Notes and References

INTRODUCTION

1. Michael Hudson, The Precarious Republic (Colorado: Westview Press,1985), p.98.

2. Aaron KJieman, 'Zionist Diplomacy and Israeli Foreign Policy', TheJerusalem Quarterly, No . II , Spring 1979.

3. C.T. Onions (ed.), Shorter Oxford English Dictionary on HistoricalPrinciples, Vol.1 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1944).

4. Avi Shlaim , 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics : The Case ofLebanon', in Giacomo Luciani and Ghassan Salame (eds), The Politicsof Arab Integration (London: Croom Helm, 1988), p.232.

1 THE IDEA OF AN ALLIANCE: ISRAELI-MARONITERELATIONS, 1920s-48

1. Avi Shlaim, Collusion across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the ZionistMovement, and the Partition of Palestine (Oxford: Clarendon Press,1988), p.235.

2. Le Pere Pierre Raphael, Le CUre du Liban dans l'Histoire (Beirut:Imprimerie Gedeen, 1924).

3. Itamar Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon. 1970-1985, revised edition(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1986), p.21.

4. Hudson, The Precarious Republic, p.44.5. Ibid, p.94.6. Iliya Harik, Politics and Change in a Traditional Society: Lebanon 1711-

1845 (princeton: Princeton University Press, 1968), p.128.7. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 4 July 1995.8. Rabinovich, p.21.9. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 4 July 1995.

10. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.11. Treaty of 26 March 1920, S2519907, Central Zionist Archives (CZA).

See also Benny Morris, 'Israel and the Lebanese Phalange: The Birth ofa Relationship 1948-1951', Studies in Zionism,Vol. 5, No.1, 1984, p.129. See also Laura Zittrain Eisenberg, 'Desperate Diplomacy: TheZionist-Maronite Treaty of 1946', Studies in Zionism, Vol. 13, No.2,1992, p.150.

12. Neil Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. I (London: Frank Cass, 1983),p.68. See also Treaty of 26 March 1920, S2519907, CZA.

13. Ibid.14. Ian Black, Zionism and the Arabs, 1936-1939 (London: Garland Pub ­

lishing, 1986), pp .273-4.

175

176 Notes and References

One of the most spectacular sales was that of land in the Huleh Valley.The reclamation concession was held by Salim Salaam, who had sold itto the Zionists in 1934. His son Saeb Salaam continued this familypolicy, assuming a political position in order to facilitate the sale ofthree family-owned villages on the extreme south of Lebanon to theJews. OSS Report 7833,15 October 1943,R-SM, RG 84, 165, 208, 319,Scattered Beirut regional Files 1930-49,National Archives and RecordsAdministration (NARA) .

15. The economic side was further exploited during the war period for thesmugglingof contraband, especially diamonds and gold, later also weap­ons between Beirut, Haifa and Tel Aviv. Palestinians, Jews and Lebanesemade use of the already existing trade route between Damascus andCairo, running through Lebanon and Palestine. Merchandise intendedfor the Jews in Palestine, including clandestine mail, was carried by aJewish transport agency on the coastal route through Sidon and Tyreand brought into Palestine via Alma al-Shaab, passing through the handsof Amnoun, the Jewish Mukhtar of Hanouta. OSS Research and Ana­lysis No. 1390, 22 October 1943, NARA , R-SM, RG 84, 165, 208, 319,Scattered Beirut Regional Files 1930-49; OSS Report G-2591, 27 April1944, NARA, R-SM, RG 84, 165,208,319, Scattered Beirut RegionalFiles 1930-49;OSSReport G-2821,6 May 1944,NARA, R- SM, RG 84,165,208,319, Scattered Beirut Regional Files, 1930-49.

16. Black, Zionism and the Arabs, pp.275-6.17. Ibid, p.277.18. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.Interview

with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.19. Caplan, Futile Diplomacy, Vol. I, p.54.20. Eliyakim Rubinstein, 'Zionist Attitudes in the Arab-Jewish Dispute to

1936', The Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 22, Winter 1982, p.134.21. Ibid, p.136.22. Jacques Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his

Era), unpublished PhD thesis, Tel Aviv University, September 1988,p.75.

23. E. Epstein, Report of visit to Syria and Lebanon, October 1934, S25110225, CZA.

24. Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel's Secret Wars (London : HamishHamilton, 1991), p.64.

25. ArlossorofTto Brodestsky 17 November, 1931, S25/3061, CZA.Chaim Arlossoroff was born in the Ukraine in 1899. Educated inGermany, he founded HaPoel HaTzair in Germany after the FirstWorld War. He emigrated to Palestine in 1924. In 1931 he was amember of the Jewish Executive and was directing its political depart­ment. His main objective was to save European Jews by encouragingthem to make aliya. In 1933, he was assassinated in Tel Aviv by anunknown assailant.

26. Black, Z ionism and the Arabs, p.279.27. Shertok to Weizmann, 2 October 1936,S25/1716, CZA.28. Victor Jacobson, Report on a Trip to Eretz-Israel and Syria, 12 May

1933, Weizmann Archives. See also Neil Caplan and Ian Black, 'Israel

Notes and References 177

and Lebanon : Origins of a Relationship', Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 27,Spring, 1983, pp.48-58 .

29. Elath as quoted in Moshe Sharett, Yoman Ishi (Personal Diary), Vol. III(Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Maariv, 1972), p.216. See also Shertok to Weizmann,2 October 1936, S25/1716, CZA.

30. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.75.31. Conversation with the President of the Lebanese Republic Emile Edde,

Beirut, 22 September 1936, E. Epstein, Secret, S25/5581 , CZA.32. Note of talk with Emile Edde, 22 September 1936,S25/5581 , CZA. See

also Shertok to Lourie, 22 September 1936, S25/5476, CZA.33. Draft of a Pact submitted the twenty-third of December 1936 to Mr

Edde, Z4/1702b, CZA.34. Black, Zionism and the Arabs, p. 285.35. E. Epstein's Account of Meeting between Dr. Chaim Weizmann and

Emile Edde, 22 June 1937, Eliahu Elath, Zionism and the Arabs, p.311;see also Yehoshua Porath, 'History of Friendship', The Jerusalem Post,22 May 1981.

36. Caplan and Black, 'Israel and Lebanon: Origins of a Relationship ',p.50.

37. Ibid, p.51.38. Eliahu Sasson, Ba Derekh el HaShalom (On the Road to Peace) (Tel

Aviv: Am Oved, 1978), pp. 116-22. See also Caplan, Futile Diplomacy,Vol. I, p.254.AI-Ahdab was Prime Minister from March 1937 to March 1938, underthe Presidency of Emile Edde.

39. K.A al-Ahdab to M. Shertok, 18 March 1938, S25/5581, CZA.40. Eisenberg, 'Desperate Diplomacy,' p.151.41. Le Manifeste de I'Association des Partis Libanais Antisionistes, 9

November 1945, FM 2567/2, Israel State Archives (ISA). See alsoBarry Rubin, The Arab States and the Palestine Conflict (Syracuse:Syracuse University Press 1981),p.l39.

42. Statement by Chaim Weizmann, Minutes of the Jewish Agency Direc­torate meeting on 11 February 1945.

43. Office of Strategic Services, Research and Analysis Report 1090-122, 4August 1945, R-SM, RG 84, 165, 206, 226, 319, Scattered BeirutRegional Files 1930-49, NARA.

44. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993.45. Treaty, May 1946, CZA S25/3269.46. Yaacov Shimoni to Bernhard Joseph, The need for our action in Leba­

non: Conversation with Tewfic Attieh, Beirut, 5 April 1946, 825/9023,CZA.

47. Eisenberg, 'Desperate Diplomacy', pp. 153-6.48. Treaty , May 1946, S25/3269, CZA.

The treaty's foundation was the recognition of Jewish independenceleading to statehood in Palestine and Christian Lebanese independencein Lebanon. The actual cooperation was in the realm of culture, com­merce, intelligence, agriculture, tourism, security and public relations, inaddition to Maronite efforts to facilitate the immigration of Jews toPalestine by way of Lebanon.

178 Notes and References

49. Rapport Concernant Le Liban presente aux Membres de l'O.N.U. parMonseigneur Ignace Mobarak, Archeveque Maronite de Beyrouth,undated, FM 2563/23, ISA.This action caused Arida to condemn Mubarak publicly and distancehimself from the archbishop. It has even been claimed that Mubarakwas reprimanded by the patriarch, relieved of his duties and exiled to amonastery. William Haddad, 'Christian-Arab Attitudes towards theArab-Israeli Conflict' , Muslim World, 65:2, 1977, pp.129-30. See alsoA.H. Cohen, Israel and the Arab World (New York: W.H. Allen, 1970),p.377.

50. Black, Zionism and the Arabs , pp.269-70.51. Michael Bar Zohar, Ben Gurion (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,

1977), p.91.52. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993.53. Black, Zionism and the Arabs, p.272.54. Palestine Review, 16 October 1936.55. Conversation with the President of the Lebanese Republic Emile

Edde, Beirut 22 September 1936, E. Epstein, Secret, S25/5581,CZA.

56. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993.57. Bar Zohar, Ben Gurian, p.166.

