NOTES

1. Regarding the history of acupuncture and moxibustion, see Song Da-ren (1), 'Zhen Jiu de Fa Zhan he zai Shi Jie ge Guo de Xian Zhuang' (The Development of Acupuncture and Moxibustion and the Current State of Research Worldwide), Zhong Hua Yi Shi Za Zhi, Jan. 1954; Li Yuan-ji (1), 'Zhong Guo Zhen Jiu Xue Yuan Liu Ji Lde' (A Short Account on the Origins of Chinese Acupunc-ture and Moxibustion Research), ibid., Apr. 1955; Shanghai Institute of Traditional Chinese Medi-cine, Educational Research Group on Acupuncture and Moxibustion (ed.), Zhen Jiu Xue Jiang Yi

(Lectures on Acupuncture and Moxibustion), Shanghai Kexue Jishu Chubanshe, 1960; Lu Gwei-than & Joseph Needham (1), Celestial Lancets, A History and Rationale of Acupuncture and Moxa, (3) Historical Growth of the System, Cambridge University Press, 1980, et al.

Among these, there are some, like Lu & Needham (1), that begin the descriptions with the article of the 10th year of the reign of Duke Cheng (581 B.c.) in Chun Qiu Zuo Zhuan, which has come to be interpreted as the earliest mention of acupuncture therapy. Some, like Li Yuan-ji (1), also subscribe to the notion that acupuncture dates back to exceedingly ancient origins. Li (1) says, "the origins of acupuncture and moxibustion therapy in China, according to the descriptions in the literature and the opinions of many scholars, are probably found in the neolithic (c. 3000 B.c.)."

(p. 263) Wen Shao-feng and Yuan Ting-dong assert in Yin Xu Bu Ci Yan fiu: Ke Xue Ji Shu Pian (A Study of Divination Phrases from the Ruins of Yin: Part of Science and Technology. Sichuan Province Academy of Social Science Chubanshe, 1983, pp. 333-336), that mention of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment can be found on Shang dynasty inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells.

2. Concerning Bian Que, see Yabuuchi Kiyoshi (1), Chuugoku Bunmei no Keisei (The Formation of Chinese Civilization), Iwanami Shoten, 1974, pp. 78-80, and Yabuuchi Kiyoshi (2), Kagakushi kara mita Chuugoku Bunmei (Chinese Civilization from the Standpoint of the History of Science), NHK Books, 1982, pp. 41-46.

3. For example, see Zhen Jiu Xue Jiang Yi, p. 17, and Lu & Needham (1), pp.79-80. 4. For details, see Liu Zhang-lin (1), Nei Jing de Zhe Xue he Zhong Yi Xue de Fang Fa (Philosophy

of Nei fin g and the Methods of Chinese Medicine), chap. 1 'Nei Jing Xing Cheng de Nian Dai'

(Formative Years of Nei Jing), Kexue Chubanshe, 1982. 5. For example, Chen Bang-xian (1), Zhong Guo Yi Xue Shi (History of Chinese Medicine.

Shangwu Yinshuguan, 1957, 3rd edition) states that "Nei Ping was born in the Warring States period,

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THE ORIGINS OF ACUPUNCTURE AND MOXIBUSTION 87

and completed in the Western Han dynasty." (p. 59) In Yabuuchi (1) & (2), and Jia De-dao (1), Zhong Guo Yi Xue Shi Liie (A Short History of Chinese Medicine. Shanxi Renmin Chubanshe, 1979) very similar opinions are expressed.

6. According to Lu & Needham (1), who mention Liu Bo-jian and He Ai-hua's names, "With regard to the dating, the consensus of scholarly opinion is that Su Wen belongs to the 2nd century B.C. and Ling Shu to the 1st century B.C." (p. 89)

7. Yan Yi-ping (1), ̀ Zhong Guo Yi Xue Zhi Qi Yuan Kao Liie' (A Short Account of the Origins of Chinese Medicine), in Zhung Guo Ke Ji Wen Ming Lun Ji (A Collection of Treatises on Chinese Science, Technology and Culture), ed. by Guo Zheng-zhao et al., Mutong Chubanshe, 1978, pp. 455-456. 8. According to Lu & Needham (1), "With regard to the dating, the consensus of scholary opinion is that Su Wen belongs to the 2nd century B.C. and Ling Shu to the 1st century B.C. only a few writers invert the sequence. A few have preferred to make Ling Shu Later Han (1st or 2nd century)," and they mention the names of Li Tao and Fan Xing-zhun. (p. 89)

9. For example, Beijing Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ed.), Zhong Guo Yi Xue Shi

Jiang Yi (Lectures on the History of Chinese Medicine), Shanghai Kexue Jishu Chubanshe, 1964; Ren Ying-qiu (1), 'Huang Di Nei Jing Yan Jiu Shi Jiang' (Ten Lectures on the Study of the Huang Di Nei Jing), in Nei Jing Yan Jiu Lunrong (The Collection of Treatises on the Study of the Nei Jing), ed. by Ren Ying-qiu & Lin Chang-lin, Hubei Chubanshe, 1982; Du Shi-ran et al. (1), Zhong Guo Ke Xue Ji Shu Shi Gao (The History of Chinese Science and Technology), vol. 1, Kexue Chubanshe, 1982. When, however, Nei Jing is referred to here, those seven chapters which were added in a later

period, namely, The Basic Question, chapters 66-71 and 74, are excluded. These are the so-called Yun Qi seven chapters, entitled Tain Yuan Ji Da Lun, Wu Yun Xing Da Lun, Liu Wei Zhi Da Lun, Qi Jiao Bian Da Lun, Vu Chang Zheng Da Lun, Liu Yuan Zheng Ji Da Lun, and Zhi Zhen Yao Da Lun.

