 70, 71, 77, 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 157

Epistemology, 35, 59, 60, 62, 63,68, 70, 71, 77,80, 100, 143, 144, 145, 146, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 167

Erlichson, H., 207 escapement, 102, 103, 105,

111, 112, 118, 124, 125, 126, 138, 141

Euclid, 180,207 evolutes, 187 facts, 7, 20, 29, 31, 32, 36,

39,45,49,60,61,62,63, 64,65,67,68,69, 72, 75, 77, 79,80,84,88,90,92, 95,99, 106,109,111,112, 115, 118, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 134, 138, 147, 151, 152, 154, 155, 157, 159, 160, 161, 164, 166, 181, 182, 185, 186, 192, 193, 196, 198

INDEX

Flamstead, 20 Flamsteed, John, 20, 179,

190, 191 force, 11, 21, 24, 29, 31, 32,

117, 122, 124, 166, 173, 178, 179, 183, 189, 191, 193,196,198,199,204 attraction (see also force

gravity), 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 19,20,21,22,23, 24,37,83,84,98,99, 140, 165, 168, 171, 177, 182, 190, 191, 192, 194, 198, 199, 200,201,202,203, 204,206

center of, 9, 174, 175, 178, 188,190,198,201,202, 203,204,205

centrifugal, 18, 21, 22, 27, 28,30,31, 123,129, 166, 171, 173, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191,192,204,205,206

centripetal, 18, 22, 23, 166, 167, 168, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 182, 183, 188, 189, 191, 192, 194, 195, 197,205

gravity, 121 gravity (see also force

attraction), 1, 7, 10, 11, 17, 18,21,23,30,31, 32,43, 71,84,86,91, 92, 102, 103, 105, 112, 121, 122, 124,

130, 132, 141, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 198, 199, 200,204,205,206

Force, 11, 21, 24, 29, 31, 32, 117, 122, 124, 166, 173, 178, 179, 183, 189, 191, 193,196,198,199,204

force (see also power), 3, 18, 21, 22, 23,

24,26,27,28,30,31, 32,53,54,55, 72, 76, 88,89,90,91,92,93, 97,99, 100,102,103, 104, 112, 118, 121, 122, 123, 124, 129, 132, 135, 157, 165, 166, 167, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197,198,199,200,201, 202,203,204,205,206, 207

Galilei, Galileo, 1, 2, 4, 10, 11,24,25,29,31,83,97, 105, 106, 107, 121, 140, 165, 166, 173, 180, 181, 182, 183, 191, 198

Galileo, Galilei, 1, 2, 4, 10, 11

Gassendi, P., 2 genius, 2, 14, 15, 39, 43, 59,

INDEX 235

60, 61, 63, 111, 117, 143 God, 21,26 Hacking, 1., 63, 64, 65, 66,

67,68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79,80, 122, 143, 144, 147, 148, 151, 154, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164

Hall, A. R, 14, 15, 17, 63, 70, 108,109,117,118,124, 143,201,207

Halley, Edmund, 17, 18, 28, 30, 165, 170, 176, 190, 191,192,193,201

Hanson, N. R., 176 harmony,87,88,94,95, 111,

131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 188

Helioscopes, 84, 88, 108 Herivel, J. W., 168, 172, 173,

174, 175, 177, 178, 181, 182, 188, 193, 195, 196, 199,200,201,202,203, 207

hermeneutics, 13, 153 Hesse, M. B., 100, 134, 141 historiography, 13, 14, 23,

102, 111, 143, 148, 153, 167

Hooke's law, 14, 93 Horologium Oscilatorium,

106, 109, 110, 114, 116 Horrox, J ., 2 Hunter, M., 126, 151 Huygens, Christiaan, 2, 10,

14, 18, 21, 27, 32, 59, 60, 105, 108, 109, 110, 111,

236

112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 120, 122, 123, 129, 151, 171, 184, 185, 186, 187,189,190,191,204

incorrigibility, 147, 148, 160 Inflection, 20, 32, 34, 35, 36,

37,38,39,40,41,43,44, 45,47,48,49,50,51,52, 53,54,55,56,57,62,63, 69, 71,80,83,88, 122, 154, 161

invention, 14, 50, 61, 62, 63, 65,69, 108,109,111,112, 115, 117, 122, 144, 149, 205

inverse square law, 18, 22, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 194, 201,202,203,204,205

isochrony, 97, 115 Kant, Imanuel, 75, 145, 162 Kepler, Johannes, 1, 2, 9, 22,

24,25,28,29,31,39, 165, 166, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 183, 184, 192, 196, 197,198,200,201,202, 203,205,206,207

