notes and references - home - springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · notes and references 179 18. in...

34
Notes and References Introduction 1. Jacques Pilet, 'Voeux au bout d'une annee folie' Nouveau Quotidien, January 1121992. 2. Karl Deutsch, Die Schweiz als paradigmatischer Fall politischer Integration (Bern: Haupt, 1975). 3. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977); Kenneth D. McRae (ed.), Consociational Democracy (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974). 4. For instance Andre Siegfried, La Suisse, democratie-temoin (Neuchlltel: La Baconniere, 1948); George A. Codding, The Federal Government of Swit- zerland, (Cambridge Mass: Riverside Press, 1962); Christopher Hughes, Switzerland (London: Praeger/Benn, 1975); Jonathan Steinberg, Why Swit- zerland, (London/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976); Oswald Sigg, Switzerland's Political Institutions (Zurich and Bern: Pro Helvetia, 1983); Kenneth D. McRae, Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies, vol. I, Switzerland (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1983); Clive. H. Church et al. Aspects of Switzerland: Sources and Reflections (Canterbury: University of Kent, 1986); Nicholas Gilett, The Swiss Constitution - Can it be Exported? (Bristol: Yes Publications, 1989); J. E. Hilowitz, 'Switzerland in Perspective', Contributions in Sociology no. 92 (1990) (Praeger/Greenwood). For a comprehensive analysis in French: Hanspeter Kriesi, Le systeme politique Suisse (Paris: Economica 1995). 1 Building a Multicultural Society I. Language of Latin origin spoken in the canton of Graubunden. 2. H.U. Jost writes that the division between French- and German-speaking Swiss was mainly a matter of the political elites and their activist press, whereas at the level of the common people relations seemed to be much more unconstrained. See Hans Ulrich Jost, Menace et repliement 1914-1945, in: Nouvelle histoire de La Suisse et des Suisses, (Lausanne: Payot) 1986. 3. Karl Deutsch, Die Schweiz als paradigmatischer Fall politischer Integration (Bern: Haupt, 1976). 4. Alfred KOlz, Neuere Schweizerische Verfassungsgeschichte (Bern: Stampfli, 1992), pp. 608-10, Roland Ruffieux, 'La Suisse des Radicaux 1848-1914', in Nouvelle histoire de la Suisse et des Suisses, vol. II (Lausanne: Payot, 1983), pp. 10-11. 5. In 1830 Basel Country demanded proportional representation in the cantonal parliament, that is, a number of seats according to the size of popUlation. 177

Upload: others

Post on 20-Oct-2019

12 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Notes and References

Introduction

1. Jacques Pilet, 'Voeux au bout d'une annee folie' Nouveau Quotidien, January 1121992.

2. Karl Deutsch, Die Schweiz als paradigmatischer Fall politischer Integration (Bern: Haupt, 1975).

3. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977); Kenneth D. McRae (ed.), Consociational Democracy (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1974).

4. For instance Andre Siegfried, La Suisse, democratie-temoin (Neuchlltel: La Baconniere, 1948); George A. Codding, The Federal Government of Swit­zerland, (Cambridge Mass: Riverside Press, 1962); Christopher Hughes, Switzerland (London: Praeger/Benn, 1975); Jonathan Steinberg, Why Swit­zerland, (London/New York: Cambridge University Press, 1976); Oswald Sigg, Switzerland's Political Institutions (Zurich and Bern: Pro Helvetia, 1983); Kenneth D. McRae, Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societies, vol. I, Switzerland (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 1983); Clive. H. Church et al. Aspects of Switzerland: Sources and Reflections (Canterbury: University of Kent, 1986); Nicholas Gilett, The Swiss Constitution - Can it be Exported? (Bristol: Yes Publications, 1989); J. E. Hilowitz, 'Switzerland in Perspective', Contributions in Sociology no. 92 (1990) (Praeger/Greenwood). For a comprehensive analysis in French: Hanspeter Kriesi, Le systeme politique Suisse (Paris: Economica 1995).

1 Building a Multicultural Society

I. Language of Latin origin spoken in the canton of Graubunden. 2. H.U. Jost writes that the division between French- and German-speaking

Swiss was mainly a matter of the political elites and their activist press, whereas at the level of the common people relations seemed to be much more unconstrained. See Hans Ulrich Jost, Menace et repliement 1914-1945, in: Nouvelle histoire de La Suisse et des Suisses, (Lausanne: Payot) 1986.

3. Karl Deutsch, Die Schweiz als paradigmatischer Fall politischer Integration (Bern: Haupt, 1976).

4. Alfred KOlz, Neuere Schweizerische Verfassungsgeschichte (Bern: Stampfli, 1992), pp. 608-10, Roland Ruffieux, 'La Suisse des Radicaux 1848-1914', in Nouvelle histoire de la Suisse et des Suisses, vol. II (Lausanne: Payot, 1983), pp. 10-11.

5. In 1830 Basel Country demanded proportional representation in the cantonal parliament, that is, a number of seats according to the size of popUlation.

177

Page 2: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

178 Notes and References

After Basel City refused this proposition, a civil war broke out in which peo­ple were wounded and killed. Finally the Swiss confederation approved in 1833 the separation between Basel City and Basel Country in two semi­cantons and brought the conflict to an end. See Georges Andrey, Auf der Suche nach dem neven Staat, in: Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer, vol. II (Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1983), pp.247-49.

6. See Walter Kiilin, Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der Demokratie, Funktionen der staatsrechtlichen Beschwerde (Bern: Haupt 1987).

7. William E. Rappard, Le facteur economique dans L'avenement de La democratie moderne en Suisse (Geneve: Georg. 1912).

8. Alois Riklin, Funktionen der schweizerischen Neutralitiit (St. Gallen: Institut filr Politikwissenschaft der Hochschule St. Gallen, 1991), p. 6. Riklin, op. cit.. quotes three additional functions: (a) the free-trade function, (b) the function of maintaining political equilibrium in Europe, (c) the function of offering 'good offices' in international relations.

9. For Swiss foreign policy from 1848 to 1991 see Georg Kreis, Jean-Claude Favez and Urs Altermatt 'Geschichte der Schweizerischen Aussenpolitik 1848-1991', Neues Handbuch der Schweizerischen Aussenpolitik (Bern: Haupt). pp. 27-78,1992.

9a. For new perspectives on Swiss neutrality see: Bachler (1994). op. cit. Riklin (1995) op. cit.. Gabriel (1992) and Kux (1994) op. cit.

10. According to James H. Huston, The Sister Republics (Washington: Library of Congress, 1991), there were several periods of mutual influence. Especially important were three periods: (a) in the debate between American federalists and anti-federalists, the latter took the model of the old Swiss confederation as their reference; (b) the Swiss, in 1848, had the American constitution very much in their minds when combining the principles of federalism and democracy; (c) towards the end of the nineteenth century the institutions of Swiss direct democracy were taken as a point of reference for those western US states which first introduced the referendum and the initiative.

II. Arnold Niederer, Gemeinwerk im Wallis: biiuerliche Gemeinschaftsarbeit in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (Basel: Krebs, 1965).

12. Rolf Soland, Joachim Leonz Eder und die Regeneration im Thurgau 1830-1831. Ein Kapitel aus der thurgauischen Verfassungsgeschichte (Weinfelden: MUhlemann, 1980).

13. Francois Masnata and Claire Rubattel, Le pouvoir Suisse: 1291-1991: Seduc­tion democratique et repression suave (Lausanne: Editions de I' Aire. 1991).

14. Karl Deutsch, The Nerves of Government: Models of PoliticaL Com­munication and Control (New York: Free Press, 1967), pp. 214-43.

15. Georg Germann. Die Staatsnation Schweiz sucht ihre kulturelle Identitat, in Fran~ois de Capitani and Georg Germann (eds), Auf dem Weg zu eine schweizerischen ldentitiit 1848-1914 (Freiburg: Universitiitsverlag. 1987). p. 448.

16. Ulrich 1m Hof, Die historische Dimension der nationalen ldentitiit (Bern: Nationales Forschungsprogramm 21,1991), p. 14.

17. Brigitte Ruckstuhl. 'Die Schweiz - ein Land der Bauern und Hirten'. in Sil­via Ferrari et ai., Auf wen schoss WilheLm Tell? (ZUrich: Rotpunktverlag, 1991). p. 136.

Page 3: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Notes and References 179

18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend their educational system step by step (establishing new schools, founding of a university). See Urs Altermatt, Katholil.ismus und Modeme (ZUrich: Benziger, 1991), p. 147.

19 See Urs Altermatt, 'Die Wirtschaftsfltigel in der CVP; Die "dynamische Mitte" unter Druck', in Schweizerisches lahrbuch for Politische Wissen­schaft No. 26 (Bern: Haupt, 1986).

20. See Kenneth D. McRae, Switzerland: Example of Cultural Coexistence (Tor­onto; The Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1964); Eidgenossisches Department des Innern, Zustand und Zukunft der viersprachigen Schweiz (Bern: Eidgenossisches Departement des Innern, 1989), pp. 36-53; Uli Windisch, Les relations quotidiennes entre Romands et Alimaniques (Lausanne: Editions Payot, 1992).

21 If the total population, including the 16 per cent made up of foreigners, is taken into consideration, the proportion of Italian speakers increases, whereas the proportion of German speakers decreases. See also Table 1.1.

22. In 1938 Article 116 of the constitution was amended to include Romansch as the fourth national language of Switzerland. This was the result of a request of the executive of the Grisons in 1935 at the time of Italian fascism under Mussolini. The initiators understood the request 'primarily as an aid to Romansch in its uphill struggle for survival against the inroads of modem communications and tourism'. See Kenneth D. McRae, Switzerland: Exam­ple of Cultural Coexistence (Toronto: The Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1964), p. 9. With an amendment to the Constitution in 1996, Romansch has become an official language.

23 The exception is for Italian-speakers. They had a representative only about half of the time. Yet their representative was almost always provided at the expense of the German-speakers.

24. An official report on questions of Swiss multilinguism (Zustand und Zukunft der viersprachigen Schweiz. Abkliirungen, Vorschlage und Empfehlungen einer Arbeitsgruppe des Eidgenossischen Departementes des Inneren. Bern, 1989) gives a rather critical account of multilingual communication between German-, French- and Italian-speakers in Switzerland.

25. See Richard 1. Watts, 'Linguistic minorities and language conflict in Europe: Learning from the Swiss experience; in Florian Coulmas (ed.), Language Policy for the EC (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, (991) and Windisch (1992), op. cit.

26. See Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven: Yale Uni­versity Press, 1977) and Joseph V. Montville, Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (Toronto: Lexington Books, 1990).

27. For Switzerland's cultural integration under power-sharing, see Jiirg Steiner, 'Power-sharing: Another Swiss "Export-Product", in Joseph V. Montville, op. cit., pp. 107-14; Jiirg Steiner, Amicable Agreement Versus Majority Rule: Conflict Resolution in Switzerland (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1974).

28. See Erich Gruner, Arbeiterschaft und Wirtschaft in der Schweil. 1880-1914, vol. I-III (ZUrich: Chronos, (988).

29. Erich Gruner, "100 Jahre Wirtschaftspolitik, Etappen des Staatsintervention­ismus in der Schweiz", Schweizerische Zeitschrift for Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, 1964, pp. 34-70.

Page 4: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

180 Notes and References

30. See Erich Gruner, 'Zur Theorie und Geschichte der Interessenverbande' , Sch­weizerische Zeitschriftfor Volkswirtschaft und Statistik, no. 95 (1959) pp. 335-42; Peter l. Katzenstein, Corporatism and Change. Austria, Switzerland, and the Politics of Industry (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984); Wolf Linder, "Entwicklung, Strukturen und Funktionen des Wirtschafts- und Sozialstaats in der Schweiz", in Alois Riklin, Handbuch Politisches System der Schweiz, Band I (Bern and Stuttgart: Haupt, 1983); Peter Farago, Verbiinde als Trager offentlicher Politik (Grusch: Rllegger, 1987).

31. See Hanspeter Kriesi, Entscheidungsstrukturen und Entscheidungsprozesse in der Schweizer Politik (Frankfurt and New York: Campus Verlag, 1980). and Wolf Linder (1983), op. cit.

32. Katzenstein (1984), op. cit.; Manfred Schmidt. 'The Welfare State and the Economy in Periods of Economic Crisis: A Comparative Study of 23 OECD Nations'. European Journal of Political Research, vol. 11, no. 1 (January 1983), pp. 1-26.

33. See Erich Gruner, Arbeiterschaft and Wirtschaft in der Schweiz 1880-1914. vol. I-III (Zllrich: Chronos, 1987); Hans Ulrich lost, Die reaktionare Avant­garde; Die Geburt der neuen Rechten in der Schweiz urn 1900 (Zllrich: Chronos 1992); Gordon A. Craig. Geld und Geist (Munich, 1988).

34. Hansueli von Gunten and Hans Voegeli, Das Verhiiltnis der Sozialdemokratis­chen Partei zu andem linksparteien in der Schweiz 1912-1980 (Bern: Verlag fiir politische Bildung, 1980); Oskar Scheiben. Krise und Integration: Wandlungen in den politischen Konzeptionen der Sozialdemokratischen Partei der Schweiz 1928-1936 (Zllrich; Chronos, 1987). Degen Bernhard (1993), op. cit.

35. The 'Labour Peace Convention' of 1937 was not an entirely new concept. Since the beginning of the twentieth century there had been collective contracts between individual employers and unions. There were two important innovations. however: first, the 'Labour Peace Convention' bound employers directly through the decisions of their organisation. Second, strikes and lock-outs were also banned in cases of conflict over modifications of the convention.

36. In the yearly statistics of the European Council, Switzerland. with a rate of about 75 prisoners per 100 000 inhabitants in 1988, ranks in a middle posi­tion among the European countries. See Bundesamt fiir Statistik, Kriminal­statistik no. 9, Bern, September 1990.