2 THE BIRTH OF A STATE AND THE REBIRTH OF ARELATIONSHIP, 1948-55

1. Gideon Rafael, Destination Peace - Three Decades of Israeli ForeignPolicy (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1981),p.6.

2. Nahum Goldmann, The Autobiography of Nahum Goldmann: SixtyYears of Jewish Life (New York : Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969),p.289.

3. Sydney D. Bailey, Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process (Lon­don: Macmillan Press, 1990), p. 59.

4. Representing the State of Israel were Mordechai Makleff, YehoshuaPalmon and Shabtai Rosenne. The delegates of the Republic of Leba­non were Tewfic Salem, Mohammed Ali Hamada, Joseph Harb andDjezl Houssami.

5. Bailey, Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process, p.60.6. Yemima Rosenthal, Armistice Negotiations with the Arab States Decem­

ber 1948-July 1949, Documents on the Foreign Policy of Israel (DFPI),Companion Vol. III (Jerusalem: State of Israel Archives, 1983), p.XXII.

7. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993.8. Shlaim, Collusion across the Jordan, p.391.9. Rosenthal, Israeli-Lebanese Negotiations Summary Record Of The

Second Meeting Held At Ras El-Naqura On 7th March At 11.45A.M., DFPI, Vol. 3, p.301.

10. Rosenthal, DFPI, Companion Vol. III, p.36.

Notes and References 179

11. Mohammed Ali Hamada was the Consul General of Lebanon toFrance from 1944-6. From 1946-8 he was the head of political affairsin the Foreign Ministry. From 1948-50 he functioned as the interimSecretary General of the Foreign Ministry.

12. Rosenthal, DFPI, Companion Vol. III, p.44.13. Rosenthal, Israeli-Lebanese Negotiations Summary Record Of The

Second Meeting Held At Ras EI-Naqura On 7th March At 11.45A.M., DFPI, Vol. 3, p.295.

14. The term paramilitary as used in this agreement was defined during thenegotiations by Mr Hamada as being military organizations tied upwith political parties. They are under Lebanese command, but do notbelong to the national Lebanese Army.

15. Security Council resolution 62 (S/1080) of 16 November 1948 calls forthe establishment of an armistice in all sectors of Palestine in order toeliminate the threat to peace. Further, it calls upon all parties involvedin the conflict to conduct negotiations resulting in the withdrawal andreduction of armed forces in such a way as will ensure the maintenanceof the armistice.

16. Rosenthal, A. Eban to J.C. Ross, Memorandum on Armistice Negotia­tions at Ras EI-Naqura and at Rhodes, DFPI, Vol. 3, p.304.

17. Walter Eytan was born in Munich, Germany in 1910. He was educatedat Oxford where he also lectured in German literature. In 1946 hesettled in Palestine. From 1948-59, he was the director-general of theForeign Ministry. In 1949, he functioned as the head of the Israelidelegation to the armistice talks at Rhodes. In 1960, he was appointedambassador to France .

18. Rosenthal, Y. Yadin to W. Eytan, DFPI, Vol. 3, p.309.19. Shlaim, Collusion across the Jordan, p.392.20. Memo of Conversation from 1 August 1950, from Pinkerton (Beirut) to

Department of State, Secret, 11 October 1950, R-SM, RG 84, Beirut,Lebanon 1950-4, Box 1, NARA. See also US Foreign Service Despatch634, Position of Jews in Lebanon, 28 May 1952, RG 59, Box 5448,NARA.

21. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.65.22. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993.23. T. Arazi to E. Sasson, Discussion with Emile Edde, Paris, 22 May 1948,

FM 2565112, ISA.24. S. Seligson to Y. Shimoni, 13 July 1948, FM 3766/6, ISA.25. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics: The Case of

Lebanon', p.236.26. R. Shiloah to D. Ben Gurion , Military Intelligence, 30 May 1948, FM

2570/5, ISA.27. Morris , 'Israel and the Lebanese Phalange: The Birth of a Relationship

1948-51', p.125.28. Riad as-Sulh was born in 1894. He had been an active Arab nationalist

since his youth. He was the co-founder of the Istiqlal party in Damascusunder Amir Feisal's rule. However, despite his pan-Arab views he hadcontacts with the Zionist leadership in the 1920s. In fact, in 1921 hetried to persuade Palestinian leaders to accept Britain's Zionist policy.

180 Notes and References

From 1943-5 and again from 1946-51 he was Lebanon's prime minis­ter. In 1951 he was assassinated in Amman, Jordan because he was infavour of settlement with the French.

29. OSS Research and Analysis No. 1090.122, 4 August 1945, ScatteredBeirut Central Files 1930-49, RG 84, 165,208, 319, NARA.

30. N. Goldmann to E. Epstein, 17 October 1945, FM 2567/2, ISA.31. Sulamith Schwartz to Moshe Sharett, Memorandum: Re: The Visiting

Delegation of the Lebanese AI-Kataeb, 20 November 1950, FM 2408/16,ISA.

32. Ibid.33. Gideon Rafael was born in Berlin in 1913. He emigrated to Palestine in

1934, joined the Haganah from 1939-42 and worked for the JewishAgency from 1942-5. From 1950-3 he was a counsellor in Israel'sdelegation to the United Nations.

34. E. Ben Horin to Moshe Shertok, 2 July 1948, FM 2403/5, ISA.35. Ibid.36. Gideon Ruffer (Rafael) to Arthur Lourie and Aubrey Eban, 1948, FM

2563/23, ISA.37. E. Ben Horin to Moshe Shertok, 2 July 1948, FM 2403/5, ISA.38. US State Department Airgram A-281 , Secret, 31 August 1948, RG 59,

NARA.39. Ibid.40. E. Sasson to M. Sasson, 18 December 1950, FM 2565/12, ISA.41. This information was supposed to have been relayed in a letter dated 7

November 1948 by E. Danin to E. Ben Horin, however, was thenpassed on orally by E. Sasson to Ben Horin, FM 2563/23, ISA.

42. Morris, 'Israel and the Lebanese Phalange,' p.131.43. Ibid.44. Memorandum by Shmuel Ya'ari, 28 February 1949, FM 2563/23, ISA.45. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics', p.237.46. Morris , 'Israel and the Lebanese Phalange', p.133.47. Letter from Friends of Lebanon, A. Richards to Dean Acheson, 10

January 1950, RG 59, NARA.48. G. Raphael to W. Eytan, 28 December 1950, FM 2565/12, ISA.49. E. Sasson (Ankara) to M. Sasson, Foreign Ministry, 18 December 1950,

FM 2565/12, ISA.50. Ibid.51. Amiel Najar and Elias Rababi corresponded under the codenames of

'Madeleine' and 'Diana' during these negotiations.G. Tadmor, Help for the Lebanese Phalange, 25 January 1951, FM2408/16, ISA.

52. Research Department to Foreign Minister, Aid to the Lebanese Pha­lange, 28 December 1950, FM 2565/12, ISA.

53. Israel's support of the Kataib indeed had a more general effect onLebanon. The public attitude towards Israel must have been quitepositive since the American Legation at Beirut reported that 'Lebanonwould probably be amenable to a reasonable peace settlement withIsrael were it a free agent. As a small state with predominant Christianinfluence among six other larger predominantly Muslim Arab states,

Notes and References 181

however, Lebanon must be careful not to deviate from generallyaccepted Arab policy with respect to Palestine as customarily definedby the Arab League.' Policy Statement - Lebanon, Department ofState, Secret, 29 January 1951 , Box 2850, NARA.

54. Sulamith Schwartz to Gideon Rafael, 11 May 1951, FM 2565/12, ISA.55. Sulamith Schwartz, Confidential Memo on Lebanese Projects, 1 July

1952, FM 2403/5, ISA.56. Letter from T. Arazi, New York, 30 April 1949, FM 3770/31, ISA.57. Memorandum of Conversation of the Assistant Secretary of State

McGhee, 30 August 1951, Box 2850, NARA.58. Letter to LewisJones, Director of the Middle East Division, Department

of State, from Nicolas Salamie, 27 March 1952,Box 5445,NARA.59. US Foreign Service Despatch 279, Muslim pamphlet stirs up Christian-

Muslim animosities, 27 November 1953, Box 5448, NARA.60. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics', pp.237-9.61. Ibid .62. Ibid, pp.237-41. See also Moshe Sharett, Yoman Ishi (Personal Diary)

(Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Maariv 1980),pp.398-400.63. Sharett, Yoman Ishi (personal Diary), Vol. VIII, Ben Gurion to Sharett,

27 February 1954, pp.2397-8.64. Ibid. See also, Sharett to Ben Gurion, 18 March 1954, pp.2398-400.65. T. Arazi to Gideon Rafael, Buenos Aires, 30 August 1954, FM 3766/7,

ISA.66. Ibid.67. Ibid.68. Ibid .69. See Department of State, from Jernegan to Murphy, Invitation to

the President of Lebanon, September 1954, Box 5, RG 59, Lot 59D 582 (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA. See also Departmentof State, from Jernegan to the Secretary of State, Secret, 13 January1955, Box 5, RG 59, LOT 59 D 582 (US Special Files on Lebanon),NARA.

70. Department of the Army intelligence report R-380-54, Review of thepolitical situation and request for arms aid, 14 December 1954, R-SM,RG 319, ID File, ACSI, G-2 Military Intelligence, NARA.

71. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics', pp.241-2.72. Indeed, a detailed plan for such an Iraqi invasion of Syria existed.

General Ghazi al-Daghistani , deputy chief-of-staff of the Iraqi Army,admitted at his trial to having inherited such a plan from his predeces­sor in early 1954. See Mahkamat al-Sha'b (1958), p.276.

73. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993.74. Shlaim, 'Israeli Interference in Internal Arab Politics', p.233.75. Michael Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1972), p.28!.76. David Ben Gurion, Hazon Ve Derekh (Vision and Way) (Tel Aviv:

Ayanot, 1958), Vol. V, p.l26.77. Avi Shlaim, 'Conflicting approaches to Israel's relations with the Arabs:

Ben Gurion and Sharett , 1953-56', The Middle East Journal, Vol. 37,No.2, Spring 1983.

182 Notes and References

78. Amos Perlmutter, Military and Politics in Israel, 1948-1967 (London:Frank Cass, 1969), p.84.

79. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.36.80. Moshe Dayan, A vnei Derekh: Autobiographia (Milestones: An Autobio­

graphy) (Jerusalem: Edanim, 1976), p.208.81. Michael Bar Zohar , 'Ben Gurion and the Policy of the Periphery', in

Itamar Rabinovich and Yehuda Reinharz (eds.), Israel in the MiddleEast (London : Oxford University Press, 1984), p. 167.

82. Brecher, The Foreign Policy System of Israel, p.278.83. David Ben Gurion , 'Israel's Security and her International Position

before and after the Sinai Campaign', State of Israel, Government Year­book 5720. 1959/60 (Jerusalem, 1960).

84. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993.85. Ibid.86. Ibid.

3 THE FIRST LEBANESE CIVIL WAR

1. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.124.2. Samuel Roberts, Survival or Hegemony? The Foundation of Israeli For­

eign Policy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973), p.107.3. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.124.4. See Moshe Shemesh and SelwynDanTroen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956:

Retrospective and Reappraisal (London: Frank Cass, 1990), p.1S!.5. Ibid.6. William Roger Louis and Roger Owen (eds), Suez 1956: The Crisis and

its Consequences (Oxford: Clarendon Paperbacks, 1989), p.358.7. Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.188.8. Excerpt from Ben Gurion's Diary, December 14, 1956 as quoted in

Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.183.9. Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.184. See also Rafael,

Destination Peace, p.55.10. Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.191.11. Excerpt from Ben Gurion's Diary, 19 October 1956, as quoted in

Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.305.12. Excerpt from Ben Gurion 's Diary, 22 October 1956, as quoted in

Shemesh and Troen, The Suez-Sinai Crisis 1956, p.306.13. Louis and Owen, Suez 1956, p. 147.14. This information was relayed by Colonel Fuad Lahoud to the US

military attache and later corroborated by Colonel Tewfic Salem. SeeDA Intelligence Report R-37-56, 26 January 1956, R-SM RG 319,ACSI, Military Intelligence G-2, NARA.

15. Ibid.16. Wilbur Crane Eveland, Ropes of Sand: America 's Failure in the Middle

East (New York : W.W. Norton & Company, 1980), pp.226-7.17. Rafael to Moshe Sasson, 25 December 1955, FM 2454/12, ISA.18. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.62.

Notes and References 183

19. Ibid.20. Louis and Owen, Suez 1956, p.347.21. Caroline Attie, 'President Chamoun and the Crisis of 1958', paper given

at a Conference on 1958 in Texas, September 1992, p.14.22. Helena Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon (London: Hutchinson

1985), p.84.23. Marines in Lebanon 1958, History and Museums Division, Headquar­

ters, US Marine Corps, 1983.24. Richards' Mission, Record of Meeting at the Lebanese Ministry of

Defense, 15 March 1957, Box 13, RG 57, D 616, US Special Files onLebanon, NARA.

25. Classified Information on the Lebanon for Members of the HouseForeign Affairs Committee going to the Near East, undated , Box 5,RG 59, Lot 59 D 582 (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA.

26. Attie, 'President Chamoun and the Crisis of 1958', p.9.27. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,

Central Intelligence Agency, 29 May 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIAdeclassified, NARA.

28. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,CIA, 6 June 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.

29. Ibid.30. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,

CIA, 20 June 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.31. Cobban, The Making of Modern Lebanon, p.87.32. Attie, 'President Chamoun and the Crisis of 1958', p.9. See also Eve­

land, Ropes of Sand, p.261.33. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,

CIA, 20 June 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.34. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,

CIA, 19 September 1957, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified,NARA.

35. Ibid.36. See Abba Eban, Personal Witness - Israel through My Eyes (London:

Jonathan Cape, 1992), pp.21Q-li.37. Face the Nation, CBS interview with Charles Malik, 29 June 1958. A

transcript of this interview exists in Israel Foreign Ministry files, FM3110/5, ISA.

38. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,CIA, 6 March 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.

39. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,CIA, 8 May 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.

40. US State Department Telegram 2922, 13 May 1958, Box I, RG 59, Lot56 D 600 (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA.

41. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,CIA, 15 May 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.

42. Hudson, The Precarious Republic, p.108.43. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,

CIA, 29 May 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.44. Face the Nation, CBS News interview with Charles Malik, 29 June 1958.

184 Notes and References

45. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,CIA,S June 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.

46. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,CIA, 10 July 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.

47. Intervention in the Internal Affairs of a Foreign Country to Assure aFriendly Government, Lebanon File, July 1958, Marine Corps, Histor­ical Center, Washington DC.

48. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,CIA, 28 August 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.

49. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,CIA, 19 September 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified,NARA.

SO. Kamal Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, 1958-1976 (London: IthacaPress, 1976), p.2.

51. Current Intelligence Weekly Summary, Office of Current Intelligence,CIA, 2 October 1958, 1958 Lebanon Crisis, CIA declassified, NARA.

52. Hudson, The Precarious Republic, p.23.53. Cobban, The Making of Modern Lebanon, p.96.54. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.363.55. Michael Bar-Zohar, 'Ben Gurion and the Policy of the Periphery', in

Rabinovich and Reinharz (eds.) Israel in the Middle East, p.167.56. Ibid, p.168.57. Brecher, The Foreign Policy of Israel (Yale University Press, 1972),

p.278.58. Government Yearbook 5720, State of Israel, Jerusalem.59. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993.60. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993.61. Ibid.62. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.363.63. Ibid, p.165.64. Patrick Seale, The Struggle for Syria (Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1965), p.247.65. Louis and Owen, Suez 1956, p.350.66. Roberts, Survival or Hegemony?, p.128.67. Department of State circular III , 30 July 1958, Box 3, GR 59, D 600,

US Special Files on Lebanon , NARA.68. Louis and Owen, Suez 1956, p.350.69. Ibid, p.351.70. Bar-Zohar, 'Ben Gurion and the Policy of the Periphery' , p.170.71. Ibid, p.167.72. Menachem Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HaAravim Bein HaSha­

nim 1957-1967 (Chapters in the Relations of Israel and the Arabsbetween the Years 1957-1967) (Jerusalem: Hebrew University Press,1986), p.38.

73. Nadav Safran, Israel: the Embattled Ally (Cambridge: Belknap Press,1978), p.581.

74. Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HaAravim Bein HaShanim 1957­1967 (Chapters in the Relations ofIsrael and the Arabs between the Years1957-1967) , p.38.

Notes and References 185

75. Ibid.76. R. Robek from Ankara, 11 July 1958, FM 3110/5, ISA.77. M.S. Weir (Washington) to E.M. Rose, Top secret and personal, 3 July

1958, FO 371/134156, VL 1073/6/G, Public Record Office (PRO).78. Ritchie Ovendale, 'Britain and the Anglo-American Invasion of Jordan

and the Lebanon in 1958', Unpublished paper, p.9.79. United States Sixth Fleet, OPNAV Report 5750-5, 18 June 1959, 1958

Lebanon Crisis, Naval History Center declassified, NARA.80. Outgoing Telegram, State Department, 30 July 1958, Box 3, RG 59, D

600, US Special Files on Lebanon, NARA . See also UNSC documentsl4065, 26 July 1958, United Nations Archives.

81. Eban, Personal Witness, p.288.82. Naval Message 2849, 18 July 1958, Box 4, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US

Special Files on Lebanon), NARA.83. A. Yaffa to M. Amon, 2 April 1957, FM 3110/2, ISA.84. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993. Interview

with Uri Lubrani, Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993.85. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.79.86. Benny Morris , 'The Phalange Connection', The Jerusalem Post, 1 July

1983.87. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era), p.79.88. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993.89. Benny Morris, 'The Phalange Connection', The Jerusalem Post, 1 July

1983.90. Seale, The Struggle for Syria, p.217.91. Telegram 16, from Damascus, 3 July 1958, Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600,

(US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA.92. This was widely reported in the Egyptian press. The results of a US

inquest, however, revealed that the pilot story was definitely not true.See JC-79, USAIRA, Damascus, 13June 1958,Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D600, (US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA.