Knorr-Cetina, K. D., 3 Koyre, A., 29, 30 laboratory, 22, 36, 44, 45, 47,

48,56,67, 70 Lampas, 60, 61, 84, 109, 119,

123, 130, 138 Landes, D. S., 102, 103, 104,

108, 118, 124

INDEX

language,26,64, 75,147, 150, 154, 159, 162

likeness, 72, 73, 75, 76, 162, 163

Locke,John, 145,149,156, 157, 158, 162

Lohne, J., 1, 5, 8, 166, 171, 207

McGuire, J. E., 28 mechanic, 14, 15, 43, 59, 60,

63, 69, 80, 11l, 117, 143, 161

mechanics, 1, 11, 14, 21, 22, 24,27,29,30,32,38,39, 40,57,83, 100,117,166, 167,199,200,204,205 celestial, 11, 19, 21, 22, 29,

30,32,38,39,40,57, 83, 166, 167, 194, 195, 199,200,204,205

medium, 36 Mersenne, M., 2 Micrographia, 15, 33, 34, 35,

36,37,38,39,42,43,44, 45,46,47,48,49,50,51, 52,53,54,55,56,57,61, 67,68,87,92,93, 125, 127, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 150, 169, 170

microscopes,47,49,50,51, 52,67,68,69, 73, 77, 78, 79,80,83,164

moon test, 171 motion

accelerated, 8, 9, 21, 97, 140, 189, 191, 192, 194

circular, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 37,39,83,86, 140,173, 175, 180, 186, 187

curved, 11, 19,20,24,25, 27,29,31,32,35,39, 43,52,53,83, 124,140, 190,191,192,199,200, 204,205

free fall, 10, 198 inertial, 11, 18, 20, 26, 29,

125,178,182,191,205 oscilation, 86, 87, 88, 95,

96, 102, 117, 127, 129, 130, 131, 133

planetary, 2, 3, 6, 10, 11, 18, 19,20,21,22,23, 24,25,26,28,29,31, 32,34,35,36,37,38, 39,40,42,43,44,57, 83, 165, 166, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 178, 179, 190, 192, 193, 194, 195, 197, 199, 204,206,207

projection, 11 rectilinear, 2, 9, 11, 20, 21,

22,24,25,26,27,28, 29,31,32,35,36,37, 38,39,43,53,57, 178, 180, 187, 189, 190, 192, 198,199,200,202,204, 206

rotation, 2, 4, 24, 25, 27, 29, 31, 105, 125, 128, 174, 181, 183, 199

tangential, 7, 22, 27, 178, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186,

INDEX 237

191 velocity, 10, 98, 200

natural philosophy, 178 nature, 28, 37, 39, 41, 57, 62,

63,64, 70, 71,80,99, 122, 124, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 158, 159, 185, 186, 198,200

Nauenberg, M., 1, 207 Newton, Isaac, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7,

8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19,20,21,22,23,28,29, 30,31,34,42,43,44,59, 60,63,69,84,91, 100, 111, 140, 143, 150, 152, 153, 158, 161, 165, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198,199,200,201,202, 203,204,205,207

observation, 19, 20, 22, 34, 35,44,45,49,50,53,55, 56,57,63,64,65,66,67, 68, 70, 71, 78, 79,80, 150, 151, 152, 160, 172, 174, 192,205

Oldenburg, Henry, 1, 3, 109, 111

On Circular Motion, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 188, 189, 191

ontology, 26, 77, 144, 146,

238

149, 150, 151, 153, 156, 189

Oresme, Nichol, 100 parabola, 98, 176, 185, 186,

187, 188, 190, 191 Parallax, 20, 56 Patterson, L. D., 99, 100, 137,

141 pendulum, 31, 37, 43, 83, 84,

105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 171, 184

Pepys, Samuel, 34, 44 Petty, William, 10 phenomena, 22,34,36,44,

53,55,62,63,66,67, 70, 71, 73,80, 122,129,132, 138,139,151,164,205

planetary orbits, 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11,21,24,26,29,31,37, 39,57,83, 165,166,170, 171, 173, 174, 175, 176, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 195, 196, 197,198,199,200,201, 202,203,204,205,206

power (see also force), 10, 11, 19, 20, 21,

22,23,25,28,36,42, 44,59, 71, 77, 78, 81, 83,84,86,88,89,90, 91,92,93,94,95,96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 113, 115, 122, 124, 125, 132, 133, 137, 139, 140, 141,

INDEX

154, 156, 161, 169, 170, 174, 175, 190, 193, 194, 196

pragmatism, 64, 159 Principia Philosophite, 21,

24,26,28,39,207 priority, 17, 18, 20, 23, 28,

30, 59, 108, 109, 111, 112, 122, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169,171,177,201,207

propositions, 71, 80, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161,163,170,198,202, 204

Pugliese, P. J., 207 Putnam, H., 143 Quine, W. v. 0., 65, 67, 150,

151 realism, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76,

77, 78, 79,80, 148,163 local, 73

representation, 38, 62, 64, 65, 68,69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78,80, 104,138,140, 144, 145, 148, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, 161, 162, 163, 164, 187

Robertson, J. D., 105, 106, 107, 111, 120

Robinson, H. W., 109 Rorty, R., 62, 64, 70, 74, 143,

144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162

Rouse Ball, W. W., 166

Royal Society of London, 1, 3, 5, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19, 20, 23,24,32,34,35,37,39, 43,54,56,57,59,88,90, 109, 111' 150, 165, 192, 207