37. See Otto K. Kaufmann, 'Frauen, Italiener, Jesuiten, Juden und Anstaltsver­sorgte. Vorfragen eines Beitritts dec Schweiz zur Europiiischen Menschen­rechtskonvention', St. Galler Festgabe zum Schweizerischen Juristentag 1965 (Bern: Stampfli 1965), pp. 245-62.

38. See Beatrix Mesmer, Ausgeklammert-Eingeklammert (Basel and Frankfurt a.M.: Helbing & Lichtenhahn, 1988); Eidgenossische Kommission fiir Frauenfragen, Berichte; Die Stellung der Frau in der Schweiz / Gleiche Rechte for Mann und Frau / Die politische Reprasentation der Frauen in der Schweiz (Bern: Eidg. Kommission fiir Frauenfcagen, 1980-1990). For the role of women in Swiss politics: Ballmer-Cao (1988) and (1994). op. cit.. For the success of gender politics: Senti (1995), op. cit.

39. Wolf Linder, 'Migrationswirkungen, institutionelle Politik und politische Offentlichkeit', in Walter Kalin and Rupert Moser (eds), Migration aus der Dritten Welt (Bern: Haupt, 1989), pp. 145-58.

Page 5: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Notes and References 181

2 Federalism

I. Edgar Bonjour, Die Grundung des schweizerischen Bundesstaates (Basel: Schwabe & Co., 1948), Kapitel VII: Das Zustandekommen der Bundesverfas­sung.

2. See: Alfred Kolz, Neuere schweizerische Verfassungsgeschichte (Bern: Stampfli; 1992) pp. 301-540.

3. For institutional development and dimensions, see Jean Fran~ois Aubert, Traite du droit constitutionnel suisse, Troisieme partie: La structure federale (Neuchatel: Ides et Calendes, 1967), pp. 510-894.

4. For the different aspects of political federalism in Switzerland, see Handbuch Politisches System der Schweiz, vol. m: Foderalismus (Bern; Haupt, 1986). For relations between the federation and the cantons regarding constitutional law, see Peter Saladin, 'Bund und Kantone. Autonomie und Zusammen­wirken im schweizerischen Bundesstaat', Zeitschrift for Schweizerisches Recht, NF. 103, II (1984) pp. 431ff.

5. For a comparative law inquiry into the direct relationships between the federal and local levels of government in the Federal Republic of Germany, the USA and Switzerland, see Daniel ThUrer, Bund und Gemeinden (Berlin: Springer, 1986).

Sa. Political parties are important at local level: they organise political life even in small communes. Geser et al. (1994), op. cit. and Ladner (1991) op. cit.

6. See Arnold Niederer, Gemeinwerk im Wallis (Basel: Krebs, 1965). 7. Hans Geser, Peter Farago, Robert Fluder and Ernst Graub: Gemeindepolitik

zwischen Milizorganisation und Berufsverwaltung (Bern: Haupt, 1987). 8. Raimund Germann Ausserparlamentarische Kommissionen, Die Milizver­

waltung des Bundes (Bern: Haupt, 1981). 9. For further details see Wolf Linder, Politische Entscheidung und Gesetz­

esvollzug in der Schweiz (Bern: Haupt, 1987), pp. 29-91; Christine Miro­nesco, Turhan Boysan and loannis Papadopoulos, Debat sur I'energie en Suisse. Les processus ligislatifs federaux de 1973 a 1983 (Lausanne; Presses poly techniques romandes, 1986); Annee politique suisse 1973-1992 (Bern: Institut fUr Politikwissenschaft).

10. Article 34 quinquies (family protection) was added to the federal constitution on 25 November 1945.

II. Annee politique suisse 1988 (Bern: Institut fUr Politikwissenschaft, 1989), p.132.

12. The use of the term 'region' is ambiguous in Switzerland. It can desig­nate (a) the geographical boundaries of the four languages, or other geographical subdivisions of the country with a number of common char­acteristics (mountain, urban, rural, suburban regions); (b) the geographic boundaries of several communes, belonging sometimes to different can­tons, defined for the purpose of a specific federal policy programme, as in the case of the development of the mountain regions; (c) administrative organisations, formed by several communes, for regional land-use plan­ning and economic development. None of these regions are political organisations representing a 'fourth tier' in the federal system. In cases (b) and (c) we could speak of administrative organisations that are con­fined to one specific function.

Page 6: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

182 Notes and References

13. Barbara Stuckey and Ernst A. Brugger (eds), Endogenous Development. Arbeitsberichte Nationales Forschungsprogramm Regionalprobleme (Bern: Programmleitung NFP 'Regionalprobleme', 1985).

14. Michel Bassand and Fran~ois Hainard, Dynamique socio-culturelle region­ale, PNR, vol. 35.5, Synthese des problemes rigionaux (Lausanne: Presses Poly techniques Romandes, 1985).

15. See Gaston Gaudard, 'L'interdependence et les disparites economiques entre les cantons' , and Ernst A. Brugger, 'FOderalismus als Ziel und Voraussetzung fUr die Regionalpolitik, both in Handbuch Politisches System Schweiz, vol. III (Bern: Haupt, 1986), pp. 267ff, 299ff.

16. See Michel Bassand et al., Les Suisses entre la mobilite et la sedentarite (Lausanne: Presses poly techniques romandes, 1985); Hans-Peter Meier­Dallach et aI., Soziale Strukturen und riiumliches Bewusstsein (Bern: Haupt, 1985).

17. Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1970).

18. For more details of historical events see Jean-Fran~ois Aubert, Expose des institutions politiques de la Suisse a partir de quelques affaires controversies (Lausanne: Payot, 1983); J.R.G. Jenkins, Jura Separatism in Switzerland (Oxford University Press, 1987).

19. Jean-Daniel Delley et al. Le droit en action, Etude de mise en oeuvre de La Loi Furgler (St Saphorin: Editions Georgi, 1982).

20. Michel Bassand, Gerard Chevalier and Erwin Zimmermann, Politique et Logement (Lausanne: Presses Poly techniques Romandes, 1984).

21. Wolf Linder, Politische Entscheidung und Gesetzesvollzug in der Schweiz (Bern: Haupt, 1987), pp. 224-7.

22. For the early politics of Swiss women's organisations, see Beatrix Mesmer, AusgekLammert, Eingeklammert. Frauen und Frauenorganisationen der Schweiz des 19. Jahrhunderts (Basel and Frankfurt: Helbling und Lichten­hahn 1988).

23. The first comprehensive sociological report on the position of women in Swiss society dates from 1974 (Thomas Held and Rene Levy, Die Stellung der Frau in Familie und Gesellschaft (Frauenfeld: Huber, 1974).

24. Iris von Roten, Frauen im Loufgiller (ZUrich and Dortmund: Efef, 1991 (1958); for the response to the book see the politically illustrative biography of Iris von Roten: Yvonne-D. Kochli, Eine Frau kommt zu friih (ZUrich: ABC, 1992).

25. Today the situation of Swiss women is still somewhat ambiguous. On the one hand, women's representation in national, cantonal and local parliament is higher than in most other European countries. On the other hand, Swiss women still lack the legal protection against discrimination that is afforded to women in EC-countries. See Eidgenossische Kommission fUr Frauenfragen, Berichte: Die Stellung der Frau in der Schweiz / Gleiche Rechte for Mann und Frau / Die politische Repriisentation der Frauen in der Schweiz (Bern: Eidg. Kommission fUr Frauenfragen, 1980-1990). On of equal pay; see Wolf Linder, Untersuchungen zum Lohngleichheitsgrundsatz nach Art. 4 Ahs. 2 der Verfassung. Teill: Analyse und Vergleich ausliindischer Implementation­serfahrungen zur Lohnungleichheit von Mann and Frau. Teil 2: Die Wirk-

Page 7: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Notes and References 183

samkeit einzelner Instrumente und Moglichkeiten zur Obertragung auf die Schweiz (Bern: Eidgenossisches Justiz- und Polizeidepartement, 198711988).

26. This interpretation is not at odds with Lee Ann Banaszak, 'The Influence of the Initiative on the Swiss and American Women's Suffrage Movements', Schweizerisches lahrbuch fur Politische Wissenschaft, No. 31 (Bern: Haupt, 1991), pp. 187-207. She compares not only the influence of the initiative but also the 'various dimensions of the political opportunity structure' and finds that the Swiss women's suffrage movement lacked the support of other movements and parties. The reason for this was weak, and in many cantons nonexistent, party competition.

27. The cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden and Innerhoden, Nidwalden and Obwalden as well as Glarus still hold an annual assembly of all citizens, the Landsgemeinde, where the election of authorities and ballots on some important issues take place. See Silvano Mtickli and Peter Stahlberger, 'Die schweizerischen Landsgemeinde-Demokratien', Staat und Politik, no. 34 (Bern: Haupt 1987). pp. 237-260.

28. Decision of the Federal Court no. Ib1294/1990 of 27 November 1990. 29. Walter Kalin, Verfassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der Demokratie (Bern: Stampfli,

1987), pp. 187-200. For a comparison of the tradition of the US Federal Court, see Archibald Cox, 'Federalism and Individual Rights under the Burger Court', Northwestern University Law Review 93, 1978, pp. Iff.

30. The following paragraphs are based on Raimund Germann, 'Die Europa­tauglichkeit der direktdemokratischen Institutionen in der Schweiz', Schwei­zerisches lahrbuch fur politische Wissenschaft, no. 31: Direkte Demokratie (Bern: Haupt, 1991) pp 257ff.

31. Bundesamt filr Statistik, Statistisches lahrbuch 1980 (Basel: Birkhauser Verlag, 1980) and Bundesamt filr Statistik, Statistisches lahrbuch 1990 (Ziirich: Verlag Neue Ziircher Zeitung, 1991).

32. Raimund Germann, 'Die Europatauglichkeit der direktdemokratischen Institutionen in der Schweiz', lahrbuch flir Politische Wissenschaft, no. 3 I (Bern: Haupt, 1991), p. 266.

33. Among others, Germann (op. cit. p. 269) predicted a 'blocking federalist majority' of 33 per cent of the votes, and a majority of the cantons for the EEA treaty only if 57 per cent of the people voted for it.

34. Schweizerische Studiengesellschaft filr Raumordnung und Regionalpolitik (ROREP), AggLomerationsprobLeme in der Schweiz (Bern: Peter Lang, 1988).

35. Districts (German, Bezirke; French, districts) are subdivisions of cantons, comprising a number of communes. Originally the districts were created to decentralise cantonal power and cantonal authorities, an idea that was mostly substituted by direct delegation of cantonal tasks to the communes. Today the responsibilities of districts are limited to judicial organisation and some police tasks. Furthermore they serve as constituencies for the election of the members of cantonal parliaments.

36. Bericht der Arbeitsgruppe 'Zusammenarbeit in den AggLomerationen' (Bern: Forschungszentrum mr schweizerische Politik, 1992).

37. Maurice Duverger, Le lievre liberaL et La tortue europeenne (Paris: Editions Albin Michel, 1990).

Page 8: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

184 Notes and References

3 Direct Democracy and Power-Sharing

1. For a concise description of the institu~ions, see Jean-Fran~ois Aubert, Traite du droit constitutionnel suisse (Neuchlltel: Ides et Calendes, 1967, 1982); Cinquieme Partie, L'exercice du pouvoir, pp. 393-426.

2. See Christian Moser, 'Die Gesetzgebungsverfahren der Kantone', Bulletin no. 13 des Nationalen Forschungsprogramms Nr. 6, Entscheidungsvorgiinge in der schweizerischen Demokratie (Lausanne and Bern: 1985).

3. Patricia Lafitte, Les institutions de democratie directe en Suisse au niveau local (Lausanne: Cahiers de I' IDHEAP no. 34, 1987).

4. Christian Moser, 'Erfolge kantonaler Volksinitiativen nach formalen und inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten', in Schweizerisches .1ahrbuch for politische Wissenschaft, no. 27 (Bern: Haupt, 1987), pp. 59-188.

5. Alfred Kolz, Neuere schweizerische Veifassungsgeschichte (Bern, Stampfli, 1992), pp. 615-620.

6. Jtirg Steiner, European Democracies (London: Longman, 1991), p. 173. 7. Karl Buerkli, Direkte Gesetzgebung durch das Volk (Zurich and Geneva:

1869). 8. I will therefore use the term 'semi-direct democracy' when referring to the

Swiss political system and its elements of representative and direct democracy as a whole, and 'direct democracy' when referring to the two instruments of the referendum and the initiative, as well as to their use.

9. 'The initiative and the referendum are rooted very deep and in an effective way in the consciousness of Swiss citizens .... This holds largely inde­pendently - no matter if these instruments are used or not'. See Wolf Linder and Claude Longchamp, Die europiiische Integrationspolitk in der direkten Demokratie. UniVox lahresbericht liB (Bern: Institut fUr Politikwissen­schaft), p. 16.

10. One of the deputies in 1850 explained his motive as follows: 'If we have to allow citizens of other cantons to vote on national issues, there is no reason why French or Italians should not have this same right'. See Pierre-Andre Schmitt, 'Neuenburg ist allen andern hundertvierzig Jahre voraus', in Die Weltwoche, 13 July, 1989.

11. After each federal vote surveys are carried out in order to explain and under­stand the voters' behaviour and the shaping of opinions. Vox surveys are made in cooperation between three research teams from three universities (Bern, Zurich and Geneva) and a private research institute. The inquiry includes 1000 standardised interviews with Swiss citizens - selected by a random-quota process - within a period of three weeks after the vote.