10. Yamada Keiji (1), ̀ The Formation of Huang-ti Nei-ching', Acta Asiatica, no. 36, 1979, pp. 67-89.

11. Luo Gen-ze (1), Zhu Zi Kao Suo, Renmin Chubanshe, 1958, p. 309. 12. Yang Bo-jun (1), Chum Qiu Zuo Zhuan Zhu, vol. 1, Zhonghua Shujyu, 1981, p. 43.

13. Guo Mo-ruo (1), fin Wen Yu Yi Zhi Yu, Bunkyudo Shoten, 1932, pp. 34-45. 14. Hayashi Minao (1), Chugoku In Shu Jidai no Buki (Weapons of Yin and Zhou dynasties in

China), Research Institute of Humanities, Kyoto University, 1972, pp. 127-129. 15. See Yamada Keiji (2), ̀ The Origins of Decoction', this book, pp. 129-130.

16. For details, see Yamada (1), and Yamada Keiji (3), 'Kyukyu Happu Setsu to Shoshi Ha no Tachiba' (The Nine Palaces-Eight Winds Theory and the Standpoint of the Shao Shi School), Toho Gakuho, vol. 52, Kyoto, 1980, pp. 199-202 and 236.

17. See Yamada (2), pp. 109-112. 18. See Yamada (2), pp. 115-120. 19. According to the Manuscript of Mai Shu excavated from the Zhangjiashan Han tomb at

Hubei Province in 1983/84, this first missing charater is , and next six missing charater are .tint LAZE And therefore, the traslation must be corrected as the following: "When qi goes ...

down, you must exmine a filled mai, and ... " 20. See Yamada (1), pp. 71-75.

21. Yamada (3), ̀ In Yo Myaku Shi Sei Ko' (The Deagnosis of Death and Life by Yin and Yang

88

Vessels), in Yamada Keiji (ed.) (4), Shin Hatsugen Chugoku Kagaku Shi Shiryo no Kenkyu: Ronko Hen (Newly Discovered Material on the History of Chinese Science: Part of Treatises), Research Institute of Humanities, Kyoto University, 1985, pp. 225-234.

22. See Ma Ji-xing & Zhou Shi-rong (1), 'Kao Gu Fa Jue zhong Suojian Bian Shi de Chu Bu Tan Tao' (Preliminary Investigation of Bian Shi Found in Archaeological Excavations), IVen W1u, 1978, 11; Wang Xue-tai, 'Zhen Jiu Shi de Xin Zheng Ju: Jin Nian Chi Tu de Zhen Jiu Wen Wu' (New Clues about the History of Acupuncture and Moxibustion: Recently Excavated Acupuncture and Moxibustion Artifacts), in Zhen Jiu Yan Jiu fin Zhan (The Progress of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Research), ed. by Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Research, Renmin Weisheng Chubanshe, 1981. Ma & Zhou classify bian shi as follows:

(1) Bian shi used for poultices. (2) Bian shi used for Chinese massage.

(3) Bian shi used to cut open carbuncles and release stagnant blood. (4) Bian shi used to strike the surface of the body.

The only thing, however, that has been called actually bian shi is 3. See also Sakurai Kensuke (1), `Shin Shutsudo lyaku Kankei Bunbutsu ni tsuite' (Concerning Newly Unearthed Medical Artifacts), in Yamada (4), pp. 347-368.

23. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Institute of Archaeology, Hebei Province Office for the Management of Artifact (ed.), Mancheng Han Mu Fa Jue Bao Gao (Report on the Mancheng Han Tomb Excavation), Wenwu Chubanshe, 1980, vol. 1, pp. 116-119; vol. 2, color photo 14, figures 75, 76; Zhong Yi-yan (1), `Xi Han Liu Shen Mu Chu Tu de Yi Liao Qi Ju' (Medical instruments excavated at the Western Han Liu Shen's Tomb), Kao Gu, Mar. 1972.

24. See Yamada (2), pp. 135-139. 25. Chen Qi-you (1), Lu Shi Chun Qiu Xiao Yi, vol. 1, p. 78, note 18.

26. Lu & Needham (1), pp. 22-23. 27. Guo Mo-ruo, Weng Yi-duo & Xu Wei-yu (1), Guan Zi Ji fiao, vol. 2, Kexue Chubanshe,

1956, p. 679. 28. Luo (1), pp. 471-473.

29. Regarding the thoughts of the cycle, see Lu & Needham (1), pp. 24-39. 30. Regarding the question of needles, see Lu & Needham (1), pp. 69-77.