Norwegian Veterinary Institute and serology based

surveillance programs

1st Nordic Veterinary Serology Meeting May 5th-6th

Siv Klevar, DVM, PhD Section for Immunology

History Established in 1891 by Ole Olsen Malm (veterinarian

and medical doctor ) Main production: tuberculin and serum production 1914 : Moved to Ullevålsveien 68

Veterinær- Instituttet at Adamstua 1924 Ole Olsen Malm

The Norwegian Veterinary Institute is a research institute in the areas of animal health, fish health and food safety, whose primary function is supply of research support to the authorities.

Preparedness, diagnostics, surveillance and monitoring, reference and scientific advisory functions and risk assessment are the most important areas.

The Norwegian Veterinary Institute

Tromsø

Harstad

Trondheim

Oslo

Sandnes

Bergen

The disease situation is favourable in Norway

Located at “the cold top” of Europe surrounded by the sea

Small livestock units and a small livestock population spread over a large geographical area

Limited import of livestock from countries with a less favourable disease situation

A well-organized and -developed livestock industry and Veterinary Services

The Nordic countries have prevented contagious diseases systematically for more than 100 years

The first Norwegian Surveillance programs • Mycobacterium bovis : Started eradication in 1895

• Importance of test sensitivity and specificity • 1895: 26% of examined herds were infected and 7% in 1920 • 1932: Very few cases • Documented freedom in 1963 (Sweden 1958)

Eradication of bovine brucellosis

Brucellose : Brucella abortus (Bangs bacille)

1920-30: Examined more than 60 000 cases, blood agglutination test and cultivation (free of charge)

1952: First country that documented freedom Halfdan Holth 1933

The Norwegian surveillance and control programmes

Surveillance on different diseases based on

diagnostic material from veterinarians in the field In 1994 the European Economic Area Agreement

with the EU Systematic surveillance of animal diseases

Three categories for the surveillance and control -programmes

Programmes implementing EEA-directives and regulations (Brucellosis, tuberculosis, EBL)

Programmes related to additional guarantees within the EEA region (IBR/IPV, AD and Salmonella)

Other national surveillance and control programmes (BVD, swineflu, maedi)

Surveillance and control programs

The Food Safety Authority is responsible for the programs

Sampling is performed by or under the supervision of official inspectors in the Norwegian Food Safety Authority and submitted to NVI

The programs are planned and coordinated by the Norwegian Veterinary Institute (scientific quality) ● Epidemiological design ● Testing and analysing (approved methods) ● Interpreting and presenting the results

Ongoing surveillance programmes for terrestrial animals 2014

Animal Programmes implementing EEA-directives and regulations

Programmes related to additional guarantees within the EEA region

Other national surveillance and control programmes

Cattle

Enzootisk bovin leukose (1994) Brucella abortus (2000) Blutongue (2008) Bovine tuberculosis (2000) BSE (1998)

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis /Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis (1992)

Paratuberculosis (1996) Bovine virus diarrhea(1992)

Swine Aujeszkys disease (1994) Salmonellosis (1995)

Transmissible gasteroenteritt (1995) PRRS (1995) Swine influenza (1997)

Small ruminants Scrapie (1997) Brucella melitensis (2004) Blutongue (2008)

Maedi(1997) Paratuberculosis(2001)

Poultry Newcastle disease Mycoplasma Salmonellosis

Salmonellosis (1995-96)

infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) (1997) avian rhinotracheitis (ART) (turkey). Campylobacter (2001) Avian influenza(2005)

Wild birds Avian influenza(2005)

Deer Tuberculose (2000) Chronic wasting disease (2005)

Camelider Paratuberculose (2000)

Cattle:

Disease Agent Method Company Percentage of herds

No. of sampled herds / animals

No. of inconclusive herds /animals

No. of positive animals

Enzootisk bovin leukose EBL ELISA Svanova 16% of dairy

23% beef 1489 herds 935 herds 0 0

Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis

IBR/IPV ELISA Svanova 16% of dairy 23% beef

1489 herds 935 herds 0 0

Bovine virus diarrhea BVDV ELISA Svanova 16% of dairy

23% beef 1489 herds 935 herds

11 weak positive bulk milk 1 pooled serum positive

0

Bluetongue BTV ELISA IDvet 518 dairy herds 0 0

Brucellosis (2013) Brucella abortus ELISA Svanova In case of abortions

44 foetus 152 animals 1 0

Schmallenberg (2013) SBV ELISA IDvet 2,391 dairy herds 0 413

photo: Hanne Mari Jordsmyr

Total no. of dairy herds: 9 103 Total no. of beef herds: 4 132 Total :13 235 Total no. of animals ≈ 830 000

Livestock poulation

Small ruminants:

Disease Agent Method Company Percentage of herds

No. of sampled herds / animals

No. of inconclusive herds /animals

No. of positive animals

Maedi Maedi Visna virus ELISA IDEXX 25% of sheep flocks 8 % goat herds

3489 flocks/ 10 044 sheep 2 555 goats

4 0

Brucellosis Brucella melitensis Rose Bengal

25% of sheep flocks 8 % goat herds

3489 flocks/ 10 044 sheep 2 555 goats

0 0

Caprine artheritt Enchalitis CAE ELISA IDEXX 1199 animals

Schmallenberg (2013) SBV ELISA IDvet

17 herds/397 animals

0 1

Total no. of sheep flocks: 14 218 ≈ 1 million animals Total no. of goat herds: 1 490 ≈ 90 000 animals

Livestock poulation

Poultry:

Disease Agent Method Company Farms No. of sampled Flocks

No. of birds

No. of positive animals

Infectious laryngotracheitis ILT virus ELISA Synbiotics Broilers: 64

Layers: 10 Parent Broilers: 86 Parent Layers: 13

Broilers: 2519 Layers: 390

0

Avian influenza AI ELISA IDEXX

Commercial flocks 110

Certified breeder flocks: 125

3097 0

Avian rhinotracheitis ART ELISA Svanova 45 47 1382 0

Newcastle disease APMV1 – 3 HI APHA 60 samples from each parent flock

6287 0

Mycoplasma Mycoplasma gallisepticum / meleagridis

Agglutination/ ELISA SVA/IDEXX Broilers: 64

Layers: 10 Parent Broilers: 86 Parent Layers: 13

Broilers: 2519 Layers: 390

0

Egg laying hen (>20 weeks) ≈2000 flocks ≈4.4 million animals

Flocks >250 birds ≈570 ≈4.1 million animals

Broiler: 55 millions slaughtered

Livestock poulation

Norwegian pig production

Pigs slaughtered: ≈1.6 million

Sows: ≈55.000

Herds: ≈2000

Breeding: ≈1200

Fattening: ≈800

Results 2014

Disease Agent Method Company No. of sampled herds

No. of sampled animals

No. of negative animals

No. of positive animals

Aujeszkys disease/ Pseudorabies

PRV ELISA Svanova 734 5038 5038

0

Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome

PRRSV ELISA IDEXX 734 5038

5038 0

Transmissible gastroenteritis TGEV

ELISA Svanova 734 5038 5038 0 Porcine respiratory corona virus

PRCV

Enzootic pneumonia

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae

ELISA Oxoid ca 350 2708 2708

Swineflu PIV ELISA IDvet 642 4082 2894 1086

Porcine epidemic diarrhea PEDV ELISA Biovet Starting up 2015

Laboratory methods and testing

All tests performed by the Norwegian Veterinary Institute

Collaboration with European Union reference labs ● Ring trials and proficiency tests ● Confirmatory tests

Quality control system in place (ISO 17025) General accreditation for ELISA tests pending

Nordic cooperation?

Most diagnostics on farm animals is performed at NVI All notifiable diseases are diagnosed at NVI

● NVI are responsible for notifying Food Safety Authority How are positive tests in surveillance programs handled? Serological confirmatory tests are expensive to keep

● Should different Nordic laboratories maintain different tests?

Cooperation regarding extra samples when tests are accredited?

Cooperation when establishing new tests (emerging diseases)?

Multiplex testing?