12. Gabriel A. Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Newbury Park: Sage, 1965).

13. See Schattschneider's earlier criticism of Dahl: 'The flaw in the pluralist heaven is that the heavenly chorus sings with a strong upper-class accent', B.B. Schattschneider, The Semisovereign People. A Realist View of Demo­cracy in America (Hinsdale: Dryden Press, 1960), p. 35.

14. Data from VOX analyses of federal voting, vol. 41 (AdliswiVGeneva: Gesellschaft fUr praktische Sozialforschung and University of Geneva, 1991).

Page 9: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Notes and References 185

15. On the cantonal level, we find similar procedures for cantonal initiatives, with the difference that the final decision on the validity of a popular initia­tive can be demanded from the Federal Court.

16. Peter Bachrach and Morton S. Baratz, 'Decisions and Nondecisions: An Analytical Framework', American Political Science Review, vol. 57, (Sep­tember, 1963), pp. 632-42.

17. lean-Fran~ois Aubert, Petite histoire constitutionnelle de La suisse (Bern: Francke, 1974), pp. 43-44.

18. See Jiirg Steiner, European Democracies (London: Longman, 1991), p. 139. 19. See lean-Daniel Delley, L'initiative populaire en Suisse. My the et realite de

la democratie directe (Lausanne: L' Age d'Homme, 1978); Oswald Sigg, Die eidgenossischen Volksinitiativen 1892-1939 (Bern: Francke Ve~lag, 1978); Hans Werder, Die Bedeutung der Volksinitiative in der Nachkriegszeit (Bern: Francke Verlag, 1978).

20. For an overview on current research, see Schweizerisches lahrbuch for Poli­tische Wissenschaft, no. 27 (Wahlen und Abstimmungen) and no. 31 (Direkte Demokratie) (Bern: Haupt, 1987, 1991).

21. Erich Gruner and Hanspeter Hertig, Der Stimmburger und die neue Politik (Bern: Haupt, 1983). For a different view, see: Kriesi (1993).

22. For further discussion and comparison with direct democracy in the USA, see Chapter 4.

23. Hans Hirter, Die Werbung der Printmedien zu den Volksabstimmungen yom 4.12.88 und 26.JJ.1989 (Bern: Forschungszentrum ftir schweizerische Politik, 1989, 1990); Claude Longchamp, 'Herausgeforderte politische Oeffentlichkeit', Schweizerisches lahrbuch fur politische Wissenschaft, vol. 31 (Bern: Haupt, 1991), pp. 303-26.

24. See Thomas E. Cronin, Direct Democracy (Cambridge, Mass and London: Harvard University Press, 1989), pp. 99-113 and Chapter 4 of this book.

25. William O~sipow,'Concurrence politique et democratie directe en Suisse', in W. O~~ip()w and 1. Papadopoulos. Deux etudes sur La democratie directe en SlIisst' (Geneva: 198 I).

26. Ihid .. pr. 1-62. 27. In comparison with other European countries Switzerland is among the lead­

ing group of countries in which postmaterialist values largely condition voter's behaviour: 20 per cent of the people entitled to vote regard them­selves as pure postmaterialists, 58 per cent as mixed and 22 per cent as pure materialists. See Claude Longchamp, Politische Kultur der Schweiz im Wandel. Schlussbericht Quantitativ-Studie (Bern: Institut flir Politikwissen­schaft, 1991), p. 59.

28. Some of the studies following the socio-political values approach are the following: Peter Gilg, 'Stabilitat und Wandel im Spiegel des regionalen Abstimmungsverhaltens', in Schweiz. lahrbuch for Politische Wissenschaft, vol. 27, (Bern: 1987), p. 121-57; Rolf Nef, 'Struktur, Kultur und Ab­stimmungsverhalten', in Schweiz. Zeitschrift fur Soziologie, vol. 6 (1980), pp. 155ff; Dominique Joye, Structure politique et structures sociales. Analy­ses des dimensions ecologiques des votations en Suisse 1920-1980, doctoral thesis Geneva 1984.

29. Friedrich Schneider, Werner W. Pommerehne and Bruno S. Frey, 'Politico­Economomic Interdependence in a Direct Democracy: The Case of

Page 10: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

186 Notes and References

Switzerland' , in Douglas A. Hibbs (ed.), Contemporary Political Economy: Studies on the Interdependence of Politics and Economics (Amsterdam: North Holland, 1981).

30. Longchamp (1991), op. cit. For a comprehensive empirical test of the rational choice model see: Adrian Vatter, Eigennutz als Maxime des Politik? Doctoral thesis, Bern, Forschungszentrum fur Schweizerische Politik, 1993.

31. For a survey on the actual discussion, see for instance Nicholas R. Miller, 'Public Choice and the Theory of Voting, A Survey', in Samuel Long (ed.), Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 1 (Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1986).

31a. Adrian Vatter, Eigennutz als Grundmaxime der Politik? (Bern und Stuttgart: Haupt, 1994).

32. Wolf Linder, Claude Longchamp and Regula Stlimpfli, Politische Kultur der Schweiz im Wandel - am Beispiel des selekJiven Umengangs (Basel: Nationales Forschungsprogramm 21, 1991); Wolf Linder, 'Migrationswirkungen, institu­tionelle Politik und politische Offentlichkeit', in Walter Kalin and Rupert Moser (eds), Migrationen aus der Dritten Welt (Bern and Stuttgart: Haupt, 1989).

32a. For recent studies besides the Vox-analyses see: Kriesi (1993) op. cit. or Papadopoulos (1994) op. cit.

33. Jean-Francois Aubert, Petite histoire constitutionnelle de la suisse (Bern: Fraucke, 1974), pp. 43-44.

34. Andreas Auer, 'Les detours du "retour Ii la democratie directe". Le droit federal d'urgence 1971-1975', in Memoires publies par lafaculte de droit Geneve, Melanges offerts a la Societe Suisse des Juristes (Geneve: 1976).

35. For a comprehensive study of the development of the pre-parliamentary pro­cedures and the indirect effects of the referendum, see Leonhard Neidhart, Plebiszit und pluralitiire Demokratie (Bern: Francke, 1970).

36. See Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1965).

37. Adrian Vatter, 'Die Getrankeverpackungsordnung', Tages-Anzeiger (Zurich), 11 November 1990.

38. Fritz Scharpf, Demokratietheorie zwischen Utopie und Anpassung (Kon­stanz: Universitatsverlag, 1970).

39. Hans Huber, 'Staat und Verbiinde', in Rechtstheorie, Verfassungsrecht, VOiker­recht, Ausgewiihlte Schriften 1950-70 (Bern, 1971); Raimund Germann. Poli­tische Innovation und Verfassungsrefonn (Bern: Haupt, 1975); Paolo Urio. 'Le systeme politique suisse, Entre pluralisme, elitisme et neo-corporatisme', /I Politico no. 4 (Universita di Pavia, italy, 1985) pp. 589-{)30.

40. Hanspeter Kriesi, Entscheidungsstrukturen und Entscheidungsprozesse in der Schweizer Politik (Frankfurt and New York: Campus-Verlag, 1980).

41. Claude Longchamp and Sybille Hardmeier, UNIVOX-lahresbericht Direkte Demokratie 1991 (Bern and Zurich, GfS Institut fUr Politikwissen­schaft, 1991), p. 19.

42. Peter J. Katzenstein, Corporatism and Change. Austria. Switzerland. and the Politics of Industry (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1984).

42a. AbromeitIPommerehne (1992), op. cit. In a comparative perspective: Abro­meit (1993), op. cit. To the time-management of the process of mutual adjust­ment: Poitry (1989), op. cit.

43. Max Imboden, Helvetisches Malaise (Zurich: EVZ-Verlag, 1964).

Page 11: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Notes and References 187

44. Raimund E. Germann, Politische Innovation and Verfassungsreform (Bern: Haupt, 1975).

45. See Walter Steinmann, Zwischen Markt und Staat. Verflechtungsformen von Staat und Wirtschaft in der Schweiz (Konstanz: Wisslit, 1988); Peter Farago: Verbiinde als Trager offentlicher Politik. Aufbau und Bedeutung privater Regierungen in der Schweiz (Grosch: Ruegger, 1987).

46. See Robert Jorin and Peter Rieder, Parastaatliche Organisationen im Agrarsektor (Bern: Haupt, 1985).

47. Silvio Borner, Aymo Brunetti and Thomas Straubhaar, Schweiz AG: Vom Sonder/all zum Sanierungsfall? (Z(jrich: Verlag Neue Z(jrcher Zeitung, 1990). In a political scientist's comparative perspective, the Swiss con­sociational mode of decision-making has led to much more favourable results: see Armingeon (1996), op. cit. pp. 69-84.

48. Germann (1975), op. cit. 49. Leonhard Neidhart, Plebiszit und pluralitare Demokratie (Bern: Francke

Verlag, 1970). 50. Wolf Linder, 'Reprasentative und direkte Demokratie, Systeme im

Spannungsverhliltnis', in Eugen Antalovsky (ed), Die Burger und ihre Stadt (Wien: Magistrat der Stadt Wien, 1991).

51. Longchamp and Hardmeier (1991), op. cit., p. 23. 51 a. Thomas Cottier (1996), op. cit. pp. 231 ff, Dupont and Sciarini (1995), op. cit.

Germann (1995), op. cit. and Hug and Sciarini (1995), op. cit. and Sciarini (1994), op. cit..

52. This question is further discussed in Wolf Linder 'Die Zukunft der schweiz­erishen Demokratie', in Stiftung fUr Geisteswissenschaften (ed.) Die Schweiz: Ausbruch aus der Verspatung (Zurich: Weltwoche), pp. 14-69.

52a. In a comparative perspective: Armingeon (1995) and Kriesi (1995). 53. Linder and Delgrande (1995), op. cit.. 54. Hans Kernan, (1996) op. cit., p. 85ff ..

4 Comparative Perspective

I. David Butler and Austin Ranney (1978), op. cit. p. 7 and David Butler and Austin Ranney (1994), op. cit., p. 5.

2. I follow roughly the distinctions made by David Butler and Austin Ranney, op. cit., p. 25. My main difference is that I prefer not to mix up the four types of polls with questions of quorum and binding force. In fact, all four types can exist with or without a quorum, and with binding or merely advisory effects on government.

3. A similar conclusion is drawn by David Butler and Austin Ranney, op. cit. p. 10. 4. Data are drawn from Thomas E. Cronin, Direct Democracy, The Politics of

initiative, Referendum, and Recall (Cambridge and London: Harvard Uni­versity Press, 1989), pp. 47-59 and Silvano Mockli, 'Direkte Demokratie in Kalifornien,' in Schweiz, Jahrbuch flir politische Wissenschaft, vol. 31 (Bern: Haupt, 1991), pp. 27-44. For a systemtic comparison of US and Swiss direct democracy see also: Mockli (1994).

5. Thomas Cronin, op. cit., p. 222. 6. Andreas Auer, Le referendum et l'initiative populaire aux Etats-Unis (Basel:

Helbling und Lichtenhahn, 1989).

Page 12: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

188 Notes and References

7. Thomas E. Cronin, op. cit., pp. 224-232. 8. For empirical evidence for Switzerland see chapter 3 Table 3.3; for the US,

Cronin, op. cit., p. 76. 9. Cronin, op. cit., p. 123.

10. See: Leonhard Neidhart, Plebiszit und pluralitiire Demokratie, (Bern: Francke, 1970), pp. 238-43.

11. Cronin, citing Richard Hofstadter, The Age of Reform (New York: Vintage Books, 1955) and Herbert Croly, Progressive Democracy (New York: Macmillan, 1914). For recent studies on voting participation and behaviour see: Kriesi (1993), op. cit., Kriesi (1995), op. cit., pp. 80-128, Papadopoulos (1994) op. cit.. With regard to problems on foreign policy: Schneider and Hess 1995 (op. cit.), and Schneider and Weitsman (1996) op. cit..

12. Betty H. Zisk, Money. Media and the Grass Roots: State Ballot Issues and the Electoral Process (Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications, 1987), pp. 90-137; Daniel H. Loewenstein, 'Campaign Spending and Ballot Propositions: Recent Experience, Public Choice Theory, and the First Amendment', UCLA Law Review, vol. 29 (February 1982), pp. 505~1.

13. See: Walter Kalin, 'Verfassungsgrundsatze der schweiz. Aussenpolitik,' in Zeitschrift fUr schweizerisches Recht (1986) zweiter Halbband, pp. 269-72.

14. For details see Aubert, Traiti de droit constitutionnel Suisse (Neuchlitel: Calendes 1967 and 1982), vol III (supplement), pp. 126-7.

15. Robert A. Dahl, Democracy and its Critics (New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 1989). p. 127.

16. Cronin, op. cit., p. 13. 17. Benjamin Barber, Strong Democracy. Participatory Politics for a New Age (Berke­

ley and London: University of California Press, 1984) (4); Richard Hofstadter, op. cit.; Daniel C. Kramer, Participatory Democracy (Cambridge Mass: Schenkman, 1972); Laura Tallian, Direct Democracy (Los Angeles: People's Lobby, 1977).

18. Hanna F. Pitkin, 'The Concept of Representation, in Hanna F. Pitkin (ed.) Representation (New York: Artherton Press, 1969). pp. 19ff.

19. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy, (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1942); Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1957).

20. Barber, op. cit., pp. 179ff. 21. Cronin, op. cit., pp. 249-51. 22. Crawford B. Macpherson, The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy

(London/New York: Oxford University Press, 1977). 23. Robert Dahl, Democracy, op. cit., pp. 323ff. 24. For instance Geoffrey Brennan and Loren E. Lomasky (eds), New Essays in

Democratic Thought (Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). For a different position sometime influencing economic theory see John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1971).