93. M. Mendes to H. Vardi, 27 January, FM 2396/B, ISA.94. David Marmer to Michael Arnon, 7 August 1957, FM 3140, ISA.95. Ibid.96. Eban , Personal Witness, pp.21D--l1.97. Ibid.98. Telegram 3027, 20 May 1958, Box 1, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US Special

Files on Lebanon), NARA.99. Telegram 1198, from Jidda, 7 June 1958, Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600,

(US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA.100. New York Times, 9 June 1958.101. Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HaAravim Bein HaShanim 1957­

1967 (Chapters in the relations between Israel and the Arabs in the Yearsbetween 1957-1967), p.38.

102. Telegram 3126 from Cairo, 28 May 1958, Box 1, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600,(US Special Files on Lebanon), NARA.

103. FBIS, 5 June 1958.104. Telegram 29, from Cairo, 3 July 1958, Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600, (US

Special Files on Lebanon) , NARA.

186 Notes and References

105. Telegram 16, from Damascus, 3 July 1958,Box 2, RG 59, Lot 59 D 600,(US Special Files on Lebanon) , NARA.

106. Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HaAravim Bein HaShanim 1957-67(Chapters in the Relations between Israel and the Arabs in the Yearsbetween 1957-1967), p.38.

107. R . Robek (Ankara), 11 July 1958, FM 3110/5, ISA.108. Face the Nation, CBS News interview with Charles Malik, 29 June

1958, p.17. The mentioned statement by Malik was thickly underlinedby the Israelis in the Foreign Ministry transcript of the interview.

109. Zvi Neeman (Washington) to Moshe Sasson, 30 July 1958, FM 3110/5,ISA.

110. DA Intelligence Report R-288-57, Lebanese-Israeli Relations , 26 Feb­ruary 1958, R-SM, RG 319, m File, ACSI, G-2 Military Intelligence,NARA.

111. DA Intelligence Report 2042476, 7 March 1957, R-SM, RG 319, IDFile ACSI, G-2 Military Intelligence, NARA.

112. Richards' Mission, Report of meeting at the Ministry of Defense, 15March 1957, Box 13, RG 57 D 616 (US Special Files on Lebanon),NARA.

113. DA Intelligence Report, 7 June 1958, R-SM, RG 319, rn File, ACSI,G-2 Military Intelligence, NARA.

4 BETWEEN THE TWO LEBANESE CIVIL WARS: THEEMERGENCE OF THE PALESTINIAN THREAT

1. Charles Malik, as quoted in Theodor Hanf, Coexistence in WartimeLebanon: Decline of a State and Rise ofa Nation (London : I.B. Tauris,1993), p.I.

2. Interview with Eyal Zisser, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.3. Interview with Uri Lubrani, Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993.4. Yair Evron, The Middle East: Nations, Superpowers and Wars (London:

E1ek, 1973), p.64.5. Ibid, p.200.6. Telegram 401, State Department, 15 July 1958, RG 319, ACSI File,

Unclassified, 1957-1958, NARA.7. Department of the Army Intelligence Report R-229-55, Possibility of

Resumption of Arab-Israeli Hostilities, 21 June 1955, R-SM, Rg 319,m File, ACSI, G-2 Military Intelligence, NARA.

8. Klein, Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HeAravim Bein HaShanim 1957­1967 (Chapters in the Relations of Israel and the Arabs between theYears 1957-1967), p.69.

9. Pinhas Lapid to the Ambassador, Rio de Janeiro, 16 April 1959, FM3110/2, ISA.

10. Israeli Ambassador, Rio de Janeiro, 27 Apri11959, FM 3110/2, ISA.11. A. Cohen to A.Yaffa, 1 June 1959, FM 3770/31, ISA.12. Clipping from a Baghdad newspaper, 2 August 1959, FM 3770/31,ISA.13. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993.

Notes and References 187

14. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993. See also Klein,Prakim Be Yahasei Israel Ve HeAravim Bein HaShanim 1957-1967(Chapters in the Relations of Israel and the Arabs between the Years1957-1967), p.69.

15. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.16. Interview with Eyal Zisser, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.17. Cobban, The Making of Modern Lebanon, p.lOI.18. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.30.19. Han Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, 1977-1983 (New York: Greenwood

Press, 1987), p.l44.20. Yitzhak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,

1978), pA8.21. David Kimche, The Last Option (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson,

1991), p.l26.22. Yehuda Lucacs, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: A Documentary

Record, 1967-1990 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992),p.171.

23. Eban, Personal Witness, p.509.24. Richard Falk, 'The Beirut Raid and the Law of Retaliation', in John

Norton Moore (ed.), The Arab-Israeli Conflict, Vol.. II: Readings(princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), pp.221-2.

25. Ibid, p.223.26. New York Times, 5 January 1969; see also Lebanese delegate Tekoah's

statement before the UNSC, SIPV 1461, United Nations Archives.27. Emanuel Wald, The Wald Report: The Decline of Israeli National

Security since 1967 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1992), p.l.28. Falk, 'The Beirut Raid and the Law of Retaliation', p.224.29. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, pAl.30. Ibid , ppA2-3.31. Kimche, The Last Option, p.126.32. For the text of the Cairo Agreement see Lucacs, The Israeli-Palestinian

Conflict, pA56 .33. Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, p.146.34. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.265.35. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.51.36. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, pp.37-41.37. Ibid, p.37.38. Bard O'Neill, Armed Struggle in Palestine:A Political-Military Analysis

(Boulder: Westview Press, 1978), p.l5.39. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, pAl.40. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993.41. Ibid.42. Ibid.43. Cobban, The Making of Modern Lebanon, p.l15.44. Lester Sobel (ed.), Israel and the Arabs: The October 1973 War (New

York: Facts on File, 1974), pA.45. Egyptian Gazette, 9 March 1972.46. Financial Times, 9 March 1972.47. Cobban, The Making of Modern Lebanon, p.l15.

188 Notes and References

48. Sobel, Israel and the Arabs, p.6.49. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.170.50. Sobel, Israel and the Arabs, p.14.51. International Herald Tribune, 25 September 1972.52. Sobel (ed.), Israel and the Arabs: The October 1973 War, p.17.53. Ibid.54. Bailey, Four Arab-Israeli Wars and the Peace Process, p.298. See also

Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.66.55. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.66.56. Ibid, p.68.57. Cobban, The Making ofModern Lebanon, p.1l2.58. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.43. See also Salibi, Crossroads to

Civil War, p.68.59. Lucacs, The Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, pA57.60. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.368.61. Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, p.146.62. Cobban, The Making of Modern Lebanon, p.1l3.63. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.69.64. Ibid, p.79.65. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.173.66. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.67. Interview with a source in the Foreign Ministry, Jerusalem, 28 October

1993.68. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.69. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.70. Interview with Yaacov Shimoni, Jerusalem, 27 October 1993.

5 DISINTEGRAnON OF A STATE: THE MARONITES TURNTOWARDS ISRAEL

1. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.178.2. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.95.3. Zeev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War (London : George

Allen & Unwin, 1984), p.l4.4. Ibid.5. UNRWA estimate as cited in Rabinovich and Reinharz, Israel in the

Middle East, p.352.6. Zeev Schiff,A History ofthe Israeli Army (London: Sidgwick& Jackson,

1987),p.241.7. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.8. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993.9. Rabinovich and Reinharz, Israel in the Middle East, p. 348.

10. Roger Owen, Essays on the Crisis in Lebanon (London: Ithaca Press,1979), p.60.

11 . Hudson, The Precarious Republic, p.60.12. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, pp.107-8.13. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.49.

Notes and References 189

14. Ibid, pA8.15. ValerieYorke, Domestic Politics and Regional Security (London: Gower

for The International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1988), pp.l3Q-1;see also Richard Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee (New York : Hill& Wang, 1984) pAl.

16. Rafael, Destination Peace, p.362.17. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.47.18. Yair Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon (London: Croom Helm,

1987), p.27.19. Ibid, p.28.20. Dan Horowitz, 'Israel's War in Lebanon: New Patterns of Strategic

Thinking in Civil- Military Relations' , in Moshe Lissak (ed.), IsraeliSociety and its Defense Establishment (London: Frank Cass, 1984), p.88.

21. Ariel Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine (Boulder:Westview Press, 1989), p.28.

22. Safran, Israel: the Embattled Ally, p.l94.23. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993.24. Kimche, The Last Option, p.128.25. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.47.26. Salibi, Crossroads to Civil War, p.1l8.27. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993.28. Kimche, The Last Option, p.l30 .29. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.365.30. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era) ,

p.80.31. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993.32. In addition to Dany Chamoun, an unmentioned Kataib official had

contacted the Israeli embassy in Cyprus and confirmed Israel's will­ingness to help. Joseph Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinah fi al-Harb(The Story of the Maronites in the War) (Beirut: Sharikat al-Matbu'atli al-Tausi'ah wa al-Nashr, 1990), p.4S.

33. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l2.34. Interview with Antoine Bassil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.35. Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinahfi al-Harb (The Story ofthe Maronites

in the War), p.51.36. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut,4 July 1995.37. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.1l.38. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.39. Interview with Shlomo Gazit, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993.40. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era) , p.82.41. Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinahfi al-Harb (The Story of the Maronites

in the War), pA9 .42. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l1.43. Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinahfi al-Harb (The Story ofthe Maronites

in the War), p.52.44. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.45. Abu Khalil, Qissat al-Mawarinahfi al-Harb (The Story ofthe Maronites

in the War), p.53.46. Ibid, p.54.