Ruffner, J. A., 25 Sabra, A. 1., 168 Schaffer, S., 126, 151, 207 scientific technology, 48, 60,

61,62,69,80 scientist, 14, 15, 59, 60, 69,

70, 80, 117, 143, 161 Sellars, W., 149 Shapin, S., 150, 151 Shapiro, A. E., 207 skepticism, 74, 78, 148, 149,

150, 157, 196 Pyrrhonian, 7 4, 145

skills, 3, 12, 35, 44, 48, 56, 57,60,62,67,80, 139, 160,167,183,190,205

Skills, 15, 139, 160, 174 springs, 10, 14, 66, 81, 84,

85,86,88,89,90,91,92, 93,94,95,96,97,98,99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 108, 109, 111, 112, 113, 118, 119, 120, 121' 122, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131' 132, 133, 135' 136, 137, 138, 139, 140,

INDEX 239

141, 142 Strawson, P. F., 74 technology, 47, 48, 50, 51,

60,61,62,63,64,69, 70, 71, 80, 103, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 142

Technology, 50, 60, 61, 103, 112

tools, 2, 12, 21, 24, 26, 34, 40,41,43,48,51,52,53, 68, 71,80,81,96, 100, 102, 122, 137, 145, 157, 161, 163, 164, 167, 174, 175, 177, 178, 183, 191, 196,197,199,204,205

van Fraassen, Bas, 65, 78 verge and foliot, 102, 103,

105, 112, 122, 190 Westfall, R. S., 13, 47, 59,

60,61,62,63,65,69, 71, 99, 111, 143, 144, 148, 150, 166, 192, 193, 194, 195,200,201,204,205, 207

Westman, R. S., 14 Whiteside, D. T., 30, 166,

179,193,201,207 Wren, Christopher, 99, 100,

207 Wright, M., 108, 118, 126 Yoder, G., 187 Yoder, G., 187

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55. M. Lazerowitz: The Language of Philosophy. Freud and Wittgenstein. [Synthese Library 117] 1977 ISBN 90-277-0826-6; Pb 90-277-0862-2

56. T. Niekies (ed.): Seientifie Diseovery, Logie, and Rationality. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1069-4; Pb 90-277-1070-8

57. J. Margolis: Persansand Mind. The Prospects ofNonreductive Materialism. [Synthese Library 121] 1978 ISBN 90-277-0854-1; Pb 90-277-0863-0

58. G. Radnitzky and G. Anderssan (eds.): Progress and Rationality in Seienee. [Synthese Library 125] 1978 ISBN 90-277-0921-1; Pb 90-277-0922-X

59. G. Radnitzky and G. Anderssan (eds.): The Structure and Development of Seienee. [Synthese Library 136] 1979 ISBN 90-277-0994-7; Pb 90-277-0995-5

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science

60. T. Niekies (ed.): Seientijie Diseovery. Case Studies. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1092-9; Pb 90-277-1093-7

61. M.A. Finocchiaro: Galileo and the Art of Reasoning. Rhetorical Foundation of Logic and Scientific Method. 1980 ISBN 90-277-1094-5; Pb 90-277-1095-3

62. W.A. Wallace: Prelude to Galileo. Essays on Medieval and 16th-Century Sources of Galileo's Thought. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1215-8; Pb 90-277-1216-6

63. F. Rapp: Analytieal Philosophy of Teehnology. Translated from German. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1221-2; Pb 90-277-1222-0

64. R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky (eds.): Hege/ and the Sciences. 1984 ISBN 90-277-0726-X 65. J. Agassi: Scienee and Society. Studies in the Sociology of Science. 1981

ISBN 90-277-1244-1; Pb 90-277-1245-X 66. L. Tondi: Problems of Semanties. A Contribution to the Analysis of the Language of Science.

Translated from Czech. 1981 ISBN 90-277-0148-2; Pb 90-277-0316-7 67. J. Agassi and R.S. Cohen (eds.): Seientifie Philosophy Today. Essays in Honor ofMario Bunge.

1982 ISBN 90-277-1262-X; Pb 90-277-1263-8 68. W. Krajewski (ed.): Polish Essays in the Philosophy ofthe Natural Seiences. Translated from

Polish and edited by R.S. Cohen and C.R. Fawcett. 1982 ISBN 90-277-1286-7; Pb 90-277-1287-5

69. J.H. Fetzer: Seientifie Knowledge. Causation, Explanation and Corroboration. 1981 ISBN 90-277-1335-9; Pb 90-277-1336-7

70. S. Grossberg: Studies of Mind and Brain. Neural Principles of Learning, Perception, Develop-ment, Cognition, and Motor Control. 1982 ISBN 90-277-1359-6; Pb 90-277-1360-X

71. R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky (eds.): Epistemology, Methodology, and the Social Scienees. 1983. ISBN 90-277-1454-1

72. K. Berka: Measurement. Its Concepts, Theories and Problems. Translated from Czech. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1416-9