25. Cronin, op. cit., pp. 251. 26. For instance Dahl, op. cit., in his final chapter 'Sketches for an Advanced

Democratic Country', pp. 328ff. 27. Fritz Scharpf, Demokratie zwischen Utopie und Anpassung (Konstanz:

Universitatsverlag, 1970), pp. 54ff. 28. See Christopher F. Arterton et aI., Telecommunication Technologies and

Political Participation (Washington DC: Roosevelt Center for American

Page 13: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Notes and References 189

Policy Studies, 1984); Wolf Linder, Prisca Lanfranchi, Damian Schnyder, and Adrian Vatter, '''Teledemokratie'' als Mittel der BOrgerbeteiligung', in Bunde­samt fOr Raumplanung (Hrsg.), Mitwirkungsverfahren und-modelle, Vor­schlage fUr eine Mitwirkungspolitik des Bundes nach Art. 4 RPG (Bern 1993), pp.l07-20.

29. Urs Buess, 'Direkte Demokratie in Europa? - Ein Versuch von unten', in Tagesanzeiger (Zurich), 2 March 1992.

30. Richard Bliumlin, Lebendige oder gebiindigte Demokratie (Basel: Z Verlag, 1978); Raimund Germann, Politische Innovation und Verfassungsreform (Bern: Haupt, 1975); Rene Rhinow, 'Grundprobleme der schweizerishcen Demokratie', in Referate und Mitteilungen des schweizerischen Juristen­vereins, Heft 2/1984 (Basel: Helbling & Lichtenhahn, 1984); Peter Saladin, Verantwortung als Staatsprinzip (Bern: Haupt, 1984).

31. Ivo Duchacek, 'Consociational Cradle of Federalism', Publius, The Journal of Federalism, vol. 15, no. 2 (1985) pp. 42.

32. Duchacek, op. cit., p. 44. Contrary to his earlier work, he finds two criteria marginal (two sets of courts and judicial review), and two criteria controversial (clear division of power and exclusive national control over foreign relations).

33. Daniel J. Elazar, 'Federalism and Consociational Regimes', Publius, The Journal of Federalism, vol. 15, no. 2 (1985) p. 23.

34. Daniel J. Elazar, American Federalism: A View from the States (New York: Harper and Row, 1984) (3), pp. 2ff.

35. Daniel J. Elazar, 'Federalism and Consociational Regimes', op. cit., p. 22. 36. Raimund Germann and JOrg Steiner, 'Comparing Decision Modes at the

Country Level', British Journal of Political Science, vol. 15 (January 1985), pp.123-26.

37. G. S. Cheema, and D. A. Rondinelli, Decentralization and Development. Policy Implementation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills 1983).

38. For instance L. Adele Jinadu, 'Federalism, The Consociational State, and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria', Publius, The Journal of Federalism, vol. 15, no. 2 (1985) pp. 71 ff. For a European view see: Samardzic and Fleiner (1995), op. cit..

39. For a short account of current discussions in political theory see 'Democracy, the Nation-State and the Global System', in David Held, Political Theory Today (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1991).

40. In Freiburg and GraubUnden, the decision for the Federal Constitution was taken by the cantonal parliament.

41. For the interdependence of indi vidual and collective aspects of such conflicts, especially ethnic conflicts, see Milton J. Esman, 'Political and Psychological Factors in Ethnic Conflict', in Joseph V. Montville (ed.) Conflict and Peace­making in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington and Toronto: Lexington Books, 1990), pp. 14.

42. Uri Ra'anan, 'The Nation-State Fallacy', in Joseph V. Montville (ed.), Con­flict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington and Toronto: Lexington Books, 1990), pp. 14.

43. Otto Bauer, Die Nationalitatenfrage und die Sozialdemokratie, cited in Uri Ra'anan, op. cit.

44. See Hanspeter Kriesi, 'Federalism and Pillarization: The Netherlands and Switzerland compared', AP, 1990/4, pp. 433-50.

Page 14: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

190 Notes and References

45. Arend Lijphart, Democracies. Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-one Countries, (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1984).

46. For instance Daniel Elazar, 'Federalism and Consociational Regimes', op. cit., p.33.

47. Jiirg Steiner, Amicable Agreement Versus Majority Rule: Conflict Resolution in Switzerland (Chapel Hill: UNC Press, 1974), p. 6.

48. Kenneth D. McRae, 'Theories of Power-Sharing and Conflict Management: in Joseph V. Montville, Conflict and Peace-Making, op. cit.

49. Ian Lustick, Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's Control of a National Minority (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1980).

50. Arend Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977).

50a. Foreign political scientists analyses of Switzerland's challenge to European integration are published in Linder, Lanfranchi, Weibel (1996) op. cit. Baechler (1994) op. cit., Germann (1995) op. cit., Huglsciarini (1995) op. cit., Kux (1994) op. cit., Riklin (1995) op. cit., Schneider and Hess (1995), op. cit., Schneider and Weitsman (1996) op. cit. and Sciarlni (1994) op. cit..

51. This is the perspective of the former secretmy general of the Christian Democratic Party, I wan Rickenbacher, Tagesanzeiger (ZUrich), 31 December 1992.

52. Karl Deutsch, Die Schweiz als paradigmatischer Fall politischer Integration (Bern: Haupt, 1976).

Page 15: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Bibliography

ABROMEIT HEIDRUN and W. POMMEREHNE (Hrsg.) (1992), Staatstiitigkeit in der Schweiz (Bern, Haupt).

ABROMEIT, HEIDRUN (1993), lnteressenvermittLung zwischen Konkurrenz und Konkordanz (Opladen: Leske).

ACKERMANN, CHARBEL and WALTER STEINMANN, (1984), 'Privatized Pol­icy-Making. Administrative and Consociational Types of Implementation', Euro­pean JournaL of Political Research, vol. X.

ALMOND, GABRIEL A. and SIDNEY VERBA (1965), The Civic CuLture: PoLiti­cal Attitudes and Democracy in Five Nations (Newbury Park: Sage).

ALTERMATT, URS (1986), 'Die Wirtschaftsflugel in der CVP: Die "dynamische Mitte" unter Druck', Schweizerisches Jahrbuch for PoLitische Wissenschaft (Bern: Haupt).

ALTERMATT, URS (1991), Katholizismus und Moderne (Zurich: Benziger). ANDREY, GEORGES (1983), 'Auf der Suche nach dem neuen Staat', Geschichte

der Schweiz und der Schweizer, (Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Helbling & Lich­tenhahn) vol. II, pp. 177-288.

Annee politique suisse/Politik im Jahre ... Annual political journal published by the Institute of Political Science at the University of Bern (Bern: 1965 ff).

ARMINGEON, KLAUS (1996), 'Konkordanz, Sozialpartnerschaft und wohlfahrts­staatliche Politik in der Schweiz im internationalen Vergleich', in: Linder (1996) pp.69-84.

ARlERTON, CRISTOPHER F. et al. (1984), Telecommwtication, Technologies and Political Participation (Washington: Roosevelt Center for American Policy Studies).

AUBERT, JEAN-FRAN~OIS (1967), Traite du droit constitutionnel suisse (Neu­chatel: Ides et Calendes). Complementary volume 1982.

AUBERT, JEAN-FRAN~OIS (1974), Petite histoire constitutionnelle de la Suisse (Bern: Francke).

AUBERT, JEAN-FRANc;OIS (1983), Expose des institutions politiques de La Suisse a partir de quelques affaires controversees (Lausanne: Payot).

AUBERT, JEAN-FRAN~OIS, KURT EICHENBERGER, JORG PAUL MOLLER, RENE RHINOW and DIETRICH SCHINDLER (1987), Kommentar zur Bun­desverfassung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft vom 29, Mai 1874 (Basel, Zurich and Bern).

AUER, ANDREAS (1976), 'Les detours du "retour a la democratie directe". Le droit federal d'urgence 1971-1975' in Memoires pubLies par Lafaculte de droit Geneve, Melanges offerts a la Societe Suisse des Juristes (Geneve).

AUER, ANDREAS and JEAN-DANIEL DELLEY (1978), 'Le referendum faculta­tif. La tMorie a I' epreuve de la fealite', Zeitschrift for Schweizerisches Recht, no. 98, pp. 118-38.

AUER, ANDREAS (1989), Le referendum et l'initiative popuLaire aux Etats-Unis (Basel: Helbling und Lichtenhahn).

191

Page 16: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

192 Bibliography

AYBERK, URAL, CARLOS GARCIA, MAlTHIAS FINGER and PASCAL SCIARINI (1991), Les partis politiques a coeur ouvert. Enquite aupres des cad­res partisans helvetiques (Lausanne: LEP).

BAcHLER, GONTHER (Hrsg.) (1994), Beitreten oder Trittbrettfahren? Die Zukunft der Neutralitiit in Europa, (Chur: Rilegger).

BACHRACH, PETER and MORTON S. BARAlZ (1963), 'Decisions and Nonde­cisions: An Analytical Framework', American Political Science Review, vol. 57, pp.632-42.

BALLMER-CAO, THANH-HUYEN (1988), Le conservatisme politique jeminen en Suisse: my the ou realite? (Geneve: Georg-Librairie de l'Universite).

BALLMER-CAO, THANH-HUYEN (1994), Postface: Femmes et politiques: quelques questions pour la science politique suisse in: SJPW-no 34, pp. 251-272 (Bern: Haupt).

BANASZAK, LEE ANN (1991), 'The Influence of the Initiative on the Swiss and American Women's Suffrage Movements', Schweizerisches lahrbuch fiir Poli­tische Wissenschaft, no. 31 (Bern: Haupt).

BARBER, BENJAMIN R. (1974), The Death of Communal Liberty. A History of Freedom in a Swiss Mountain Canton (Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press).

BARBER, BENJAMIN R. (1984), Strong Democracy. Participatory Politics for a New Age, (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press).

BASSAND, MICHEL, GERARD CHEVALIER and ERWIN ZIMMERMANN (1984), Politique et logement (Lausanne: Presses Poly techniques Romandes).

BASSAND, MICHEL and FRANCOIS HAINARD (1985), 'Dynamique socio­culturelle regionale', PNR, vol. 35.5; Synthese des problemes regionaux (Lausanne: Presses Poly techniques Romandes).

BASSAND MICHEL et aL. (1985), Les Suisses entre La mobilite et La sedentarite (Lausanne: Presses poly techniques romandes).

BAuMLIN, RICHARD (1978), Lebendige oder gebiindigte Demokratie (Basel: Z Verlag).

Bericht der Arbeitsgruppe (1992), Zusammenarbeit in den Agglomerationen (Bern: Forschungszentrum fUr schweizerische Politik).

Bericht der eidgenossischen Kommission fUr Frauenfragen (1987), Frauen und Manner: Fakten, Perspektiven, Utopien (Bern).

Bericht der eidgenossischen Komrnission fUr Frauenfragen (1984), Die Stellung der Frau in der Schweiz (Bern).

Bericht der eidgenossischen Kommission fUr Frauenfragen (1990), Nehmen Sie Platz. Madame (Bern).

Bericht des Bundesrates i1ber seine GeschiiftsfUhrung (1980ff) (Bern: Bundeskanzlei) BONJOUR, EDGAR (1948), Die Grundung des schweizerischen Bundesstaates

(Basel: Schwabe). BORNER, HEIDI (1981), Zwischen Sonderbund und Kulturkampt, Zur Lage der

Besiegten im Bundesstaat von 1848 (Luzern: Rex). BORNER, SILVIO, AYMO BRUNEITI and THOMAS STRAUBHAAR (1990).

Schweiz AG: Vom Sonderfall zum Sanierungsfall? ZUrich: Verlag Neue Zurcher Zeitung.

BRENNAN, GEOFFREY and LOREN E. LOMASKY (eds) (1989), New Essays in Democratic Thought (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge University Press).

Page 17: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Bibliography 193

BRUGGER, ERNST (1988), The Transformation of Swiss Mountain Regions (Bern: Haupt).

BRUGGER, ERNST A. and RENE L. FREY (1985) Regionalpolitik Schweiz: Ziele, Probleme, Erfahrungen, Rejormen: Folgerungen flir Politik und Praxis (Bern and Stuttgart: Haupt).

BUERKLI, KARL (1869), Direkte Gesetzgebung durch das Volk (Zurich and Geneva).

BUNDESAMT FOR STATISTIK (1980), Statistisches lahrbuch 1980 (Basel: Birkhiiuser Verlag).

BUNDESAMT FOR STATISTIK, Statistisches lahrbuch (1989, 1990, 1991), (ZUrich: Verlag Neue ZUrcher Zeitung).

BUSCHOR, ERNST et al (1984), Neue Finanzpolitk der Kantone (Bern: Haupt). BUTLER, DAVID and AUSTIN RANNEY (eds) (1978), Referendums. A Com­

parative Study of Practice and Theory (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research).

BUTLER, DAVID and AUSTIN RANNEY (1994), Referendums around the World. The Growing Use of Direct Democracy (London: Macmillan).

CAMPBELL, D.B. (1982), 'Nationalism, Religion and the Bases of Social Conflict in the Jura', in Stein Rokkan and Derek W. Urwin (eds), Economy, Territory, Identity: The Politics of West European Peripheries (London, Beverly Hills and New Dehli: Sage).

CHEEMA, G.S. and D.A. RONDINELLI (1983), Decentralization and Develop­ment. Policy Implementation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills: Saga).

CHURCH, CLIVE H. (1985), Switzerland in Question (Cardiff: Exeter Tapes). CHURCH, CLIVE H. (1989), 'Behind the Consociational Screen', Western Euro­

pean Politics, no. 12 (April), pp. 35-54. CHURCH, CLIVE H. (1989), Switzerland. Recent History and Politics in Western

Europe (London: Europa). CHURCH, CLIVE H. (1991), 'The Political and Economic Development of

Switzerland 1945-1991', in M. Butler and M. Pender (eds), Modern German Swiss Literature (Berg).