190 Notes and References

47. Ibid.48. Ibid, p.55.49. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era),

p.82.50. Interview with Antoine Bassil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.51. Interview with Moshe Zak, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993.52. Cobban, The Making of Modern Lebanon, p.l43 .53. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era),

p.72.54. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995.55. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era),

p.87.56. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.14.57. Ibid.58. Ibid, p.15.59. Ibid, p.16.60. Shimon ShifTer, Kadoor Sheleg: Sodot Milhemet Levanon (Snowball:

Secrets of the Lebanon War) (Tel Aviv: Edaniml Yediot Ahronot,1984), p.22.

61. Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l8.62. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.63. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.22.64. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.64.65. Rafael Eitan with Dov Goldstein, Sipur Shel Hayal (Story ofa Soldier)

(Tel Aviv: Maariv Library, 1985), pp.154-5.66. Reinich, Bashir Gemayel Ve Tkufato (Bashir Gemayel and his Era),

p.201.67. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.70.68. Ibid, p.68.69. Interview with Antoine Bassil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.70. Rabin , The Rabin Memoirs, p.220.71. Ronald Payne, Mossad: Israel's most Secret Service (London: Bantam

Press, 1990), p.109.72. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.73. Interview with Uri Lubrani, Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993.74. Payne, Mossad, p.104.75. Interview with Shlomo Gazit, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993.76. Ibid.77. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993.

6 THE REVIVAL OF THE MINORITY-ALLIANCE

1. Charles Malik, Former Lebanese Foreign Minister, leader in the Leba­nese Forces, as quoted in Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.384.

2. Ian Lustick, 'Israel's Arab Minority and the BeginEra', in Robert Freed­man (ed.), Israel in the Begin Era (New York: Praeger, 1982), p.l26.

Notes and References 191

3. Ehud Sprinzak, The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right (Oxford:Oxford University Press, 1991), p.l6.

4. Yoram Peri, 'Coexistence or Hegemony? Shifts in the Israeli Securityconcept', in Dan Caspi, Abraham Diskin and Emanuel Gutman (eds),The Roots of Begin 's Success: The 1981 Israeli Elections (London:Croom Helm, 1984), p.208.

5. Ibid, p.204.6. Ibid, p.l91.7. Meir Merhav, Jerusalem Post , 23 August 1977.8. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.9. Excerpts from an interview with Chief-of-Staff Eitan on IDF radio, 8

September 1979,as reproduced in Meron Medzini, Israel's Foreign Rela­tions, Documents 1979-1980 (Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs,1984), pp.123-7.

10. Ibid .11. Schiff, A History of the Israeli Army, p.244.12. Interview with Arye Na 'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.13. Ibid.14. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993. Interview

with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993. Interview with RafaelEitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993.

15. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.16. Ibid.17. Schiff, A History of the Israeli Army , p.243.18. Horowitz, 'Israel's War in Lebanon' , in Lissak (ed.), Israeli Society and

its Defense Establishment, p.85.19. Avraham Tamir, A Soldier in Search of Peace (New York: Harper &

Row, 1988), p.l16.20. Seliktar, New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, p.224.21. Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine , p.53.22. Seliktar, New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, p.l95.23. Beate Hamizrahi, The Emergence of the South Lebanon Security Belt

(New York : Praeger Publishers, 1988), pA9.24. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993.25. For a detailed discussion of Canaanite philosophy see Aharon Amir,

Levanon: Eretz, Am, Milchama (Lebanon: Country. People. War) (TelAviv: Hadar, 1979).

26. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.32.27. Ibid, ppAI-7.28. Ibid, p.32.29. Hamizrahi, The Emergence of the South Lebanon Security Belt, p.l53 .30. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.70.31. Hamizrahi, The Emergence of the South Lebanon Security Belt, pAl.32. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.363.33. Naomi Weinberger, Syrian intervention in Lebanon (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1986),p.l8.34. Tamir, A Soldier in Search of Peace, p.1l2.35. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.77.36. Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine , pA9.

192 Notes and References

37. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995.38. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, pp.22-3.39. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.40. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993.41. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993.42. Ibid.43. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.llO.44. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.23.45. Ibid, p.24.46. Interview with Mordechai Gur, Tel Aviv, 8 November 1993.47. Sheikh Najib Alamuddin, Turmoil- The Druzes, Lebanon and the Arab­

Israeli conflict, (London : Quartet Books, 1993), p.183. See also Schiffand Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.24. See also Hanf, Coexistence inWartime Lebanon, p.333.

48. Interview with Antoine Bassil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.49. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.25.50. Ibid, p.26.51. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.240.52. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.1l5.53. Statement in Knesset by Prime Minister Begin at the opening of the

summer session, 7 May 1979,as reproduced in Meron Medzini, Israel'sForeign Relations, Selected Documents, 1979-1980 , pp.l6-19.

54. Prime Minister Begin at Herut Convention, 3 June 1979, as reproducedin Meron Medzini, Israel's Foreign Relations, Selected Documents,1979-1980, pp.45-48.

55. Excerpts from an interview with PM Beginon IDF radio, 20 June 1980,as reproduced in Meron Medzini, Israel's Foreign Relations, SelectedDocuments, 1979-1980, p.287.

56. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.28.57. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.1l4.58. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995.59. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.1l4.60. Ibid, p.l15.61. Hamizrahi, The Emergence of the South Lebanon Security Belt, p.56.62. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, pp.56-8.63. Ibid, p.64.64. Ibid, p.l64.65. Weinberger, Syrian Intervention in Lebanon, p.275.66. Avner Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security: Politics, Strategy and the Israeli

Experience in Lebanon (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987),p.78.67. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.87.68. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.69. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995.

7 THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ALLIANCE

1. Schiff and Ya'arl, Israel's Lebanon War, p.301.2. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.

Notes and References 193

3. In New Zionism and the Foreign Policy System of Israel, Ofira Seliktarclaims that Prime Minister Begin relied completely on Sharon. HanPeleg, in Begin's Foreign Policy 1977-1983, states that Israel's attackon Lebanon was a deviation from traditional defensivepolicy. Further,Sharon was relieved of his position as Defence Minister following theKahan Commission's report, which led many to believe that he hadmade all decisions alone.

4. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.60.5. Ibid.6. Sofer, Begin, p.IOO.7. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.8. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.9. Ibid.

10. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.II. Ibid.12. Ibid.13. Ibid.14. Sofer, Begin, p.202.15. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.16. Ibid.17. Uzi Benziman, Sharon - An Israeli Caesar (London: Robson Books,

1987), p.184.18. Ibid, p.263.19. Ibid, p.199.20. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.21. Ibid.22. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.23. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993.24. Ibid.25. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.368.26. Kimche, The Last Option, p.139.27. Ibid.28. Interview with Prime Minister Begin on Israel radio, 28 April 1981, as

reproduced in Meron Medzini, Israel's ForeignRelations. Selected Docu­ments 1981-1982, Vol. 7 (Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1988).

29. Benziman, Sharon, p.230.30. Interview with Foreign Minister Shamir in Maariv, IS May 1981.31. Tamir, A Soldier in Search for Peace, p.l16 .32. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993.33. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.37.34. Zvi Lanir, Sikunim Be Levanon (Risks in Lebanon) (Tel Aviv: Jaffee

Institute for Strategic Studies, 1982), p.6.35. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993.36. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, pAl.37. Joseph Vashitz, 'Did the Palestinians abet the initiation of the war and

if so, why?', New Out/ook, 26:6, 1983,p.26.38. Interview with Shafic al-Hout as cited in Kirsten E. Schulze, Israeli

Security Policy in South Lebanon: An Analysis of the Forces and

194 Notes and References

Perceptions Shaping the Policy-Making from 1976 to 1985, unpublishedM.Phil thesis, Oxford University, 1992.

39. Golda Meir had denied the existence of the Palestinian people.40. Frederic Hof, Galilee Divided (Boulder: Westview Press 1985), p.97.41. 'La Politique Israelienne au Liban: Demembrement ou Hegemonic?',

France-Pays Arabe, No. 170, 1991, pp.l3:-30.42. Sharon interview in the Times, 5 August 1982.43. Rex Brynen, 'PLO Policy in Lebanon: Legaciesand Lessons', Journal of

Palestine Studies, 18:2, 1989, p.60.44. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.ll0.45. Lanir, Sikunim Be Levanon (Risks in Lebanon), p.6.46. Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee, p.54.47. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.367.48. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.49. Interview with Shlomo Gazit, Tel Aviv, 21 October 1993.50. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993.51. Ibid.52. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.33.53. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.367.54. Sofer, Begin, p.202.55. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.33.56. Ibid, p.49.57. Ibid, p.51.58. Ibid, p.56.59. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l67.60. Interview with Yossi Olmert, Tel Aviv, 9 November 1993.61. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.62. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.42.63. Ibid, p.43.64. Sharon's interview with Oriana Fallaci, The Washington Post, 21

August 1982.65. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.66. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.52.67. Interview with Rafael Eitan, Jerusalem, 9 November 1993.68. Sofer, Begin, p.211.69. Schiff and Ya'ari , Israel's Lebanon War, p.46.70. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l17.71. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.72. Sofer, Begin, p.211.73. Israel Landers, Did we fail by taking a false bet? (Tel Aviv: HaDoar,

1984), p.594.74. Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, p.l51. See also Eban, Personal Witness,

p.604. See also Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l22.75. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.76. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.1l7 .77. Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security , p.1l5 .78. Yorke, Domestic Politics and Regional Security , p.l94.79. Eban, Personal Witness, p. 604.80. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.118.