73. G.L. Pandit: The Structure and Growth of Seientific Knowledge. A Study in the Methodology of Epistemic Appraisal. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1434-7

74. A.A. Zinov'ev: Logical Physies. Translated from Russian. Edited by R.S. Cohen. 1983 [see also Valurne 9] ISBN 90-277-0734-0

75. G-G. Granger: Formal Thought and the Seiences of Man. Translated from French. With and Introduction by A. Rosenberg. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1524-6

76. R.S. Cohen and L. Laudan (eds.): Physies, Philosophy aNJ Psyehoanalysis. Essays in Honor of AdolfGrünbaum. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1533-5

77. G. Böhme, W. van den Daele, R. Hohlfeld, W. Krohn and W. Schäfer: Finalization in Seience. The Soda! Orientation of Scicntific Progress. Translated from German. Edited by W. Schäfer. 1983 ISBN 90-277-1549-1

78. D. Shapere: Reason and the Searehfor Knowledge. Investigations in the Philosophy of Science. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1551-3; Pb 90-277-1641-2

79. G. Anderssan (ed.): Rationality in Scienee and Polities. Translated from German. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1575-0; Pb 90-277-1953-5

80. P.T. Durbin and F. Rapp (eds.): Philosophy and Technology. [Also Philosophy and Technology Series, Vol. I] 1983 ISBN 90-277-1576-9

81. M. Markovic: Dialectical Theory of Meaning. Translated from Serbo-Croat. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1596-3

82. R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky (eds.): Physical Seiences and History of Physics. 1984. ISBN 90-277-1615-3

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science

83. E. Meyerson: The Relativistic Deduction. Epistemological Implications of the Theory of Relativity. Translated from French. With a Review by Albert Einstein and an Introduction by Milic Capek. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1699-4

84. R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky (eds.): Methodology, Metaphysics and the History ofScience. In Memory ofBenjamin Nelson. 1984 ISBN 90-277-1711-7

85. G. Tamas: The Logic of Categories. Translated from Hungarian. Edited by R.S. Cohen. 1986 ISBN 90-277-1742-7

86. S.L. de C. Fernandes: Foundations ofObjective Knowledge. The Relations of Popper's Theory of Knowledge toThat of Kant. 1985 ISBN 90-277-1809-1

87. R.S. Cohen and T. Schnelle (eds.): Cognition and Fact. Materials on Ludwik Fleck. 1986 ISBN 90-277-1902-0

88. G. Freudenthal: Atom and Individual in the Age of Newton. On the Genesis ofthe Mechanistic World View. Translated from German. 1986 ISBN 90-277-1905-5

89. A. Donagan, A.N. Perovich Jr and M.V. Wedin (eds.): Human Nature and Natural Knowledge. Essays presented to Matjorie Grene on the Occasion of Her 75th Birthday. 1986

ISBN 90-277-1974-8 90. C. Mitcham and A. Hunning (eds.): Philosophy and Technology II. Information Technology

and Computers in Theory and Practice. [Also Philosophy and Technology Series, Val. 2] 1986 ISBN 90-277-1975-6

91. M. Grene and D. Nails (eds.): Spinoza and the Sciences. 1986 ISBN 90-277-1976-4 92. S.P. Turner: The Search for a Methodology of Social Science. Durkheim, Weber, and the

19th-Century Problem of Cause, Probability, and Action. 1986. ISBN 90-277-2067-3 93. I.C. Jarvie: Thinking about Society. Theory and Practice. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2068-1 94. E. Ullmann-Margalit (ed.): The Kaleidoscope of Science. The Israel Colloquium: Studies in

History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science, Val. 1. 1986 ISBN 90-277-2158-0; Pb 90-277-2159-9

95. E. Ullmann-Margalit (ed.): The Prism of Science. The Israel Colloquium: Studies in History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science, Vol. 2. 1986

ISBN 90-277-2160-2; Pb 90-277-2161-0 96. G. Markus: Language and Production. A Critique of the Paradigms. Translated from French.

1986 ISBN 90-277-2169-6 97. F. Amrine, F.J. Zuckerand H. Wheeler (eds.): Goethe and the Sciences: A Reappraisal. 1987

ISBN 90-277-2265-X; Pb 90-277-2400-8 98. J.C. Pitt and M. Pera (eds.): Rational Changes in Science. Essays on Scientific Reasoning.

Translated from Italian. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2417-2 99. 0. Costa de Beauregard: Time, the Physical Magnitude. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2444-X 100. A. Shimony and D. Nails (eds.): Naturalistic Epistemology. A Symposium of Two Decades.