CHURCH, CLIVE H. et al. (1986), Aspects of Switzerland: Sources and Reflections. (Canterbury: University of Kent).

CODDING, GEORGE A. (1962), The Federal Government of Switzerland (Cambridge, Mass: Riverside Press).

COITIER, THOMAS (1996), 'Zwischen Integration und Weltwirtschaft; rechtliche Spielriiume der Schweiz nach der Uruguay-Runde des GAIT' , in: Linder (1996) op. cit., pp. 231-43.

COX, ARCHIBALD (1978), 'Federalism and Individual Rights under the Burger Court, Northwestern University Law Review, 73, pp. 1 ff.

CRAIG, GORDON A. (1988), Geld und Geist (Munich). CRONIN, THOMAS E. (1989), Direct Democracy. The Politics of Initiative, Refer­

endum, and Recall (Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press). DAHL, ROBERT A. (1989), Democracy and its Critics (New Haven and London:

Yale University Press). Das Werden der Modernen Schweiz (1989), Quellen, Illustrationen und andere

Materialien zur Schweizergeschichte, Band 1 (1798-1914), Band 2 (1914-Gegenwart) (Luzern: Interkantonale Lehrmittelzentrale).

DE BEAUVOIR, SIMONE (1961), Le deuxieme sexe (Paris: Gallimard).

Page 18: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

194 Bibliography

DEGEN, BERNHARD (1991), Abschied vom Klassenkampf Die partielle Integra­tion der schweizerischen Gewerkschaftsbewegung zwischen Landesstreik und Weltwirtschaftskrise (1918-1929) (Basel: Helbling & Lichtenhahn).

DEGEN, BERNHARD (1993), Sozialdemokratie: Gegenmacht? Opposition? {3Bun­desratspartei? Die Geschichte der Regierungsbeteiligung der Sozialdemokratie (Ziirich: OreH Fiissli).

DELLEY, JEAN DANIEL (1978), L'initiative populaire en Suisse. My the et realite de La democratie directe (Lausanne: L' Age d'Homme).

DELLEY JEAN-DANIEL et al. (1982), Le droit en action: Etude de mise en oeuvre de La Loi Furgler (St Saphorin: Editions Georgi).

DEUTSCH, KARL (1967), The Nerves of Government: Models of Political Com­munication and Control (New York: Free Press).

DEUTSCH, KARL (1976), Die Schweiz als paradigmatischer Fall politischer Inte­gration (Bern: Haupt).

Die Schweiz. Ausbruch aus der Verspatung (1991), Unsere Zukunft-78 Autoren im Gespriich (Ziirich: Weltwoche).

DOWNS, ANTHONY (1957), An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row).

DUCHACEK, IVO (1985), 'Consociational Cradle of Federalism', Publiu.f. The Journal of Federalism, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 35-48.

DUPONT, CEDRIC AND PASCAL SCIARINI (1995). 'La n~gociation agricole Etats-Unis-Communaute Europeenne dans I'Uruguay Round: une difficile con­vergence.' Swiss Political Science Review vol. 1 (Issue 2-3), pp. 305-52.

DUVANEL, LAURENT and RENE LEVY (1984), Politique en rase-mottl's. Mouvements et contestations suisses (Lausanne: Realites sociales).

DUVERGER, MAURICE (1990), Le liivre liberal et la tortue europeene (Paris: Editions Albin Michel).

EIDGENOSSISCHES DEPARTMENT DES INNERN (1989), Zustand und Zu­kunft der viersprachigen Schweiz (Bern: Eidgenossisches Departement des Innem).

ELAZAR, DANIEL J. (1984), American Federalism: A View from the States (New York: Harper and Row).

ELAZAR, DANIEL J. (1985), 'Federalism and Consociational Regimes, 'PubLius, The Journal of Federalism, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 17-35.

ESMAN, MILTON J. (1990), 'Political and Psychological Factors in Ethnic Con­flict', in Joseph V. Montville (ed), Conflict and Peace-Making in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington and Toronto: Lexington Books).

FARAGO, PETER (1987), Verbiinde als Trager offentlicher Politik (Griisch: Riiegger).

FENNER, MARTIN and BEAT JUNKER (1986), Barger; Staat und Politik in der Schweiz (Basel: LehrmittelverJag des Kantons Basel-Stadt).

FINGER, MATTHIAS and PASCAL SCIARINI (1990), L'homo politicus it la derive? Enquite sur Ie rapport des Suisses a fa politique (Lausanne: LEP).

FREI, DANIEL (1983), Swiss Foriegn Policy. (Ziirich:Pro Helvetia). FREY, RENE (1977), Zwischen Foderalismus und Zentralismus. Ein volk­

swirtschaftliches Konzept des schweizerischen Bundesstaats (Bern: Lang). FRIEDAN BETTY (1963), The Feminine Mystic (New York: W.w. Norton). GABRIEL, JURG MARTIN (1990), Das politische System der Schweiz (Berni

Stuttgart: Haupt).

Page 19: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Bibliography 195

GERMANN, GEORG (1987), 'Die Staatsnation Schweiz sucht ihre kulturelle Identitat', in Fran~ois de Capitani and George Germann (eds). Auf dem Weg zu einer schweizerischen Identitiit 1848-1914 (Freiburg: Universitatsverlag), pp.445-50.

GERMANN, RAIMUND E. (1975), Politische Innovation und Verfassungsreform (Bern: Haupt).

GERMANN, RAIMUND E. (1981), Ausserparlamentarische Kommissionen, Die Milizverwaltung des Bundes (Bern: Haupt).

GERMANN, RAIMUND E. (1991), 'Die Europatauglichkeit der direkt-demokra­tischen Institutionen der Schweiz', Schweizerisches Jahrbuch fiir politische Wissenschaft, no. 31 (Bern: Haupt).

GERMANN, RAIMUND E. (1994), StaatsreJorm. Der Obergang zur Konkurrenz­demokratie (Bern: Haupt).

GERMANN, RAIMUND E. (1995), Die bilateralen Verhandlungen mit der EU und die Schweiz der direkten Demokratie (Bern: Haupt).

GERMANN, RAIMUND E. and JORG STEINER (1985), 'Comparing Decision Modes at the Country Level', British Journal oj Political Science, no. 15 (January).

Geschichte der Schweiz und der Schweizer (1983) (Basel and Frankfurt am Main: Helbling & Lichtenhahn).

GESER, HANS, PETER FARAGO, ROBERT FLUDER and ERNST GRAUB (1987), Gemeindepolitik zwischen Milizorganisation und Berufsverwaltung (Bern: Haupt).

GESER, HANS, ANDREAS LADNER, ROLAND SCHALLER, THANH­HUYEN BALLMER-CAO (1994), Die Schweizer Lokalparteien (ZUrich: Seismo).

GILG, PETER (1987), 'Stabilitat und Wandel im Spiegel des regionalen Abstim­mungsverhaltens', Schweiz. Jahrbuch fiir Politische WissenschaJt, vol. 27, pp. 121-57 (Bern: Haupt).

GILG, PETER and PETER HABLOTZEL (1986), 'Une course acceleree vers I' avcnir (1945- )" Nouvelle histoire de La Suisse et des Suisses (Lausanne: PayoO.

GILLETI', NICHOLAS (1989), The Swiss Consitution - Can it be Exported?, (Bristol: Yes Publications).

GLASS, HAROLD (1976), Consensual Politics. Class and Dissatisfaction in Swit­zerland: The Importance oj Institutions (Zurich:).

GRUNER, ERICH (1956), Die WirtschaJtsverbiinde in der Demokratie (ZUrich Erlenbach).

GRUNER, ERICH (1959), 'Zur Theorie und Geschichte der Interessenverbande' Schweizerische ZeitschriftjUr VolkswirtschaJt und Statistik, no. 95, pp. 335-42.

GRUNER, ERICH (1964), '100 Jahre Wirtschaftspolitik, Etappen des Staatsinterven­tionismus in der Schweiz', Schweiz. ZeitschriftjUr Volkswirtschaft und Statistik.

GRUNER, ERICH (1977), Die Parteien in derSchweiz (Bern: Francke) (2). GRUNER, 'ERICH (1988), ArbeiterschaJt und Wirtschaft in der Schweiz 1880-

1914, vol. I-III (ZUrich: Chronos). GRUNER, ERICH and HANSPETER HERTIG (1983), Der Stimmbiirger und die

neue PoLitik (Bern: Haupt). Handbuch Politisches System der SchweillManuel Systeme politique de la Suisse,

vol. 1-3 (Bern: Haupt, 1983-7). HELD, DAVID (1991), Political Theory Today (Cambridge: Polity Press).

Page 20: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

196 Bibliography

HELD, THOMAS and RENE LEVY (1974), Die Stellung der Frau in Familie und Gesellschaft: Eine soziologische Analyse am Beispiel der Schweiz (Frauenfeld: Huber).

HELD, THOMAS and RENE LEVY (1984), Femme,famille et societe (Lausanne: Realites sociales).

HERTIG, HANSPETER (1984), Volksabstimmungen, in: Handbuch Politisches System der Schweiz, (Bern: Haupt).

HILOWITZ, JANET EVE (1990), 'Switzerland in Perspective', Contributions in Sociology, no. 92 (New York: Praeger/Greenwood).

HIRSCHMAN, ALBERT O. (1970), Exit, Voice and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press).

HIRTER, HANS (1989 and 1990), Die Werbung der Printmedien zu den Volksab­stimmungen vom 4.12.88 und 26.11.89 (Bern: Forschungszentrum fUr schwei­zerische Politik)

HOPFLINGER, FRAN<;OIS (1984), 'Verbiinde', Handbuch Politisches System der Schweiz, vol. II (Bern: Haupt).

HORBER-PAPAZIAN, KATJA (ed.) (1990), Evaluation des politiques publiques en Suisse. Pourquoi? Pour qui? Comment? (Lausanne: Presses Poly techniques Romands).

HUBER, HANS (1971), 'Staat und Verbiinde', Rechtstheorie, Veifassungsrecht, Volkerrecht, Ausgewiihlte Schriften 1950-70 (Bern).

HUG, SIMON AND PASCAL SCIARINI (1995), 'Is Switzerland-Still a Pradig­matic Case?' in Towards a New Europe: Stops and Starts in Regional Integra­tion, Gerald Schneider, Patricia A. Weitsman, Thomas Bernauer (Hrsg.) (Westport, CT: Praeger).

HUGHES, CHRISTOPHER (1975), Switzerland (London: Praeger/Benn). HUGHES, CHRISTOPHER (1962), The Parliament of Switzerland (London: Trin­

ity Press). HULDT BO and ATIS LEJINS (eds) (1988), Neutrals in Europe: Switzerland

(Stockholm: Swedish Institute of International Affairs). HUSTON, JAMES H. (1991), The Sister Republics (Washington: Library of

Congress). IMBODEN, MAX (1964), Helvetisches Malaise (Zi1rich: EVZ-Verlag). 1M HOF, ULRICH (1991), Die historische Dimension der nationalen Identitiit

(Bern: NatiQnales Forschungsprogramm 21). JENKINS, J.R.G (1987), Jura Separatism in Switzerland (Oxford University Press). JINADU, ADELE L. (1985), 'Federalism: The Consociation State and Ethnic

Conflict in Nigeria', Publius The Journal of Federalism, vol. 15, no. 2. lORIN, ROBERT and PETER RIEDER (1985), Parastaatliche Organisationen im

Agrarsektor, (Bern: Haupt). JOST, HANS ULRICH (1976), 'Politisches System und Wahlsystem der Schweiz

unter dem Aspekt von Integration und Legitimitiit', Schweizerisches Jahrbuch for politische Wissenschaft, vol. 16 (Bern: Haupt), pp. 203-19.

JOST, HANS ULRICH (1986), 'Menace et repliement (1914-1945)" Nouvelle histoire de la Suisse et des Suisses (Lausanne: Payot).

JOST, HANS ULRICH (1986), 'Critique historique du parti politique', Schweiz­erisches Jahrbuchfor politische Wissenschaft, no. 26 (Bern: Haupt), pp. 317-32.

JOST, HANS ULRICH (1992), Die reaktioniire Avantgarde: Die Geburt der neuen Rechten in der Schweiz um 1900 (Zi1rich: Chronos).

Page 21: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Bibliography 197

JOYE, DOMINIQUE (1984), Structure politique et structures sociales. Analyses des dimensions ecologiques des votations en Suisse 1920-1980 (doctoral thesis, Geneve).

KALIN, WALTER (1986), 'Verfassungsgrundsatze der schweiz. Aussenpolitik, Zeitschriftfor schweiz. Recht, zweiter Halbband, pp. 269-72.

KALIN, WALTER (1987), Veifassungsgerichtsbarkeit in der Demokratie. Funk­tionen der staatsrechtlichen Beschwerde (Bern: Haupt).

KALIN, WALTER and RUPERT MOSER (eds) (1989), Migrationen aus der Dritten Welt (Bern: Haupt).

KATZENSTEIN, PETER 1. (1984), Corporatism and Change. Austria, Switzer­land, and the Politics of Industry (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press).

KATZENSTEIN, PETER J. (1985), Small States in World Markets. Industrial Pol­icy in Europe (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press).

KAUFMANN, OTTO K. (1965), 'Frauen, Italiener, Jesuiten, Juden und Anstalts­versorgte. Vorfragen eines Beitritts der Schweiz zur Europaischen Menschen­rechtskonvention', St. Galler Festgabe zum Schweizerischen }uristentag 1965 (Bern: Stampfli).

KEMAN, HANS (1996), 'Politi scher Konsens und Konzertierung: Innenpolitik und die Festlegung innenpolitischer Grundsatze in Westeuropa' in: Linder, Landfran­chi, Weibel (1996), op. cit.