Notes and References 195

81. David Wunnser, 'Egyptian-Centrism in Israeli Strategic Planning: ThePeace for Galilee Operation', SA IS Review, 4:2, 1984, p.72.

82. Levite, Offense and Defense in Israeli Military Doctrine, p.49.83. Lanir, Sikunim Be Levanon (Risks in Lebanon), p.l.84. Joseph Kraft, 'Milhemet Breira' (War of Choice), Ma'ariv, 20 August

1982.85. Joseph Maila, 'Liban, Syrie, Israel ou le menage a trois', Cahiers de

L'Orient, No. 11, p.39.86. Evron, War and Intervention in Lebanon, p.l17.87. Ibid.88. Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security, p.lOl.89. Gabriel, Operation Peace for Galilee, p.67.90. Ibid.91. Interview with Arye Na'or, Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.92. Ibid.93. Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security, p.l12.94. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.259.95. Benziman, Sharon, p.266.96. Kimche, The Last Option, p.l44.97. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l07.98. Ibid, p.187.99. Benziman, Sharon, pp.250·251.

100. Sofer, Begin, p.209.101. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l96.102. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993.103. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.139.104. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.l99.lOS. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995.106. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.139.107. The Guardian, 3 July 1982.108. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.200.109. Kimche, The Last Option, p.l53 .110. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.231.Ill. Benziman, Sharon, p.251.112. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.231.113. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.I44.114. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.115. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.233.116. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.382.117. Ibid.118. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.234.119. Benziman, Sharon, p.253.120. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.238.121. Voice of Lebanon, 18 June 1982.122. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l60.123. Black and Morris, Israel's Secret Wars, p.383.124. Interview with Uri Lubrani , Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993.125. Ibid.

196 Notes and References

126. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993.Interview withReuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.

127. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993.128. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, pp.258-9.129. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993.130. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, pp.258-9.

8 ILLUSIONS AND DELUSIONS

1. Avi Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics', unpublishedpaper, p.58.

2. Kimche, The Last Option, p.159.3. Black and Morris , Israel's Secret Wars, p.384.4. Peleg, Begin's Foreign Policy, 1977-1983, p.l62.5. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l44.6. Interview with Fuad Abu Nader, Beirut, 28 June 1995.7. Kimche, The Last Option, p.162.8. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon, p.l68.9. Schiff and Ya'ari, Israel's Lebanon War, p.287.

10. Kimche, The Last Option, p.167.11. Rabinovich, The War for Lebanon 1970-1985, p.168.12. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993.13. Ibid.14. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.15. Hof, Galilee Divided, p.lIO.16. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993. Interview

with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.17. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993.18. Interview with Joseph Abu Khalil, Beirut, 4 July 1995.19. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.20. Patrick Seale, Asad ofSyria: The Struggle for the Middle East (London :

LB. Tauris, 1990), p.407.21. Ibid.22. Jawad al-Bashiti, 'Hisam Amn min Nau Jedid' (A New Type of Security

Belt), Filastin al-Thawrah, January 1985,pp.36-37.23. Yaniv, Dilemmas of Security, p.l78 .24. Ibid.25. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.26. Ibid.27. Ibid.28. Interview with David Kimche, Jerusalem, 7 November 1993.29. Interview with Reuven Merhav, Jerusalem, 4 November 1993.30. Hanf, Coexistence in Wartime Lebanon, p.297.31. Sofer, Begin, p.212.32. Yaacov Shavit, From Hebrew to Canaanite (Jerusalem: Domino, 1984),

pp.52-3 . See also Sharett, Personal Diary, Vol II, p.377.33. Peleg, Begin 's Foreign Policy, 1977-1983, p.l71.

Notes and References

34. Interview with Uri Lubrani, Tel Aviv, 10 November 1993.

9 PERCEPTIONS: THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING THEALLIANCE

197

1. Letter From Lebanon, issue I, July 1984.2. Letter From Lebanon, issue 2, 15 July 1984.3. Ibid.4. Walid Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism: The Rise and Fall of an

Ethnic Resistance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1994), p.31.5. Letter From Lebanon, issue 6, 15 September 1984.6. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.39.7. Letter From Lebanon, issue 13, 1 January 1985.8. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.49.9. Ibid, p.51.

10. Letter From Lebanon, issue 12, 15 December, 1984.11. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.19.12. Sami Fares, 'Point de Vue d'un Francophile Libanais', La Culture

Francaise (Fall 1972), p.16.13. Salim Abou, Le Bilinguisme Arabe Francaise en Liban (Paris: Edition

Laffout, 1962), p.l62.14. Kamal Salibi, 'Lebanon under Fuad Shehab', Middle Eastern Studies,

Vol. 2 (1966), pp.211-26.15. Georges Haroun, Youssef Al-Sawda: Alam Al-Qawmiya Al-Lubnaniya

(Youssef Al-Sawda: A Leading Lebanese Nationalist) (Kaslik: Univer­sity of Kaslik, 1979).

16. David McDowall, Lebanon: A Conflict ofMinorities (London: MinorityRights Group, 1982), Report No. 61, pp. 10-11.

17. Tarikh Hizb al-Kataib (The History of the Kataib Party) (Beirut: Daral-Amal, 1982).

18. Bassem al-Jisr, Mithaq 1943 (The Pact of 1943) (Beirut: AI- Nahar,1978).

19. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.136.20. L'Orient Le Jour, 9 July 1980.21. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.I54.22. Al-Nahar, 22 November 1974.23. Mansurat Hurrass Al-Arz (Publications of the Guardians of the Cedars)

(Beirut: Guardians of the Cedars 1977).24. Phares, Lebanese Christian Nationalism, p.155.25. Ibid, p.l93.26. Ibid.27. Minutes of Council Command Meetings (Beirut: Lebanese Forces, 1986/

87).28. Letter From Lebanon, issue 2, 15 July 1984.29. Letter From Lebanon, issue 3, 1 August 1984.30. Letter From Lebanon, issue 5, 1 September 1984.31. Ibid.

198 Notes and References

32. Letter From Lebanon, I October 1984.33. Letter From Lebanon, issue 6, 15 September 1984.34. Letter From Lebanon, issue I , July 1984.35. Letter From Lebanon, issue 3, I August 1984.36. Ibid.37. Letter From Lebanon, issue 1, July 1984.38. Letter From Lebanon, issue 4, 15 August 1984.39. Ibid.

CONCLUSION: SIX DECADES OF ISRAELI-MARONITERELATIONS

1. Yaacov Herzog, A Nation that Dwells Alone ( London: Weidenfe1d &Nicolson, 1975), p.73.

2. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics', unpublishedpaper, p.2.

3. Ibid, p.57.4. Ibid, p.13.5. Interview with Yossi Alpher, Tel Aviv, 19 October 1993.6. Interview with a source in the Foreign Ministry, Jerusalem, 28 October

1993.7. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervent ion in Internal Arab Politics', unpublished

paper , p.ll.8. Interview with Arye Na 'or , Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.9. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics,' unpublished

paper , p.57.10. Rubinstein , 'Zionist Attitudes in the Arab-Jewish Dispute to 1936',

pp.13O-1.11. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics,' unpublished

paper, p.57.12. Sharett, Yoman Ishi (Personal Diary), Vol. IV, p.996.13. Shlaim, 'Israeli Intervention in Internal Arab Politics,' unpublished

paper, p.56.14. Interview with Arye Na 'or , Jerusalem, 3 November 1993.

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LIST OF PERSONS INTERVIEWED

Interviewee Principal posts

Joseph Abu Khalil editor of Kataib newspaperAl-Amal, made first Kataibcontacts with Israel in 1976

Fuad Abu Nader in charge of militaryoperations of the LebaneseForces under BashirGemayel; Commander ofLebanese Forces in 1984

Yossi Alpher Mossad Officer, (l960s­1970s); Jaffee Center forStrategic Studies

Rafael Eitan Commander of the NorthernCommand (1974-7); Chief­of-Staff (1977-82)

Shlomo Gazit Head of Military Intelligence(1974-9); Senior ResearchAssociate, Jaffee Center forStrategic Studies (1988­present)

Mordechai Gur Commander of the NorthernCommand (1970-2); Chief­of-Staff (1974-7)

David Kimche Mossad Officer, (late 1950s­1982); Director General,Foreign Ministry (1980-7);Chief Negotiator, May 17thAgreement (1983)

Date

4 July 1995

28 June 1995

19 Oct. 1993

9 Nov. 1993

21 Oct. 1993

8 Nov. 1993

7 Nov. 1993

Uri Lubrani

Reuven Merhav

Arye Na'orYossi 01mert

Yaacov Shimoni

Moshe Zak

Eyal Zisser

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Lebanon Coordinator,Ministry of Defense (1983­present)Mossad Officer (early 1960s-­to 1983) 'Ambassador' toLebanon (1983-4)Cabinet Secretary (1977-82)Lebanon Desk, DayanCenter (1980s)Deputy Head, Middle EastDepartment, ForeignMinistry (1947-9); AssistantDirector, Foreign Ministry(1968-76)Journalist, Maariv (1939­present)Lebanon Desk Dayan Center(1992-present)