1987 ISBN 90-277-2337-0 101. N. Rotenstreich: Time and Meaning in History. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2467-9 102. D.B. Zilberman: The Birth of Meaning in Hindu Thought. Edited by R.S. Cohen. 1988

ISBN 90-277-2497-0 103. T.F. Glick (ed.): The Comparative Reception of Relativity. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2498-9 104. Z. Harris, M. Gottfried, T. Ryckman, P. Mattick Jr, A. Daladier, T.N. Harris and S. Harris: The

Form of Information in Science. Analysis of an Immunology Sublanguage. With a Preface by Hilary Putnam. 1989 ISBN 90-277-2516-0

105. F. Burwiek (ed.): Approaches to Organic Form. Permutations in Science and Cu1ture. 1987 ISBN 90-277-2541-1

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science

106. M. Almasi: The Philosophy of Appearances. Translated from Hungarian. 1989 ISBN 90-277-2150-5

107. S. Hook, W.L. O'Neill and R. O'Toole (eds.): Philosophy, History and Social Action. Essays in Honor of Lewis Feuer. With an Autobiographkai Essay by L. Feuer. 1988

ISBN 90-277-2644-2 108. I. Hronszky, M. Feber and B. Dajka: Scientific Knowledge Socialized. Selected Proceedings of

the 5th Joint International Conference on the History and Philosophy of Science organized by the IUHPS (Veszpn!m, Hungary, 1984). 1988 ISBN 90-277-2284-6

109. P. Tillers and E.D. Green (eds.): Probability and lnference in the Law of Evidence. The Uses and Limits ofBayesianism. 1988 ISBN 90-277-2689-2

110. E. Ullmann-Margalit (ed.): Science in Reflection. The Israel Colloquium: Studies in History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science, Vol. 3. 1988

ISBN 90-277-2712-0; Pb 90-277-2713-9 111. K. Gavroglu, Y. Goudamulis and P. Nicolacopoulos (eds.): lmre Lakatos and Theories of

Scientific Change. 1989 ISBN 90-277-2766-X 112. B. Glassner and J.D. Moreno (eds.): The Qualitative-Quantitative Distinction in the Social

Sciences. 1989 ISBN 90-277-2829-1 113. K. Arens: Strnctures of Knowing. Psychologies of the 19th Century. 1989

ISBN 0-7923-0009-2 114. A. Janik: Style, Politics and the Future of Philosophy. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0056-4 115. F. Amrine (ed.): Literature and Science as Modes of Expression. With an Introduction by S.

Weininger. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0133-1 116. J.R. Brown and J. Mittelstrass (eds.): An Intimare Relation. Studies in the History and Philo­

sophy of Science. Presented to Robert E. Butts on His 60th Birthday. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0169-2

117. F. D' Agostino and I.C. Jarvie (eds.): Freedom and Rationality. Essays in Honor of John Watkins. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0264-8

118. D. Zolo: Reflexive Epistemology. The Philosophical Legacy of Otto Neurath. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0320-2

119. M. Keam, B.S. Philips and R.S. Cohen (eds.): Georg Simmel and Contemporary Sociology. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0407-1

120. T.H. Levere and W.R. Shea (eds.): Nature, Experiment and the Science. Essays on Galileo and the Nature of Science. In Honour of Stillman Drake. 1989 ISBN 0-7923-0420-9

121. P. Nicolacopoulos (ed.): Greek Studies in the Philosophy and History of Science. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0717-8

122. R. Cooke and D. Costantini (eds.): Statistics in Science. The Foundations of Statistical Methods in Biology, Physics and Economics. 1990 ISBN 0-7923-0797-6

123. P. Duhem: The Origins of Statics. Translated from French by G.F. Leneaux, V.N. Vagliente and G.H. Wagner. With an Introduction by S.L. Jaki. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-0898-0

124. H. Kamerlingh Onnes: Through Measurement to Knowledge. The Selected Papers, 1853-1926. Edited and with an Introduction by K. Gavroglu and Y. Goudaroulis. 1991

ISBN 0-7923-0825-5 125. M. Capek: The New Aspects of Time: lts Continuity and Novelties. Selected Papers in the

Philosophy of Science. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-0911-1 126. S. Unguru (ed.): Physics, Cosmology and Astronomy, 1300-1700. Tension and Accomrnoda-

tion. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1 022-5

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science

127. Z. Bechler: Newton's Physics on the Conceptual Structure ofthe Scientific Revolution. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1054-3

128. E. Meyerson: Explanation in the Sciences. Translated from French by M-A. Siple and D.A. Siple. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1129-9

129. A.I. Tauber (ed.): Organism and the Origins ofSelf. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1185-X 130. F.J. Varela and J-P. Dupuy (eds.): Understanding Origins. Contemporary Views on the Origin

of Life, Mind and Society. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1251-1 131. G.L. Pandit: Methodological Variance. Essays in Epistemological Ontology and the Method-

ology of Science. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1263-5 132. G. Munevar (ed.): Beyond Reason. Essays on the Philosophy ofPaul Feyerabend. 1991

ISBN 0-7923-1272-4 133. T.E. Uebel (ed.): Rediscovering the Forgotten Vienna Circle. Austrian Studies on Otto Neurath

and the Vienna Circle. Partly translated from German. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1276-7 134. W.R. Woodward and R.S. Cohen (eds.): World Views and Scientific Discipline Formation.