KERR, HENRY (1974), Switzerland: Social Cleavages and Partisan Conflict (London: Sage).

KERR, HENRY (1981), Parlement et societe en Suisse (St. Saphorin: Georgi). KLOTI, ULRICH (1990), 'Political Executives', Government, vol. 11/3, pp. 279-98. KOBACH, KRIS W. (1992), Direct Democracy in Switzerland. The Impact of the

Referendum upon Political Institutions and Behavior (Oxford, Trinity: D. Phil. thesis).

KOCHLI, YVONNE-D. (1992), Eine Frau kommt zu frah (ZUrich: ABC-Welt­woche).

KOLZ, ALFRED (1992), Neuere schweizerische Verfassungsgeschichte. Ihre Grundlinien vom Ende der Alten Eidgenossenschaft bis 1848 (Bern, Stamp­fli).

KRAMER, DANIBL C. (1972), Participatory Democracy (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman).

KREIS, GEORG, JEAN-CLAUDE FAVEZ, URS ALTERMATT (1992), 'Geschichte der schweizerischen Aussenpolitik 1848-1991,' Neues Handbuch der schweizerischen Aussenpolitik (Bern, Haupt), pp. 27-78.

KRIBSI, HANSPETER (1980), Entscheidungsstrukturen und Entscheidungs­prozesse in der Schweizer Politik (Frankfurt and New York: Campus Verlag).

KRIBSI, HANSPETER (1990), 'Federalism and Pillarization" The Netherlands and Switzerland compared', Acta Politica vol. 25/4 (October), pp. 433-50.

KRIBS I, HANSPETER (ed.) (1993) Citoyennete et democratie directe. Com­petence, participation et decision des citoyens et citoyennes suisses (Zurich: Seismo).

KRIBSI, HANSPETER (1995), Le systeme politique suisse (Paris: Economica). KRIBSI, HANSPETER (l995a), 'Bewegungen auf der Linken, Bewegungen auf

der Rechten: Die Mobiliserung von zwei neuen Typen von sozialen Bewegungen in ihrem politischen Kontext' in: Schweizenrische Zeitschrift far politsche Wis­senschaft, vol. I, Summer 1995, pp. 9-52.

Page 22: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

198 Bibliography

KRIESI, HANSPETER, RENE LEVY et al. (1981), Politische Aktivierung in der Schweiz 1945-78 (GrOsch: ROegger).

KUX, STEPHAN (1994), ZukunJt Neutralitat? (Bern: Haupt). LADNER ANDREAS (1991a), Politische Gemeinden. kommunale Parteien und

lokale Politik (ZOrich: Seismo). LADNER, ANDREAS (1991(b) Politische Gemeiden. kommunale Parteien und

lokale Politik (ZOrich: Seismo). LAFITIE, PATRICIA (1987), Les institutions de democratie directe en Suisse au

niveau local (Lausanne, Cahiers de I'IDHEAP no. 34). LEHMBRUCH, GERHARD (1967), Proporzdemokratie. Politisches System und

politische Kultur in der Schweiz und in Oesterreich (Tiibingen: J.c.B. Mohr). LEHNER, FRANZ (1987), 'Consociational Decision Making in Switzerland', in

Richard S. Katz (ed) Party Governments: European and American Experiences (Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter).

LEVY, RENE (1983) Structure sociale de la Suisse (ZOrich: Ex Libris). LIJPHART, AREND (1977), Democracy in Plural Societies (New Haven and Lon­

don: Yale University Press). LIJPHART, AREND (1984), Democracies, Patterns of Majoritarian and Consen­

sus Government in Twenty-One Countries (New Haven and London: Yale Uni­versity Press).

LINDER, WOLF (1980), 'Kommunalpolitik im Spiegel schweizerischer und deut­scher Literatur', Schweizerisches lahrbuch for politische Wissenschaft, no. 20 (Bern: Haupt).

LINDER, WOLF (1983), 'Entwicklung, Strukturen und Funktionen des Wirtschafts-und Sozialstaates in der Schweiz'. in Alois Riklin, Handbuch Poli­tisches System der Schweiz, Band I. (Bern and Stuttgart: Haupt), pp. 255-382.

LINDER, WOLF (1987), Politische Entscheidung und Gesetzesvollzug in der Schweiz (Bern: Haupt).

LINDER, WOLF (1987-88), Untersuchungen zum Lohngleichheitsgrundsatz nach Art. 4 Abs. 2. Teil 1: Analyse und Vergleich ausliindischer Implementation­seifahrungen zur Lohnungleichheit von Mann und Frau. Teil2: Die Wirksamkeit einzelner lnstrumente und Moglichkeiten zur Obertragung auf die Schweiz (Bern: Eigenossisches Justiz- und Polizeidepartement)

LINDER, WOLF (1989), 'Migrationswirkungen, institutionelle Politik und politi­sche Offentlichkeit', in Walter Kalin and Rupert Moser (eds), Migrationen aus der Dritten Welt (Bern and Stuttgart: Haupt), pp. 145-58.

LINDER, WOLF (1991), 'Local Government. The Case of Switzerland', in Joachim Jens Hesse (ed), Local Government and Urban Affairs in International Perspective (Baden-Baden: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft).

LINDER, WOLF (1991), 'Reprasentative und direkte Demokratie, Systeme im Spannungsverhiiltnis', Eugen Anatolovsky (ed.), Die Burger und ihre Stadt (Wien: Magistrat der Stadt Wien).

LINDER, WOLF (1996), 'Das politische System der Schweiz' in W. Ismayr (Hrsg.) Die politischen Systeme Westeuropas (Leske + Budrich, im Ersch).

LINDER, WOLF and THANH-HUYEN BALLMER-CAO (1991), 'Das politische System der Schweiz von morgen' , Schweiz. lahrbuch for politische WissenschaJt, no. 31 (Bern: Haupt), pp. 337-62.

LINDER, WOLF and MARINA DELGRANDE (1995), Les institutions de La democratie directe (UNlVOX II B, Zurich: GfS-Forschungsinstitut, Universitiit Bern).

Page 23: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Bibliography 199

LINDER, WOLF and CLAUDE LONGCHAMP (1990), Die europiiische Integra­tionspolitik in der direkten Demokratie. UniVox Jahresbericht IJB (Bern: For­schungszentrum flir schweizerische Politik).

LINDER, WOLF (1991), Die Zukunft der schweizerischen Demokratie, in Stiftung rur Geisteswissenschaften (ed.) Die Schweiz: Ausbruch aus der Verspiitung (Ziir­rich: Weltwoche), pp. 14-69.

LINDER, WOLF, CLAUDE LONGCHAMP and REGULA STAMPLI (1991), Politische Kultur der Schweiz im Wandel - am Beispiel des selektiven Urnengangs (Basel: Nationales Forschungsprogramm 21).

LINDER, WOLF, PRISCA LANFRANCHI, DAMIAN SCHNYDER and ADRIAN VATTER (1993), 'Teledemokratie' als Mittel der Biirgerbeteiligung, Bundesamt fur Raumplanung (Hrsg.), Mitwirkungsverfahren und-modelle, Vorschliige fUr eine Mitwirkungspolitik des Bundes nach Art. 4 RPG (Bern), pp.l07-20.

LINDER, WOLF, EWALD WEIBEL, PRISCA LANFRANCI (Hrsg.) (1996), Sch­weizer Eigenart - eigenartige Schweiz Der Kleinstaat im Kriiftefeld der europ. Integration (Bern:Haupt).

LONGCHAMP, CLAUDE (1991), 'Herausgeforderte politische Offentlichkeit, Schweizerisches lahrbuch fur politische Wissenschaft, vol. 31, pp. 303-26, (Bern: Haupt).

LONGCHAMP, CLAUDE (1991), Politische Kultur der Schweiz im Wandel. Schluss­bericht Quantitativ-Studie (Bern: Institut fiir Politikwissenschaft).

LONGCHAMP, CLAUDE and SIBYLLE HARDMEIER (1991), UNIVOX-Jahres­bereicht IJB 'Direkte Demokratie' 1991 (Ziirich und Bern, Gesellschaft flir prak­tische Sozialforschung und Institut filr Politikwissenschaft).

LOEWENSTEIN, DANIEL H. (1982), 'Campaign Spending and Ballot Proposi­tions: Recent Experience, Public Choice Theory, and the First Amendment', UCLA Law Review, 29, pp. 513-46.

LUSTICK, IAN (1980), Arabs in the Jewish State: Israel's Control of a National Minority (Austin: University of Texas Press).

MASNATA, FRAN<;OIS (ed) (1991), Le pouvoir Suisse 1291-1991. Seduction democratique et repression suave (Lausanne: Editions de l'aire).

MCRAE, KENNETH D. (1964), Switzerland: Example of Cultural Coexistence (Toronto: The Canadian Institute of International Affairs).

MCRAE, KENNETH D. (ed) (1974), Consociational Democracy (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart).

MCRAE, KENNETH D. (1983), Conflict and Compromise in Multilingual Societ­ies. Vol. 1: Switzerland (Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press).

MCRAE, KENNETH D. (1990), 'Theories of Power-Sharing and Conflict Manage­ment', in Joseph V. Montville (ed), Conflict and Peace-Making in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington, Massachusetts: Lexington Books), pp. 93-106.

MEIER-DALLACH, HANS-PETER et at. (1985), Soziale Strukturen und riiumli­ches Bewusstsein (Bern: Haupt).

MESMER, BEATRIX (1988), Ausgeklammert-Eingeklammert (Basel and Frank­furt am Main: Helbing & Lichtenhahn).

MEYLAN, JEAN (1987), Die Schweizer Gemeinden (Lausanne). MEYLAN, JEAN, PHILIPPE MAILLART and MICHELE SCHENK (1977), Aux

urnes citoyens! 75 ans de votations federales en Suisse par l'affiche (Lausanne: Eisele).

Page 24: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

200 Bibliography

MICHALSKY, HELGA (ed) (1991), Politischer Wandel in konkordanzdemokrati­schen Systemen, Liechtenstein Politische Schriften, no. 15, Vaduz (Liechten­stein).

MILLER, NICHOLAS R. (1986), 'Public Choice and the Theory of Voting: A Sur­vey', in Samuel Long (ed), Annual Review of Political Science, vol. I (Norwood New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corporation).

MIRONESCO, CHRISTINE, TURHAN BOYSAN and JOANNIS PAPADOPOU­LOS (1986), Debat sur l' energie en Suisse. Les processus legislatifs fMeraux de 1973 a 1983 (Laussane: Presses poly techniques romandes).

MOCKLI, SILVANO (1991), 'Direkte Demokratie in Kalifornien', Schweiz. lahr­buch for politische Wissenschaft, vol. 31, pp. 27-44 (Bern: Haupt).

MOCKLI, SILVANO (1994), Direkte Demokratie: Ein Vergleich der Einrichtungen und Verfahren in der Schweiz und Kalifomien: unter Beriicksichtigung von Frankreich, 1talien, Danemark, 1rland, Osterreich, Liechtenstein und Australien (Bern: Haupt).

MOCKLI, SILVANO and PETER STAHLBERGER (1987), 'Die schweizerischen Landsgemeinde-Demokratien, Schweiz. Jahrbuch for politische Wissenschaft, vol. 34, pp. 237-60 (Bern: Haupt).

MONTVILLE, JOSEPH V. (ed) (1990), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books).

MOSER, CHRISTIAN (1985) Die Gesetzgebungsverfahren der Kantone, Bulletin No. 13 des Nationalen Forschungsprogramms no. 6, Entscheidungsvorgange in der schweizerischen Demokratie (Lausanne and Bern)

MOSER, CHRISTIAN (1987) 'Erfolge kantonaler Volksinitiativen nach formalen und inhaltlichen Gesichtspunkten', Schweizerisches lahrbuch for politische Wissenschaft, no. 27 (Bern: Haupt)

NEF, ROLF (1980), 'Struktur, Kultur und Abstimmungsverhalten', Schweiz. Zeit­schriftfor Soziologie, 611980, pp. 155ff.

NEIDHART, LEONHARD (1970), Plebiszit and pluralitare Demokratie (Bern: Francke Verlag)

Neues Handbuch der Schweizerischen Aussenpolitik (1992), Riklin, Alois, Hans Haug, Raymond Probst (Hrsg.), (Bern: Haupt).

NIEDERER, ARNOLD (1965), Gemeinwerk im Wallis: bauerliche Gemeinschafts­arbeit in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (Basel: Krebs)

Nouvelle histoire de La Suisse et des Suisses (1986) (Lausanne: Editions Payot) (2). OCHSNER, ALOIS (1987), Die schweizerische Bundesversammlung als Ar­

beitsparlament (Entlebuch: Huber) OLSON, MANCUR (1965), The Logic of Collective Action (Cambridge, Mass.:

Harvard University Press). OSSIPOW WILLIAM (1981), 'Concurrence politique et democratie directe en

Suisse', in W. Ossipow and I. Papadopoulos, Deux etudes sur la democratie directe en Suisse (Geneve).

PAPADOPOULOS, YANNIS (ed) (1994), Elites politiques et peuple en Suisse, analyse des votations federales 1970-1987 (Lausanne: Realites sociales).

PARLAMENTSDIENSTE, (eds.) (1991), Das ParLament-'Oberste Gewalt des Bundes?' (Bern: Haupt)

PITKIN, HANNA F. (1969), 'The Concept of Representation', in Hanna F. Pitkin (ed.), Representation (New York: Artherton Press) pp. 19ff.

POITRY, ALAIN (1989), Lafonction d'ordre de l'Etat. Analyse des mecanismes et des determinants selectifs dans le processus legis Latif suisse (Bern, Lang).