201

10 Nov . 1993

4 Nov. 1993

3 Nov. 19939 Nov. 1993

27 Oct. 1993

21 Oct. 1993

9 Nov . 1993

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Index

Abu Khalil, Joseph 87, 88Agudat Israel 97Ahdab , Khayr ad-Din -al 20Ain al-Rummana 81Anon, Yigal 99Amal al- 36, 87, 107American University of Beirut 17,

18American Zionist Emergency

Council 32, 34, 172Amir, Aharon 100Anglo-American Commission 24,

171Arab nationalism see pan-ArabismArab revolt 17Arabism see pan-ArabismArafat, Vasser 107, 119, 121, 122Arazi, Tuvia 21,30, 31, 36, 38Arida, Antoine 19,20,21,22,31Arlossoroff, Chaim 17, 18Armistice (1949) 4, 27, 141Asad, Hafiz al- 74,83, 141, 142Association of anti-Zionist Lebanese

Parties 20Attieh , Tewfic 21Awad, Joseph 32, 36, 37Awad, Tewfic 22, 32

Ba'abda 130Baghdad Pact 45, 50, 56, 57,

59,60,62Beirut raid 71Begin, Menachem 93,95,96,97,

102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 112, 113,114, 115, 116, 120, 124, 132, 133,147, 148, 167, 168, 170,172

Beqaa Valley 83, 124, 127, 130Ben Avi, Itamar 17Ben Eliezer, Benjamin 88Ben Gurion, David 7,8,22, 23, 24,

27, 28, 29, 30, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43,45,46,47,49, 55, 59, 61, 65, 80,84, 93, 95, 148, 159, 162, 163,164,165 ,167,168,169,172

Ben Gurion ism 40Ben Horin , Eliahu 32Black September 75, 79Boustani, Ephrem 106Bunche, Ralph 27

Cairo Agreement 72, 73Camp David Agreement 93, 112,

120, 148, 166Canaanite Movement 100, 166Chamoun, Camille 9,50,51 ,52,53,

54, 57, 60, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 78,87, 89, 97, 105, 170

Chamoun, Dany 87,89, 108Chamoun, Dori 89Chehab, Amir Khalid 20Chehab,Fuad 51,52,53,54,65,66,

67,68, 170Christian

Lebanesesee Maronites(nationalism)revolt 31,32, 33,41 ,49, 159state 37,39,42,43,48,64,65, 79,

83,84, 100, 106, 132, 147, 148,150,152,153,163,164,167,169,172

Communism 59Cooperation Pact (1920) 15Conn, Charles 18Czech Arms Deal 46, 47

Damour 100Dayan, Moshe 39,40,42,76,

97,99, 112, 113, 159, 165,167

Democratic Movement forChange 97

Deuxieme Bureau 55, 153Drori, Amir 126Dori, Yaacov 28Druze 6, 12, 82, 131 , 133,

137, 138, 143, 144, 151,155, 156

Dulles, John Foster 59, 61

207

208 Index

Eban, Abba 52, 61, 63, 70Edde, Emile 19, 20, 23, 24, 30, 31,

34, 170Edde, Pierre 20, 38Eisenhower, Dwight 59, 61Eisenhower Doctrine 9,45, 51, 52,

54, 57, 59, 60Eitan, Rafael 93, 95, 96, 110, 113,

114, 116, 120, 124, 126, 138, 163,168, 172

Egyptaccomodation with Israel 86, 93,

113, 120, 128, 129, 137, 148, 166free officers' coup 45interference with Israeli

shipping 46nationalization of Suez Canal

47defense pact with Syria 56interference in Lebanon 63

Elath, Eliahu 17, 18, 19, 23Elazar, David 76Epstein, Eliahu see Elath, EliahuEshkol, Levy 70Ethiopia 55, 56, 161Evron, Ephraim 35Eytan, Walter 29

Fadel, Georges Abi 69Farah, Naoum 153, 155Fares, Sami 153Fatah 102Fattal, Antoine 141France

presence in Lebanon 13mandate 14, 170negotiations with Lebanon 20Suez involvement 47,48,50

Franjieh, Suleiman 73, 74, 77, 78,89, 170

Franjieh, Tony 89Frem, Fadi 154, 155Friends of Lebanon 34

Gaza raid 56Gaza Strip 85, 123, 127, 128, 129,

161, 164Gemayel, Amin 89,90, 138, 139,

142, 144, 170

Gemayel, Bashir 88,89,90,97, 102,104, 105, 106, 107, 111, 113, 117,124, 126, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134,137, 138, 139, 142, 144, 149, 152,155,159,170, 171

Gemayel, Pierre 21,32,36,62,81,87,89, 153

Geva, Eli 133Ghanim, Iskander 77Golan Heights 128Good Fence policy 85,96, 100, 165Gorayeb, Elias Maria 69Grand Liban 11, 134, 152Greater Israel 122Greek Orthodox 12Greek Catholic 75, 100Guardians of the Cedars 90, 153Gur, Mordechai 75, 99, 105

Habib, Philip 119, 120, 121, 140Haddad,Saad 75,99 ,100,102,103,

104, 10~ 116, 133, 141 , 165Haganah 21, 31Haig, Alexander IIIHamada , Ali 28Hankin , Yehoshua 15, 16Harb, Emile Khoury 63Harkabi, Yehoshafat 60Hashim, Najib 15Helou, Charles 70Herzog, Chaim 77Herut 94Hobeika, Elie 144Hofi, Yitzhak 124Holocaust 115Hout, Shafic al- 121Hussein, King 61,64,87,88,92Husseini, Hajj Amin al- 20

Invasion of Lebanon 1982 seeOperation Peace for Galilee

Iraqinvasion plans for Syria 39,45,

46treaty with Turkey 571958crisis 59,60, 173arms to Lebanon 64

Iran 6, 55, 56, 57, 108, 161Iran-Iraq War 116, 129

Index 209

Irgun 95, 115Israel

admission to UN 36establishment 26, 162, 167, 172financial assistance to the

Kataib 33, 34, 35, 42, 44, 62,156

foreign policy 22, 30, 39, 43, 56,57, 58, 112, 118, 135, 145, 161,162,163,168,169, 172

hegemony 2,4,45,47,49,95,98,99, Ill , 112, 156, 164, 168,174

intervention (1958) 60, 61, 64interventionism 2, 3, 7, 11, 30,

39, 99, 113, 117, 118, 137, 139,144, 145, 158, 159, 167, 168, 169,174

isolation 6, 37, 146, 154, 158,160, 167

Lebanon policy 23, 43, 48, 58,94,97, Ill , 158, 164, 169

misconceptions 43, 134, 149, 160,165, 166, 170, 171

mission in Dbaye 142, 143, 155moral responsibility for

Maronites 58,93,97, 105, 106,107, 108, 112, 114, 116, 117, 147

negotiat ions with Egypt (1949) 27negotiations with Lebanon 139,

140, 141, 148negotiations with Syria 108, 109relations with US 59, 86, 141,

142, 173security policy 40,43, 70, 71, 81,

84,85,94,95,111,116,123,128,145, 162

settlement policy 94war of independence 42

Israeli airforce 93, 98, 106, 112,117, 122

Israel Defense Forcesdeterrence 86, 98, 104, 109evacuation 138, 140, 142intelligence 56, 92, 106, 107, 108,

114, 124, 127, 131, 138reprisal policy 70, 74, 77, 85, 96,

110pre-emptive strikes 99, 110, 129training of SLA 100

training of Maronites 106, 165in Beirut 130, 137

Jabotinsky, Eli 115Jacobson, Victor 17, 18Jewish Agency

arab affairs division 21, 160, 167executive 17, 160, 162political department 16, 17, 160

Jewish emigration to Lebanon 24Jews 88Jordan 26,27,59,60,122,128,129,

148, 164, 166, 167, 173arms to Lebanon 64clash with Palestinians 73

Jounieh 130, 131Judea 123Junblatt, Kamal 55

Kalvarisky, Chaim Margolis 17Karami, Rashid 15,54,68, 72Kaslik 106, 152Kataib 8, 20, 31, 32, 54, 55, 104,

124, 127, 132, 139, 142, 144,149,152,153,154,164,165,171 ,172

bombing of headquarters 137clashes with Palestinians 78, 81clash with Druze 133clash with Syria 117Israeli arms 62, 66, 82, 85, 86, 87,

88, 90, 105, 126, 156, 159, 173link up 114, 130, 131militia 62, 105mission in Jerusalem 143, 155

Khaddam, Abdel Halim 141Khoury, Bishara al- 15, 20, 32Khureysh, Bulus 91Kimche, David 140Kiryat Shmonah 71, 76, 119, 120,

123, 140Kissinger, Henry 108, 109Kurds 6,41 , 56

La'am 94Labour party 140Lahoud, Fuad 48, 49Lapid, Pinhas 69League of Nations 17

210 Index

Lebanese armylack of involvement (1958) 54,

62,68clashes with Palestinians 70, 72,

77cooperation with PASC 73

Lebanese Forces 97, 106, 107, 122,126, 131, 137, 138, 143, 149, 153,154

Lebanese Front 108, 117, 144Lebanese National Front 153Lebanese Overseas Foundation 63Lebanon