Science Studies in the [former] German Democratic Republic. Partly translated from German by W.R. Woodward. 1991 ISBN 0-7923-1286-4

135. P. Zambelli: The Speculum Astronomiae and Its Enigma. Astrology, Theology and Science in Albertus Magnus and His Contemporaries. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1380-1

136. P. Petitjean, C. Jami and A.M. Moulin (eds.): Science and Empires. Historical Studies about Scientific Development and European Expansion. ISBN 0-7923-1518-9

137. W.A. Wallace: Galileo 's Logic of Discovery and Proof The Background, Content, and Use of His Appropriated Treatises on Aristotle's Postenor Analytics. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1577-4

138. W.A. Wallace: Galileo 's Logical Treatises. A Translation, with Notesand Commentary, of His Appropriated Latin Questions on Aristotle's Posterior Analytics. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1578-2

Set (137 + 138) ISBN 0-7923-1579-0 139. M.J. Nye, J.L. Richards and R.H. Stuewer (eds.): The Invention of Physical Science. Intersec­

tians ofMathematics, Theology and Natural Philosophy since the Seventeenth Century. Essays in Honor ofErwin N. Hiebert. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1753-X

140. G. Corsi, M.L. dalla Chiara and G.C. Ghirardi (eds.): Bridging the Gap: Philosophy, Mathem-atics and Physics. Lectures on the Foundations of Science. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1761-0

141. C.-H. Lin and D. Fu (eds.): Philosophy and Conceptual History of Science in Taiwan. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1766-1

142. S. Sarkar (ed.): The Founders of Evolutionary Genetics. A Centenary Reappraisal. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1777-7

143. J. Blackmore (ed.): Ernst Mach -A Deeper Look. Documents and New Perspectives. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1853-6

144. P. Kroes and M. Bakker (eds.): Technological Development and Science in the lndustrial Age. New Perspectives on the Science-Technology Relationship. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1898-6

145. S. Amsterdamski: Between History and Method. Disputes about the Rationality of Science. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1941-9

146. E. Ullmann-Margalit (ed.): The Scientific Enterprise. The Bar-Hillel Colloquium: Studies in History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Science, Valurne 4. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-1992-3

147. L. Embree (ed.): Metaarchaeology. Reftections by Archaeologists and Philosophers. 1992 ISBN 0-7923-2023-9

148. S. French and H. Kamminga (eds.): Correspondence, Invariance and Heuristics. Essays in Honour of Heinz Post. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2085-9

149. M. Bunzl: The Context of Explanation. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2153-7

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science

150. I.B. Cohen (ed.): The Natural Seiences and the Social Sciences. Some Critical and Historical Perspectives. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2223-1

151. K. Gavroglu, Y. Christianidis and E. Nicolaidis ( eds. ): Trends in the Historiography of Science. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2255-X

152. S. Poggi and M. Bossi (eds.): Romantieism in Science. Science in Europe, 1790-1840. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2336-X

153. J. Faye and H.J. Folse (eds.): Niets Bohr and Contemporary Philosophy. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2378-5

154. C.C. Gould and R.S. Cohen (eds.): Artifacts, Representations, and Social Practice. Essays for Marx W. Wartofsky. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2481-1

155. R.E. Butts: Historical Pragmatics. Philosophical Essays. 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2498-6 156. R. Rashed: The Development of Arabic Mathematics: BetweenArithmeticandAlgebra. Trans-

lated from French by A.F.W. Annstrong. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2565-6 157. I. Szumilewicz-Lachman (ed.): Zygmunt Zawirski: His Life and Work. With Selected Writings

on Time, Logic and the Methodology of Science. Translations by Feliks Lachman. Ed. by R.S. Cohen, with the assistance of B. Bergo. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2566-4 . .

158. S.N. Haq: Names, Naturesand Things. The Alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyän and His Kitäb al-Ahjär (Book of Stones). 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2587-7

159. P. Plaass: Kant's Theory of Natural Science. Translation, Analytic Introduction and Comment-ary by Alfred E. and Maria G. Miller. 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2750-0

160. J. Misiek (ed.): The Problem of Rationality in Science and its Philosophy. On Popper vs. Polanyi. The Polish Conferences 1988-89. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-2925-2

161. I.C. Jarvie and N. Laor (eds.): Critical Rationalism, Metaphysics and Science. Essays for Joseph Agassi, Valurne I. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-2960-0

162. I.C. Jarvie and N. Laor (eds.): Critical Rationalism, the Social Seiences and the Humanities. Essays for Joseph Agassi, Valurne II. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-2961-9

Set (161-162) ISBN 0-7923-2962-7 163. K. Gavroglu, J. Stachel and M.W. Wartofsky (eds.): Physics, Philosophy, and the Scientific

Community. Essays in the Philosophy and History of the Natural Seiences and Mathematics. In Honor of Robert S. Cohen. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-2988-0

164. K. Gavroglu, J. Stachel and M.W. Wartofsky (eds.): Science, Palifies and Soeial Practice. Essays on Marxism and Science, Philosophy of Culture and the Social Sciences. In Honor of Robert S. Cohen. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-2989-9

165. K. Gavroglu, J. Stachel and M.W. Wartofsky (eds.): Seience, Mind andArt. Essays on Science and the Humanistic Understanding in Art, Epistemology, Religion and Ethics. Essays in Honor of Robert S. Cohen. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-2990-2

Set (163-165) ISBN 0-7923-2991-0 166. K.H. Wolff: Transformation in the Writing. A Case of Surrender-and-Catch. 1995

ISBN 0-7923-3178-8 167. A.J. Kox and D.M. Siegel (eds.): No Truth Except in the Details. Essays in Honor ofMartin J.