Page 25: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Bibliography 201

RA'ANAN, URI (1990), 'The Nation-State Fallacy' in Joseph V. Montville (ed.) (1990), Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (Lexington, Mass: Lexington Books)

RAPPARD, WILLIAM E. (1912), Le facteur economique dans l'avenement de la democratie moderne en Suisse (Geneve: George)

RAWLS, JOHN (1971), A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uni­versity Press).

REY, JEAN-NOEL (1990), La Suisse au pluriel. Materiaux pour l' elaboration d'une theorie politique de la vie suisse (Lausanne: LEP)

RHINOW, RENE A. (1984) 'Grundprobleme der schweizerischen Demokratie', Referate und Mitteilungen des Schweizerischen Juristenvereins, Heft 2 (Basel: Helbing & Lichtenhahn)

RIKLIN, ALOIS (1991), Funktionen der schweizerischen Neutralitiit (St Gallen: Institut fur Politikwissenschaft der Hochschule St Gallen).

RIKLIN, ALOIS (1995), 'Isolierte Schweiz. Eine europa- und innenpolitische Lagebeurteilung', Schweizerische Zeitschrift for Politische WissenschaJt, vol. I, Issue 2-3, pp. 11-34.

RIKLIN, ALOIS and ALOIS OCHSNER (1984), 'Parlament', Handbuch Politi­sches System der Schweiz, Band II (Bern: Haupt).

ROSS, J. (1989), Neutrality, International Sanctions, Sweden, Switzerland and Collective Security (Greenwood: Praeger).

RUCKS11JHL, BRIGITIE (1991), 'Die Schweiz - ein Land der Bauem und Hirten', in Silvia Ferrari et al. Auf wen schoss Wilhelm Tell? (ZUrich: Rotpunktverlag).

RUFFIEUX, ROLAND (1986), 'La Suisse des radicaux (1848-1914)" Nouvelle histoire de la Suisse et des Suisses (Lausanne: Payot).

SALADIN, PETER (1984), 'Bund und Kantone. Autonomie und Zusammenwirken im schweizerischen Bundesstaat', Zeitschrift for Schweizerisches Recht, no. 103, II, pp 43lff.

SALADIN, PETER (1984), Verantwortung als Staatsprinzip, (Bern: Haupt). SAMARDZIC, SLOBODAN, and THOMAS FLEINER (1995), Foderalismus und

Minderheitenproblem in multiethnischen Gemeinschaften (Freiburg: Institut de Federalisme Fribourg Suisse).

SCHARPF, FRITZ (1970), Demokratietheorie zwischen Utopie und Anpassung (Konstanz: Universitiitsverlag).

SCHATTSCHNEIDER E.E. (1960), The Semisovereign People: A Realist View of Democracy in America (Hinsdale: Dryden Press).

SCHEIBEN OSKAR (1987), Krise und Integration: Wandlungen in den politischen Konzeptionen der Sozialdemokratischen Partei der Schweiz 1928-1936 (ZUrich: Chronos).

SCHMID, CAROL (198 I), Conflict and Consensus in Switzerland (Berkeley: University of California Press).

SCHMIDT, MANFRED (1983), 'The Welfare State and the Economy in Periods of Economic Crisis: A Comparative Study of 23 OECD Nations', European Journal of Political Research, vol. II, no. 1, pp. 1-26.

SCHMITT, PIERRE-ANDRE (1989), 'Neuenburg ist allen andern hundertvierzig Jahre voraus', Die Weltwoche, 13 july.

SCHNEIDER, GERALD and CYRILL HESS (1995), 'Die innenpolitische Manipu­lation der Aussenpolitik: Die Logik von Ratifikationsdebatten in der direkten Demokratie', Schweizerische Zeitschrift for Politische Wissenschaft, vol. I, Issue 2-3, pp. 93-IlI.

Page 26: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

202 Bibliography

SCHNEIDER, GERALD and PATRICIA WEITSMAN (1996), 'The Punishment Trap, Integration Referendums as Popularity Tests', in Comparative Political Studies, vol. 28, no. 4, pp. 582-607.

SCHNEIDER, FRIEDRICH, WERNER W. POMMEREHNE and BRUNO S. FREY, (1981), 'Politico-Economomic Interdependence in a Direct Democracy: The Case of Switzerland', in Douglas A. Hibbs (ed.), Contemporary Political Economy: Studies on the Interdependence of Politics and Economics (Amster­dam: North Holland).

SCHUMPETER, JOSEPH (1942), Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper & Brothers).

Schweiz morgen (1991), Vier Szenarien zur schweizerischen Zukunft. Bericht der eidgenossischen Expertenkommission an den Bundesrat (Bern: Eidgenossische Drucksachen- und Materialzentrale).

Schweizerisches lahrbuch jUr politische Wissenschaft (= Annuaire suisse de science politique) (l 96 lff), Veroffentlichungen der Schweizerischen Vereinigung flir Politische Wissenschaft (Bern: Haupt).

SCHWEIZERISCHE STUDlENGESELLSCHAFf FUR RAUMORDNUNG UND REGIONALPOLITIK (ROREP) (1988), Agglomerationsprobleme in der Schweiz (Bern: Peter Lang).

Schweizer Lexikon (1991), (Luzern: Mengis und Ziehr). SCIARINI, PASCAL (1994), La Suisse face a La communaute europeenne et au

GAIT (Geneva: Editions Georgi). SENTI, MARTIN (1995), Geschlecht als politischer Konflikt (Bern: Haupt). SIEGFRIED, ANDRE (1948), La suisse, democratie-temoin (Neuchatel: La

Baconniere). SIEGFRIED, ANDRE (1980), Switzerland: A Democratic Way of Life (Hyperion,

Conn.) SIGG, OSWALD (1978), Die eidgenossischen Volksinitiativen 1892-1939 (Bern:

Francke Verlag). SIGG, OSWALD (1983), Switzerland's Political Institutions (ZUrich and Bern: Pro

Helvetia). SOLAND, ROLF (1980), Joachim Leonz Eder und die Regeneration im Thurgau

1830-1831: Ein Kapitel aus der thurgauischen Veifassungsgeschichte (Weinfel­den: MUhlernann).

Statistisches Jahrbuch der Schweiz (l990ff) (ZUrich, Verlag Neue ZUrcher Zeitung STADLIN, PAUL (1990), Kantonsparlamente (Zug: Kalt-Zehnder). STEINBERG, JONATHAN (1976), Why Switzerland? (Cambridge University

Press). STEINER, JURG (1974), Amicable Agreement Versus Majority Rule: Conflict Res­

olution in Switzerland (Chapel Hill: UNC Press). STEINER, JURG (1988), 'Switzerland', in G.A. Dorfmann and PJ. Duignan (eds),

Politics in Western Europe (Stanford CA: Hoover Institution), pp. 264-92. STEINER, JURG (1990), 'Power-sharing: Another Swiss 'Export-Product'? in

Joseph V. Montville (ed) Conflict and Peacemaking in Multiethnic Societies (Massachusetts and Toronto: Lexington Books).

STEINER, JURG (1991), European Democracies (London: Longman). STEINMANN, WALTER (1988), Zwischen Markt und Staat, Verflechtungsformen

von Staat und Wirtschaft in der Schweiz (Konstanz: Wisslit). STRAHM, RUDOLF (1987), Wirtschaftsbuch Schweiz (ZUrich: Ex Libris Verlag).

Page 27: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Bibliography 203

STUCKEY, BARBARA and ERNST A. BRUGGER (eds) (1985), Endogenous Development. Arbeitsberichte Nationales Forschungsprogramm Regionalprob­leme (Bern: Programmleitung NFP 'Regionalprobleme').

TALLIAN, LAURA (1977), Direct Democracy (Los Angeles: People's Lobby). THURER, DANIEL (1986), Bund und Gemeinden (Berlin: Springer). TRECHSEL, ALEXANDRE (1994) 'Clivages en Suisse. Analyse des impacts rela­

tifs des clivages sur electorat Suisse lors des elections' (Universite de Geneve, memoire.)

TSCHA.NI, HANS (1979), Parteien, Programme, Parolen (Aarau: SauerHinder). TSCHA.NI, HANS (1983) Wer regiert die Schweiz? Eine kritische Untersuchung

Uber den Einfluss von Lobby und Verbanden in der schweizerischen Demokratie (ZUrich: Orell FUessli).

URIO, PAULO (1985), 'Le Systeme politique Suisse', II Politico, no. 4. VATTER, ADRIAN (1990), 'Die Getrankeverpackungsordnung', Tages-Anzeiger,

II November. VATTER, ADRIAN (1994), Eigennutz als Grundmaxime der Politik? Eine Ueber­

prufung des Eigennutzaxioms der Oekonomischen Theorie der Politik bei Stim­mburgern, Parlamentariern und der Verwaltung (Bern: Haupt).

VON GUNTEN, HANSUELI and VOEGELI HANS (1980), Das Verhiiltnis der Sozialdemokratischen Partei zu andern Linksparteien in der Schweiz 1912-1980 (Bern: Verlag flir politische Bildung).

VON ROTEN, IRIS (1958-91), Frauen in Laufgitter (ZUrich and Dortmund: Efet). VOX, Analysen der eidgenossischen Abstimmungen und Wahlen (l977ft) Schwei­

zerische Gesellschaft flir praktische Sozialforschung, Forschungszentrum flir schweizerische Politik der Universitat Bern, Forschungsstelle flir politische Wis­senschaft der Universitat ZUrich, Departement de science politique, Universite de Geneve (Zurich, Bern and Geneve).

WATTS RICHARD J. (1991), 'Linguistic minorities and language conflict in Europe: Learning from the Swiss experience', in Florian Coulmas (ed.), Lan­guage Policy for the EC (Berlin: Mouton de Gryuter).

WEIBEL, ERNEST (1990), Institutions politiques romandes. Les mecanismes insti­tutionnels et politiques des cantons romands et du Jura bernois (Freiburg: Edi­ti ons U ni versitaires).

WERDER, HANS (1978), Die Bedeutung der Volksinitiative in der Nachkriegszeit (Bern: Francke).

WINDISCH, ULI (1976) Lutte de clans, Lutte de classe. Chermignon, La politique au village (Lausanne: L' Age d'homme).

WINDISCH, ULI (1992), Les relations quotidiennes entre Romands et Atema-niques (Lausanne: Editions Payot).

WRAIGHT, J (1987), The Swiss and the British (Wilton: Russel). ZIEGLER, JEAN (1979), Switzerland: Exposed (New York: Harper & Row). ZISK, BETTY H. (1987), Money, Media and the Grass Roots: State Ballot Issues

and the Electoral Process (Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications). Zustand und Zukunft der viersprachigen Schweiz (1989), Vorschlage und Emp­

fehlungen einer Arbeitsgruppe des Eidgenossischen Departementes des Inneren (Bern).

Page 28: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Index

Note: 'n.' after a page reference indicates the number of a note on that page.

abortion issue 125 abrogative referenda 121, 141 abstentionists 94, 95

rational choice model 117 accountability, government 142 Adams, John 148 affinity, political parties 115

referendum on refugees 107 and voting patterns 96

African countries, and multiparty systems 174

age, and voting patterns 96 referendum on refugees 107

agenda, political 97-9, 143 agglomeration and federalism 77-9 agricultural sector

development 3 parastate administration 129

Alps, and collective identity 17 Alternative Left party 12

distribution of seats 45 amicable agreement 124 Appenzell Innerrhoden canton 71, 72 armed volunteers 6 army

modernisation 30 political neutrality 14 vote to abolish 84-5,98; purpose 105

assembly democracy 53 asylum seekers

discrimination against 35 referendum on 106-9,117-18

Australia 140-I Austria 143 Austro-Hungarian Empire 165 Automobile Party see Freedom Party

Basel city 8, 177n.5 Basel country 8, 177n.5 Baselland canton

energy-saving policies 58-9 Laufenthal 67

Belgium 165 Bern canton

agglomeration 79 conHicts 4; religious 7

Jura 26,65-8, 163 bicameral legislature 44-8 Blick 110 block grants 62, 63 Bonaparte, Napoleon 5, 88 braking effect, referenda 101-4 Bretton Woods institutions 75 budgets, parliamentary powers 47 Burma 165

California 141 Canada 24 Cantonal Council 9 Cantonal Court 9 cantonal initiative, right of 49 Cantonal Parliament 9 cantons

citizens' inHuence 133 cooperative federalism 53-6 energy-saving policies 56-60 expenditure: and revenue 5 I ; and

transfers 63 initiatives 87-8 powers 40-2 relationship with federation 43-4 votes 48-9

cascade voting system, Jura 66 Catholics

confederation 6 con Hicts 7 education 60 integration 18-21, 38 referenda 118-19

censorship and propaganda 113 centralisation 40-3

and federalism 154, 155 Christian Democrat party 12

Catholic integration 20-1 distribution of seats 45 elections 46 referenda 119

citizens' assembly 53 citizenship, Swiss 35

and communes 64 civil war 4, 6 class struggle 4

204

Page 29: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

collective action, and referenda 127 collective identity 17 collective memory 116 Commander-in-Chief, appointment of 9 Communal Assembly 9 Communal Council 9 communal parliament 53 communalism 15,52-4,88, 173 communes

cooperative federalism 54-6 expenditure: and revenue 51; and

transfers 63 importance 49-51 institutions 53 powers 40-2 self-administration 54

communists 30 competition

federalism 63-4 financial compensation 62

compromises consensus democracy 171 referenda, nature of 103

concordance 124-6, 131 confederation, Swiss (1815-48) 5-6 Conference of Delegates 6 confession 7 consensus democracy see power-sharing Conservatives 6 consociational democracy xix, 126, 128,

131. 166-74 Constitution. Federal 6-8

nature of 98 rcviMon 19·20

",n,tllutional a.:ts 47 constitullonal initiallves see initiatives constitutional referenda see obligatory

referenda constitutionalism 39 constitutionally required referenda 140 consultation, preparliamentary 49, 100,