Arab identity 54, 65, 821932 census 12constitution 12, 51, 1701958 civil war 9, 46, 53, 57, 59,

61, 62, 65, 68, 84, 159, 160, 163,166, 170, 173

1975 civil war 9, 81, 83, 85, 151,159, 166, 170

elections (1943) 152elections (1951) 34, 35, 65elections (1957) 50, 51elections (1972) 74elections (1977) 105elections (1982) 132independence 12national reconciliation 144refugees 100small Lebanon 108, 149, 150,

152,153,171Likud 93, 94, 95, 99, 102, 104, 109,

Ill, 122, 124, 140, 157Litani River 24, 77, 84, 103, 104,

109

Makleff, Mordechai 28, 29Malik, Charles 36,51,52,63,64,69Marmer, David 63Maronites

clergy 14,33,91, 149, 151 , 152,171

community 5, 13,43, 87,92,97,134, 139, 144, 149, 171

hegemony 9, 51, 79, 82, 133,134, 135, 149, 153, 154,156, 15~ 159, 160, 161,

173

nationalism 13, 14, 18, 90, 149,150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 166, 171

intelligence to Israel 67in Brazil 69reliability 134state see Christian state

Maronitism see Maronitenationalism

May 17 Agreement 139, 140, 142,143, 144, 155, 159

Mediterranean pact 36Melkart Agreement 77, 78Meouche, Boulus 63Merhav, Reuven 141, 143Middle East Defense

Organization 59Militias 73, 83, 88, 138, 165,

167Minority-alliance concept 4, 5, 6,

11, 15,24,41 ,42,45,51 ,55,56,65,68, 75, 79, 81, 88, 131, 135,137,139,140,144, 146, 151 , 155,156,158,160,161,162,171,172,173

Mixed Armistice Commission 30,65,76

Miyeh-Miyeh camp 133Mossad 56, 88, 89, 91, 104, 107,

115, 124, 135, 136, 163, 172Mount Lebanon 12, 86Movement for Greater Israel 94Mu'azzin, Yusuf 15Mubarak, Ignace 18, 20, 23, 30, 33,

34, 43, 63, 149, 152Multi-National Force 138Muslim

aspirations 73grievances 68

Nahariya 132Naqash, Alfred 18Nasser, Gamal Abdn al- 45,46,47,

48,56,57, 58, 59, 63, 68, 72,161

Nasserists 52, 56, 64, 69Nat ional Liberals 89,90, 153National Pact 12, 89, 108, 152NATO 45,60Neeman, Yuval 49

Index 211

Neeman , Zvi 64Ne'or, Arye 115

Occupied Territories 102, 122, 127,128, 164

Operation Cooperative 102Operation Litani 93, 96, 97, 102,

103, 104, 105, 1I2, 1I9, 120, 159Operation Peace for Galilee 5, 99,

112, 1I3, 114, 1I8, 119, 121 , 122,123, 124, 126, 127, 144, 148, 150,154, 158, 159, 161, 164, 168, 172,173

Pakradouni, Karim 90, 144Palestine Liberation

Organization 72,81 ,92,98,101, 102, 103, 109, 114, 115, 117,119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 126, 128,129, 130, 131, 137, 138, 142, 148

Palestiniancease-fire (1981) 118, 119, 120,

121, 123commandos 68, 70, 72, 76expulsion from Jordan 74, 79, 85,

92expulsion from Lebanon 135,

137militarization 70, 110nationalism 129presence in Lebanon 67, 72, 75,

109, Ill , 1I3, 127, 161, 165refugees 38, 48, 74, 82, 132, 133,

134state within a state 74, 75, 111,

119, 122, 127, 161support from Lebanese 76, 82

Palestinian Armed StruggleCommand 72, 73

Palmon, Yehoshua 38, 62Pan-Arabism 22,43,56, 57, 58, 67,

79, 150, 151, 152, 153, 161, 166,173

Peel Commission 20Perach, Emile 88Peres, Shimon 88, 108Periphery thinking 9, 45, 55, 56,

58, 59, 62, 79, 115, 135, 145,161

Phalanges Libanaises see KataibPhoenicianism see Maronite

nationalismPhoenician-Hebrew ties 16, 17,63,

100, 158, 166Popular Front for the Liberation of

Palestine 71Proxy war 84, 96, 103, 104, 112,

127, 165

Qassis, Sharbal 91

Rababi, Elias 31, 34, 35, 38,62,69

Rabin, Yitzhak 7,84,86,89,91,92,93,95,97, 101, 104, 105, 108,116, 165, 171

Radwan, George 91Rafael , Gideon 32, 35Red Lines 86, 104, 109, 110, 120Roger, William 76Rosenne, Shabtai 28Ruffer , Gideon see Rafael , Gideon

Sabagh, Yusuf 30Sabra camp 137, 138, 140, 144Sadat, Anwar 133Saguy, Yehoshua 120, 138Saiqa as- 84Salaam 77Salamie, Nicolas 36Salem, Tewfic 28Sam'an, Tefic 33Samaria 123Saqr, Etienne 90, 91Sarkis, Elias 105, 132Sasson, Eliahu 17,22,29,30,31,

62Sasson, Moshe 64Schwarz, Shulamith 34Sfeir, Najib 15, 16, 18Shamir, Itzhak 95, 113, 118, 138,

168Shatilla camp 138, 140, 144Sharett, Moshe 7, 16, 18,20,29,34,

35, 37, 38, 39, 43, 47, 93, 163,168, 169, 171

Sharettism 40

212 Index

Sharon, Ariel 95,96,97,98, 113,114, 115, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124,126, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132,134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 147, 157,160,163,164,165,167,168,171,172

Shehade, Antun 15Shertok, Moshe see Sharett, MosheShi'a 74, 78, 82, 101, 104, 131,

133, 137, 139, 143, 145, 147, 155,156

Shiloah, Reuven 17, 31Shimoni, Yaacov 22,43Shouf 133Shultz, George 141Sidon 21,81Sinai Campaign 47,49,56,65,66,

95, 115, 159, 163Sinai II Agreement 86Six Day War 67,68,70,72,79, 159,

163Socio-economic problems 78South Lebanese Anny 100, 101,

102, 103, 104, 109, 112, 118, 141,165

South Lebanon 12,64,69, 118, 127,165

security zone 99, 103, 105, 121,133, 140, 159

infiltration into Israel 71Israeli shelling 71, 85Israeli raids 73, 75PLO operations 100, 104war of attrition 118, 119, 120

Soviet Unionaggression 59withdrawal of recognition from

Israel 57Stern Gang 95Sulh, Rashid as- 99Sulh, Riad as- 16, 17, 32Sulh, Sami as- 51Suez crisis 46, 47Sulim, Mohsin 78Sunnis 12,82, 137, 138, 139, 170Syria

clashes with Israel 135deterrence dialogue 84, 98, 104,

109, 127

funding of Lebanese rebels 51hegemony 139intervention in elections

(1972) 74intervention in Lebanon

(1957-58) 52, 53intervention (1976) 83missiles 118, 124, 126negotiations with Israel 108,

123presence in Lebanon 104, 105,

109, 110, 127, 128, 148strategic depth 84territorial claims 83veto power 74withdrawal 140, 141

Tadmor, Gideon 35Taibe 101Territorial maximalism 94, 111Tigers 108Treaty of Friendship (1936) 19Tripoli 12, 131, 133Turkey 6,45, 55, 56, 57, 108, 161

arms to Lebanon 64Tyre 21, 103

United Arab Republiccomplaint to UNSC 61disintegration 79formation 45involvement in Lebanon 53, 57,

62,64relations with Chehab 68threat to Lebanon 69, 161, 173

United Kingdom, Suezinvolvement 47, 48, 50

United Nationspartition resolution 26resolution (425) 103, 120Interim Forces in Lebanon 103,

104

United StatesCold War policies 8, 58, 61, 120,

173Lebanon policy 60Marines (1958) 54,60,61 ,66,68,

141, 173

Index 213

mediation 108, 110, 117, 118,119,120,123,139,140,143,172

regional defense pact 36, 38

Vigier, Henri 27,28

War of Choice 47, 95, 129Weizmann-Faisal Agreement 14Weizmann, Chaim 17, 19,20, 30Weizmann, Ezer 97, 112, 113West Bank 94, 115, 127, 128, 129,

161, 164

Ya'ari, Shmuel 34Yadin, Yigal 29, 113Yafi, Abdullah al- 50,51,52,71 , 72Yazbek, Pierre 143Yishuv 14, 17,94, 147, 148, 149,

152, 154, 158, 160, 161, 162, 165,166, 167, 169, 171

agreement with MaroniteChurch 22,25, 158, 171

commercial ties withLebanon 24, 158

relations with Maronites 17, 18,158

military union withMaronites 19, 158

Yom Kippur War 78, 127, 163Young Phoenicians 17, 18,24

Zahle 98,117,118,119,124,126,132

Za'im 74, 138, 170Zak, Moshe 27Zaslani, Reuven see Shiloah,

ReuvenZghorta 74Zippori, Mordechai 124, 126