Klein. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3195-8 168. J. B1ackmore: Ludwig Boltzmann, His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900-1906. Book One: A

Documentary History. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3231-8 169. R.S. Cohen, R. Hilpinen and R. Qiu (eds.): Realism and Anti-Realism in the Philosophy of

Science. Beijing International Conference, 1992. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3233-4 170. I. Ku~uradi and R.S. Cohen (eds.): The Concept of Knowledge. The Ankara Seminar. 1995

ISBN 0-7923-3241-5

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science

171. M.A. Grodin (ed.): Meta Medical Ethics: The Philosophical Foundations of Bioethics. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3344-6

172. S. Ramirez and R.S. Cohen (eds.): Mexican Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3462-0

173. C. Dilworth: The Metaphysics of Science. An Account of Modern Science in Terms of Prin-ciples, Laws and Theories. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3693-3

174. J. Blackmore: Ludwig Boltzmann, His Later Life and Philosophy, 1900----1906 Book Two: The Philosopher. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3464-7

175. P. Damerow: Abstraction and Representation. Essays on the Cultural Evolution of Thinking. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3816-2

176. M.S. Macrakis: Scarcity's Ways: The Origins ofCapital. A Critical Essay on Thermodynamics, Statistkai Mechanics and Economics. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4760-9

177. M. Marion and R.S. Cohen (eds.): Quebec Studies in the Philosophy of Science. Part I: Logic, Mathematics, Physics and History of Science. Essays in Honor of Hugues Leblanc. 1995

ISBN 0-7923-3559-7 178. M. Marion and R.S. Cohen (eds.): Quebec Studies in the Philosophy ofScience. Part II: Biology,

Psychology, Cognitive Science and Economics. Essays in Honor of Hugues Leblanc. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3560-0

Set (177-178) ISBN 0-7923-3561-9 179. Fan Dainian and R.S. Cohen (eds.): Chinese Studies in the History and Philosophy ofScience

and Technology. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3463-9 180. P. Forman and J.M. Sanchez-Ron (eds.): National Military Establishmentsand the Advance­

ment of Science and Technology. Studies in 20th Century History. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3541-4

181. E.J. Post: Quantum Reprogramming. Ensemblesand Single Systems: A Two-Tier Approach to Quantum Mechanics. 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3565-1

182. A.I. Tauber (ed.): The Elusive Synthesis: Aesthetics and Science. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-3904-5 183. S. Sarkar (ed.): The Philosophy and History of Molecular Biology: New Perspectives. 1996

ISBN 0-7923-3947-9 184. J.T. Cushing, A. Fine and S. Goldstein (eds.): Bohmian Mechanics and Quantum Theory: An

Appraisal. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4028-0 185. K. Michalski: Logic and Time. An Essay on Husserl's Theory of Meaning. 1996

ISBN 0-7923-4082-5 186. G. Munevar (ed.): Spanish Studies in the Philosophy ofScience. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4147-3 187. G. Schubring (ed.): Hermann Günther Graßmann ( 1809-1877): Visionary Mathematician,

Seienlist and Neohumanist Scholar. Papers from a Sesquicentennial Conference. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4261-5

188. M. Bitbol: Schrödinger's Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4266-6 189. J. Faye, U. Schefflerand M. Urchs (eds.): Perspectives on Time. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4330-1 190. K. Lehrerand J.C. Marek (eds.): Austrian Philosophy Past and Present. Essays in Honor of

Rudolf Haller. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4347-6 191. J.L. Lagrange: Analytical Mechanics. Translated and edited by Auguste Boissanade and Victor

N. Vagliente. Translated from the Mecanique Analytique, novelle edition of 1811. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4349-2

192. D. Ginev and R.S. Cohen (eds.): 1ssues and Images in the Philosophy of Science. Scientific and Philosophical Essays in Honour of Azarya Polikarov. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4444-8

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science

193. R.S. Cohen, M. Horne and J. Stachel (eds.): Experimental Metaphysics. Quantum Mechanical Studies for Abner Shimony, Valurne One. 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4452-9

194. R.S. Cohen, M. Horne and J. Stachel (eds.): Potentiality, Entanglement and Passion-at-a­Distance. Quantum Mechanical Studies for Abner Shimony, Volume Two. 1997

ISBN 0-7923-4453-7; Set 0-7923-4454-5 195. R.S. Cohen and A.l. Tauber (eds.): Philosophies of Nature: The Human Dimension. 1997

ISBN 0-7923-4579-7 196. M. Otte and M. Panza (eds.): Analysis and Synthesis in Mathematics. History and Philosophy.