120-3 cooperative federalism 54-6,62-3 corporate federalism 165 corporatism, and power-sharing 128, 129 Council of States

bicameral lawmaking 47-8 election to 45-6 federalism 18; and democracy 76 organisation and powers 9, 10

crime rates 33, 34 cultural minorities xvii-xviii cultural segmentation 24, 156-8

political left 29

Index

Cyprus 165 Czechoslovakia, secession 164

daylight saving proposal 125 De Gaulle, General Charles 101, 139 decentralisation 40-3, 154-5

and internationalisation 79-83 deciding majority 91-3 decision-making

Catholic integration 21 federalism 44-54

Delaware 141 Denmark

overrepresentation in European Community 82, 83

referendum 139 direct democracy II, 130-7

army, vote to abolish 84-5 comparisons 138-53 initiatives 99-105 institutions 85-91 participation in 91--{i people's vote 105-18 referenda 97-105, 118-30

discrimination 33-5 federalism 163 multiculturalism 170

District Court 9 districts and urbanisation 79, 183n.35 domestic policy and foreign affairs,

interdependency 81

economy charactcristics 2 competition and efficiency xvi development 3 nation-building 13

education Catholics 19, 60 higher 61; language 64 primary 60-1

205

and voting patterns 96; referendum on refugees 107

elite cartel 126 emergency ordinances 121,122 energy-saving policies 56--Q0 English language 24 English Togo 139 environmental issues

policy 81 popular initiativcs 105 referenda 127, 143

Estonia 165 European Commission 82

Page 30: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

206 Index

European Council 82-3 European Economic Area (EEA)

treaty xvi, 80,174-5 canton size and voting patterns 75 effects 129 future of Switzerland 174-6 signing of 136

European Free Trade Association (EFTA) xvi, 80

European Parliament 82-3 European Union (EU)

canton size and voting patterns 75 and direct democracy 152 European Economic Area treaty xvi, 80,

174-5 federalism 161 internationalisation 82 Iiberalisation pressure 137 overrepresentation of countries 82-3 political rights 134 Swiss neutrality 14 Swiss trade with 129

executive councils, communes 52 executive power-sharing 171 expert committees

preparliamentary process 120-3 self-administration 54

externality problem 62

factual integration 155 facultative referenda see optional referenda Federal Assembly

and cantons 44, 49 constitutional amendments 57, 58 IDIUal1ve 11,87,98 organisation and powers 9, 12,47 political parties II preparliamentary process 124 proportional representation 31 referenda 99-100; foreign policy 146 urgency ordi nances 121

Federal Constitution 6-8 nature of 98 revision 19-20

Federal Council energy-saving policies 56-7 European Economic Area 175 initiative 11,87,98 multilingualism 22 organisation and powers 9, 10 political parties 11 preparliamentary process 120, 122 proportional representation 31 referenda 119,122; foreign policy 146

stability 1--4 urgency ordinances 121

federal councillors 10 Federal Insurance Court 10 Federal Supreme Court

and communes 52 organisation and powers 9, 10 women's suffrage 71-2

federalism 36 comparisons 153-65 cooperative 54-6,62-3 decision-making 44-54 and democracy 16-18,73-7,158-60 experience 54-68 institutions 38--44 and internationalisation 79-83 limitations 68-73 non-territorial 164 and power-sharing 172 urban regions 77-9

federation cooperative federalism 55 creation 7-8 expenditure: and revenue 51; and

transfers 63 initiatives 87 powers 40-2 relationship with cantons 43--4

financial compensation mechanisms 62 financial referenda 141 First World War 4 foreign policy

canton size 75 and domestic policy,

interdependency 81 referenda 146

foreign residents discrimination against 34-6 real estate 68-9 and suffrage 93, 147

France, referenda 101, 139 Franklin, Benjamin 147-8 Freedom Party 12

distribution of seats 45 popular initiatives 105

Freiburg canton 7 French Revolution 5, 88

occupation of Switzerland 14 French-speakers

EEA treaty 175 integration 22-5 nation-building 8

French Togo 139 Frontist Initiative 119

Page 31: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

Index 207

Frontist Movement 87 future of Switzerland xvi, 174-6

GAlT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

agricultural policy 129 Iiberalisation pressure 137

gender, and voting patterns 96 Geneva canton

army, vote to abolish 84 real estate 69

geographical characteristics 2 German-speakers

dialects 81 EEA treaty 175 integration 22-5 semi-direct democracy 85

Germany federalism 47, 159, 160 political system 143

Gore, AI 80 government-controlled referenda 139, 140 government parties 11-12

distribution of seats 45 share of vote 105, 137

grants, block 62, 63 Graubiinden canton 7 Great Britain

democracy in 131-4 federalism 173 majoritarian democracy 167 referendum 139

Green Party 12 distribution of seats 45 popular initiatives 105 'small is beautiful' slogan 81

gypsies, discrimination against 33

Helvetia 17 higher education 61

language 64 history 5-8 horizontal financial compensation 62 housing 68-9 Hungary, referendum 139

immigrants, discrimination against 35-6 income tax 104 independence, external 14 Independent party 12

distribution of seats 45 independent theorists 148 individualisation and voting patterns 115 industrial development

class struggle 4 decentralised nature 27-8 federalism, transition to 13

initiatives 11, 58, 86-8, 90, 97-105 comparisons 14~6

Swiss views on 91 innovations, political 135-7, 169

communes 51 federalism 159 popular initiatives 104-5

institutions direct democracy 85-91 federalism 38-44

integration, political 135-7 intelligence service xvi, 33 internal integration 14 International Monetary Fund 80 Internationalisation and

decentralisation 79-83 Iraq 80 Ireland 139 Italian-speakers

integration 22-5 nation-building 8

Italy 141

Jefferson, Thomas 148 Jews 33 judges, Federal Court 10 Jura region

secession suffrage

26--7,65-8,163 147

Kaiseraugst nuclear power plant 58 Kappeler Landfriede 7 knowledge, and voting behaviour III

Labour Peace Convention 30, 180n.35 land-use 2 Landsgemeinde 183n.27

women 71 language 2

boundaries 64, 156 integration 22-5 nation-building 8 proportional representation 31, 33 and voting patterns 96

Laufenthal 67 law of lTations 14 lawmaking, bicameral 46--8 legislation

parliamentary powers 47 referenda, impact of 119-26

legislative referenda see optional referenda

Page 32: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

208 Index

Liberal party 12 distribution of seats 45 elections 46

liberalisation, market 81, 137 liberals 107 local government see communes lock-outs 30 loyalists, Jura 65-7 Lucerne canton

federal constitution 7 radicals 6 tourism 68-9

Madison, James 148 majoritarian democracy 131-4, 166-9

multiculturalism 169-70 majority rule 46 mandate theorists 148 manufacturing sector 3 Marignano, Swiss defeat at 14 maternity allowance bill 57 media, and voting campaigns 109 Mediation Act 5, 39 members of parliament 53 Milizverwaltung see self-administration money

spent on propaganda 112-14 spent on referenda and initiatives 144-5

Moutier 67 multiculturalism 1-5,36-7

limitations 33~ minorities 18-27 nation-building 8-18 origins 5-8 power-sharing 168-72 prevalence xviii-xix proportional representation 31-3 socioeconomic inequality 27-31

multilateral organisations 14 multilingualism see language mutual adjustment 124, 125, 126-8

Napoleon Bonaparte 5, 88 National Action (earlier Swiss Democrats)

party 105 National Council

bicameral lawmaking 47-8 election to 44--5 and Federal Assembly 10 federalism 18 organisation and powers 9 pluralism 21 referenda 119

nationalism xvii-xviii, 158 federalism, transition to 8

nations, law of 14 neo-corporatism 129 NeucMtel canton

executive council 53 suffrage 93, 147

Neue ZUrcher Zeitung 110 neutrality, political

advantages 4 and internationalisation 79-80 nation-building 13,14, 178n. 9a Soviet Union, disintegration of xvi,

136 New Zealand 167 newspapers, and voting campaigns 109,

110 non-governmental parties II, 12

distribution of seats 45 non-predispositional voters 113 non-territorial federalism 164-5 Norway 139 nuclear power 57-9

obligatory referenda 85~, 90, 99-100 occasional voters 94 optional referenda 85~, 90, 99-103

comparisons 140

palaver 174 parastate administration 129 parliamentary democracy 131-4 participation in direct democracy 91~,

142-3, 146-7, 150 passports 64 people's vote see popular vote personalisation and voting patterns 115 Philippines 139, 141 pillarisation 165 plebiscites, referenda as 10 1, 139 pluralism

ambiguity of 127 and federalism 154, 165

Poland 139 political control 47 political integration xviii-xix, 1-5, 36-7

limitations 33~ minorities 18-27 nation-building 8-18 origins 5-8 proportional representation 31-3 socioeconomic inequality 27-31

political parties 9-12

Page 33: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

affinity 115; referendum on refugees 107; and voting patterns 96

distribution of seats 45 popular initiatives see initiatives popular vote 48-9, 105-18

direct democracy 85; initiatives 87 federalism and democracy 73--4 participation 91-6,142-3, 146--7, 150

population characteristics 2 distribution, and veto power 74, 159 size, and local government 50, 53

postmaterialism 185n.27 power-sharing xviii-xix, 36--7, 130-7,

166--74 Catholic integration 21 initiatives 99-105 institutions 85-91; support 25-6 participation in 91-6 people's vote 105-18 referenda 97-105, 118-30

pragmatists 108 predispositioned voters 113 preparliamentary process 49, 100,

120-2 presidents 10 press, and voting campaigns 109, 110 primary schools 60-1 prisoners, discrimination against 33 professionalisation of campaigns 144 propaganda 109-10, 144

and voting behaviour 112-14 proportional representation 31-3,36

Catholic integration 21 multilingualism 22-3 National Council 45 symbolic view 171

protectionism 28, 129 Protestant party 12

distribution of seats 45 Protestants

con federation 6 conflicts 7 integration 19-20

psychiatric patients, discrimination against 33

public expenditure and tax share 43 and transfers 63

public relations II 0 public transport 61 quotas 32 Radical Party II

Index

distribution of seats 45 elections 46 industrialisation process 28

radicals confederation 6 popular initiatives 105 referenda 118-19

rail system 81 rational choice model 116--17 real estate 68-9 recalls 141, 142 recessions

1930s 29-30 I 970s 3i, 136

referenda II, 97-105 comparisons 138--46 impact on political system 118-31 obligatory and optional 85-7 Swiss views on 91

refugees discrimination against 35 referendum on 106--9, 117-18

region 181n. 12 regional-development plans 61 regionalism 81 regulatory acts 47 religion 2

and federalism 165 see also Catholics; Protestants

remand prisoners, discrimination against 33

representative democracy 89, 147-52 Great Britain 131-2 political agenda 98 popularinitiatives 140 United States of America 145-6,

147-8 responsiveness, government

direct democracy 142 federalism 160

rights constitutional 44,72-3 political 134-5

road system 81 Romansch-speakers 22, 24, 179n.22

secessions 6 and federalism 154, 162--4

Second World War discrimination against Jewish

refugees 33 emergency ordinances 121 socioeconomic inequality 30

self-administration 52--4

209

Page 34: Notes and References - Home - Springer978-1-349-26045-4/1.pdf · Notes and References 179 18. In the years after the foundation of the federal state the Catholics were going to extend

210

semi-direct democracy 16, 131 communal parliaments 53 development 88-91 distribution by language 85

'sensible'democracy 149-52 separatists, Jura 65-7 services sector 3 sex, and voting patterns 96 sceptics 107 'small is beautiful' slogan 81 Social Democrat party 12

distribution of seats 45 elections 46 popular initiative 104 referenda 119, 128 socioeconomic inequality 29, 30

social integration xviii, 171 social security system 55 social values 15-16 socioeconomic inequality

challenges 27-31 voting behaviour 95, 96

socio-political values model 114-16 Sonderbund 6

nation-building 13 Sonderfall Schweiz 175-6 Spain 139 spillovers, financial compensation of 62 stability, political 1-4 strikes

Labour Peace Convention 30 suppression 30

study groups 120 subsidiarity principle 56, 158 subsidies 62, 63

housing 69 suffrage 91,93,147

women 34, 69-72 Sweden 139 Swiss Democrats (earlier National Action)

party 12 distribution of seats 45

Swiss People's Party 12 distribution of seats 45 elections 46 referenda 119

Tagesanzeiger 110 Tagsatzung see Conference of Delegates taxation

central government 43 communes 50 financial compensation 62 income tax 104

Index

referenda 10 I, 102 television, and voting campaigns 109 Tell, William 17 territorial states, size of 160-2 territoriality principle

Jura 67 linguistic autonomy 22

Tessin canton 64 Thurgau canton 15 trade unions

popular initiatives 104 socioeconomic inequality 29, 30

transport, public 61 treaty refusals 86 trust, and voting behaviour 111-12

United Nations (UN) canton size and voting patterns 75 Swiss neutrality 14,79

United States of America citizens'influence 133 competition 63-4 direct and representative

democracy 147-8, 152 federalism 156, 159 influence on Swiss 15,39, 178n.10 Swiss comparisons 42, 141-6

unity of matter 98 urbanisation and federalism 77-9 urgency clause of constitution 120, 121,

122 Uri canton 74

Valais canton real estate 69 self-administration 52

vertical financial compensation 62 veto power

of cantons 74-5, 159 of BC members 82

Vienna Congress 13 Villmergen, battles of 7 vocational schools 28 volunteers, armed 6 VOX analyses 93,I84n.ll

watch industry 136 women's suffrage 34,69-72 World Bank 80

Zurich federalism and democracy 74 newspapers I 10 religious conflicts 7