Notes 12/02

Class 12: Whither Geography?(The End of the Nation State?)

GEO105: World Regional Geography

Michael T. WheelerSyracuse University, Geography

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World War II LossesLecture slide 02

• World-wide losses, 61m people!– Soviet Union, 25m– China, 11m– Jews, 6m– More civilians than soldiers

• Destruction of property and structures– Most of coastal China, Russia, Japan destroyed– Germany leveled– The rest of Europe, mixed

• France, mostly escaped. Belgium destroyed.

• United States– Relatively no damage– 400,000 soldiers (few civilians)– ¾ of world’s gold supply– ½ of world’s manufacturing capacity

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• Economy– Post-War European Collapse

• War aims – fight tyranny and oppression• Leaders

– Mohandas Gandhi (India)– Ho Chi Minh (Vietnam)– Kwame Nkrumah (Ghana)– Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya)

• Great Britain– Labor government– Left India (rather quickly) in 1947– Tried to prepare Ghana (1957) and Nigeria (1960) for independence

• Others– Dutch forced out of SE Asia (Indonesia) in 1949– Belgium forced out of Congo (1960)– France forced out of Vietnam (1954) and Algeria (1962)

Collapse of EmpiresLecture slide 03

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Collapse of EmpiresLecture slide 04

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Continuing Nationalist / Ethnic Conflicts

Lecture slide 05

2.22 Nationalist conflict around the globe (p. 56)

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Cold War Exacerbated TensionsLecture slide 06

6.22 Conflict and intervention in Africa (p. 258)

[Unfinished map?]

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Cold WarLecture slide 07

• 1st World– United States and Canada (NATO)– Western Europe– Japan, Taiwan, Philippines– Israel

• 2nd World– Soviet Union– Eastern Europe– China, [Yugoslavia?, Albania?]– Arab Middle East

• 3rd World– Most of Africa, India, Southeast Asia, (South America?)

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Non-Aligned MovementLecture slide 08

• Five Pillars1. Respect for territorial integrity2. Mutual non-aggression3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs 4. Equality and mutual benefit5. Peaceful co-existence

• Leaders, 1950s-60s– Jawaharlal Nehru (India)– Gamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt)– Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia)– Sukarno (Indonesia)

• Today’s Non-Aligned Movement– 116 nations, mostly developing nations

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‘Stages’ of DevelopmentLecture slide 09

2.35 [Rostow’s] Stages of economic development (p. 70)

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Asian Economic ModelLecture slide 10

• Countries1. Japan2. Four Tigers

– South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore

3. Southeast Asia– Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia

4. China (since 1979)5. India

– Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Outsourcing, much-lower tariffs

• Policies– Openness to foreign capital– Export-driven growth (serve western consumers)– Liberal trade regimes (low tariffs)

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World Economy, 1998

World GDP Comparisons(1998 GDP)

United States

Japan

Germany

France

Great Britain

Italy

Canada

Russia

China

Country 1998 GDP

($ trn)

United States 8.23

Japan 3.78

Germany 2.13

France 1.42

Great Britain 1.36

Italy 1.17

Canada .58

Russia .28

China .96

Total 19.91

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Future Economic GrowthLecture slide 12

1st Edition: 13.8 Forecasts of regional economic growth through 2010

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Debt Crisis (Crises?)

Lecture slide 13

13.10 The debt crisis (p. 588)

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Spaces of Trade?• Global or regional trade

– General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT)

Year Place Countries

1947 Geneva 23

1949 Annecy 13

1951 Torquay 38

1956 Geneva 26

1960-1 Geneva

Dillon Round

26

1964-7 Geneva

Kennedy Round

62

1973-9 Geneva

Tokyo Round

102

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Uruguay Round and the WTO• Uruguay Round

– 1986-94, 123 countries– Tariffs– Non-tariff concerns

• Services, Intellectual Property, Textiles, Agriculture– Creation of the World Trade Organization (WTO)

• 1999: China enters WTO

• United States Economy, 1992– $500 billion from NAFTA and especially the Uruguay

Round• Doha Round, 2001-present

– So far, failed on account of agriculture– Developed countries heavily protect their farmers

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Regional Trade AssociationsLecture slide 16

2.39 Transnational economic integration, 1945-present (p. 75)

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BreakLecture slide 17

1.16 World population density (p. 21)

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Is the World becoming Increasing ‘Global’Lecture slide 18

• Globalization debates (pp. 584-5)– Hyperglobalists

• The end of the nation state, and the denationalization of economies

• Governments become meaningless – facilitate trade– Skeptics

• Contemporary level of integration is nothing new• 19th Century was more integrated

– Transformationalists• Global forces change the local• We don’t know how things will turn out

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Hyperglobalists:

The ‘Shrinking World’

Lecture slide 19

2.37 Shrinking world (p. 73)

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Factors of Globalization (pp. 71-2)

Lecture slide 20

1. New International Division of Labor– Comparative advantage leads countries to specialize in

their most productive sector – more efficient global economy

2. Internationalization of Finance– World-wide securities trading

3. New Technology System – Air travel, telecommunications, Internet

4. Homogenization of international consumer markets– U.S.: Coca Cola, McDonalds, Nike, Hollywood– Europe: Mercedes Benz, Nestlé, Fendi – Japan: Sony, Panasonic, Toyota, Nissan, Honda

5. Proliferation of the transnational corporation– Oil, automobiles, McDonalds

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Global Financial TradingLecture slide 21

2.36 24 hour trading, major financial markets (p. 72)

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Skeptics:

More Integration in the 19th Century

Lecture slide 22

13.6: International capital flows among the core economies, 1870-1995 (p. 586)

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Transformationalists:

Economic Inequality (within country)

Lecture slide 23

13.8: Inequality in the world-system (p. 587)

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‘Sustainable Development’ (pp. 595-598)

Lecture slide 24

• Question: Can the whole world enjoy the standards of living of the developed countries?

– Resource limitations• Primarily oil and water

– Over-population?– Environmental pollution

• Deforestation of the rain forests – loss of biodiversity• Pollution of air, water, soil• Food production?• Ozone depletion• Acid rain

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Trends in Energy ConsumptionLecture slide 25

13.18 Trends in energy consumption (p. 595)

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Population TrendsLecture slide 26

13.3 Population geography of the future (p. 582)

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Global WarmingLecture slide 27

2.13 Detected changes in climate (p. 46)

• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)– http://www.ipcc.ch/

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Climate Change CausesLecture slide 28

2.12 Major causes of climate changes (p. 46)

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Earth Surface TemperaturesLecture slide 29

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Global Annual TemperaturesLecture slide 30

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Sea Level RiseLecture slide 31

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Extreme Weather CostsLecture slide 32

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Review• Global economic system

– 1492-1800: Mercantile colonialism– 1860-1914: Industrial Imperialism– 1945-present: Nation States

• 191 members of the United Nations (U.N.)• The Triumph of the Nation State?

• The problems of the developing world– Huge populations, only going to get much, much larger– Economic development– Security, stable governments, access to water, AIDS

• Lessening of sovereignty– Global trade

• Do national boundaries still matter?– Security threats

• In the wake of 9/11, can countries (e.g. U.S.) preemptively invade other sovereign states?

– Pollution• Air, water, and ozone all cross national boundaries – they require international

solutions

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Next Week

• Student Presentations

• Review for the Final

• Course Evaluations

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