1997 ISBN 0-7923-4570-3 197. A. Denkel: The Natural Background of Meaning. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5331-5 198. D. Baird, R.I.G. Hughes and A. Nordmann (eds.): Heinrich Hertz: Classical Physicist, Modem

Philosopher. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-4653-X 199. A. Franklin: Can That be Right? Essays on Experiment, Evidence, and Science. 1999

ISBN 0-7923-5464-8 200. D. Raven, W. Krohn and R.S. Cohen (eds.): The Social Origins of Modem Science. 2000

ISBN 0-7923-6457-0 201. Reserved 202. Reserved 203. B. Babich and R.S. Cohen (eds.): Nietzsche, Theories of Knowledge, and Critical Theory.

Nietzsche and the Seiences I. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5742-6 204. B. Babich and R.S. Cohen (eds.): Nietzsche, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science. Nietz-

sche and the Science II. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5743-4 205. R. Hooykaas: Fact, Faith and Fiction in the Development of Science. The Gifford Lectures

given in the University of St Andrews 1976. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5774-4 206. M. Feber, 0. Kiss and L. Ropolyi (eds.): Henneneuries and Science. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5798-1 207. R.M. MacLeod (ed.): Science and the Pacific War. Science and Survival in the Pacific, 1939-

1945. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5851-1 208. I. Hanzel: The Concept of Scientific Law in the Philosophy of Science and Epistemology. A

Study of Theoretical Reason. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5852-X 209. G. Helm; R.J. Deltete (ed./transl.): The Historical Development of Energetics. 1999

ISBN 0-7923-5874-0 210. A. Orenstein and P. Kotatko (eds.): Knowledge, Language and Logic. Questions for Quine.

1999 ISBN 0-7923-5986-0 211. R.S. Cohen and H. Levine (eds.): Maimonides and the Sciences. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6053-2 212. H. Gourko, D.l. Williamson and A.I. Tauber (eds.): The Evolutionary Biology Papers of Elie

Metchnikoff. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6067-2 213. S. D' Agostino: A History of the Ideas of Theoretical Physics. Essays on the Nineteenth and

1\ventieth Century Physics. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6094-X 214. S. Lelas: Science and Modemity. Toward An Integral Theory of Science. 2000

ISBN 0-7923-6303-5 215. E. Agazzi and M. Pauri (eds.): The Reality ofthe Unobservable. Observability, Unobservability

and Their Impact on the lssue of Scientific Realism. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6311-6 216. P. Hoyningen-Huene and H. Sankey (eds.): Incommensurability and Related Matters. 2001

ISBN 0-7923-6989-0 217. A. Nieto-Galan: Colouring Textiles. A History of Natural Dyestuffs in Industrial Europe. 2001

ISBN 0-7923-7022-8

Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science

218. J. Blackmore, R.ltagaki and S. Tanaka (eds.): Ernst Mach's Vienna 1895-1930. Or Phenom-enalism as Philosophy of Science. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-7122-4

219. R. Vihalemm (ed.): Estonian Studies in the History and Philosophy ofScience. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-7189-5

220. W. Lerevre (ed.): Between Leibniz, Newton, and Kant. Philosophy and Science in the Eighteenth Century. 2001 ISBN 0-7923-7198-4

221. T.F. Glick, M.A. Puig-Samper and R. Ruiz (eds.): The Reception of Darwinism in the lberian World. Spain, Spanish America and Brazil. 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0082-0

222. U. Klein (ed.): Tools and Modes of Representation in the Labaratory Sciences. 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0100-2

223. P. Duhem: Mixture and Chemical Combination. And Related Essays. Edited and translated, with an introduction, by Paul Needham. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0232-7

224. J.C. Boudri: What was Mechanical about Mechanics. The Concept of Force Betweem Meta-physics and Mechanics from Newton to Lagrange. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0233-5

225. B.E. Babich (ed.): Hermeneutic Philosophy of Science, Van Gogh 's Eyes, and God. Essays in Honor ofPatrick A. Heelan, S.J. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0234-3

226. D. Davies Villemaire: E.A. Burtt, Historian and Philosopher. A Study of the Author of The Metaphysical Foundations of Modem Physical Science. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0428-1

227. L.J. Cohen: Knowledge and Language. Selected Essays ofL. Jonathan Cohen. Edited and with an introduction by James Logue. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0474-5

228. G.E. Allen and R.M. MacLeod (eds.): Science, History and Social Activism: A Tribute to Everett Mendelsohn. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0495-0

229. 0. Gal: Meanest Foundations and Nobler Superstructures. Hooke, Newton and the "Com-pounding of the Celestiall Motions of the Planetts ". 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0732-9

Also of interest: R.S. Cohen and M.W. Wartofsky (eds.): A Portrait of Twenty-Five Years Boston Colloquia for the Philosophy ofScience, 1960-1985. 1985 ISBN Pb 90-277-1971-3

Previous volumes are still available.

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