Northern Europe and Spain,

1500 to 1600

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Europe in the 16th Century

2

Goals

• Understand the consequences of the Protestant Reformation and

the Catholic Counter-Reformation

• Understand the diversity of cultures and artistic styles in Spain

and Northern Europe

• Identify artists from the 16th century Spain and Northern Europe

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

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23.1 Art in the Holy Roman Empire during the 16th Century

• Understand German culture and artistic styles

• Identify representative German artists from the 16th century

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

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Figure 23-2a MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD, Isenheim Altarpiece (closed, top; open, bottom), from the chapel of the Hospital of Saint Anthony, Isenheim, Germany, ca.1510–1515. Oil on wood, 9' 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”, (center panel), 8’ 2 1/2” x 3’ 1/2” (each wing), 2’ 5 1/2” x 11’ 2” (predella). Shrine carved by Nikolaus Hagenauer in 1490. Painted and gilt limewood, 9’ 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”. Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar. 5

Figure 23-2a MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD, Isenheim Altarpiece (closed, top; open, bottom), from the chapel of the Hospital of Saint Anthony, Isenheim, Germany, ca.1510–1515. Oil on wood, 9' 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”, (center panel), 8’ 2 1/2” x 3’ 1/2” (each wing), 2’ 5 1/2” x 11’ 2” (predella). Shrine carved by Nikolaus Hagenauer in 1490. Painted and gilt limewood, 9’ 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”. Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar. 6

8

Figure 23-2a MATTHIAS GRÜNEWALD, Isenheim Altarpiece (closed, top; open, bottom), from the chapel of the Hospital

of Saint Anthony, Isenheim, Germany, ca.1510–1515. Oil on wood, 9' 9 1/2” x 10’ 9”, (center panel), 8’ 2 1/2” x 3’ 1/2”

(each wing), 2’ 5 1/2” x 11’ 2” (predella). Shrine carved by Nikolaus Hagenauer in 1490. Painted and gilt limewood, 9’ 9

1/2” x 10’ 9”. Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar.

Figure 23-8 ALBRECHT ALTDORFER, The

Battle of Issus, 1529. Oil on wood, 5’ 2 1/4” x 3’

11 1/4”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.

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Albrecht Aldorfer:

“The Battle of Issus”

We’ve seen it before:

Figure 23-3 HANS BALDUNG GRIEN, Witches’ Sabbath, 1510. Chiaroscuro woodcut, 1’ 2 7/8” X 10

¼”. British Museum, London.

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23.2 Protestant Reformation

• Understand the consequences of the Protestant Reformation

and the Catholic Counter-Reformation

• Observe how Protestantism affected the role and imagery of

art

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Figure 23-7 LUCAS CRANACH THE ELDER, Allegory of Law and Grace, ca. 1530. Woodcut, 10 5/8” x 1’ 3/4”. British

Museum, London. 17

Albrecht Durer: “Leonardo of the

North” • Travelled widely through Europe and became an international

celebrity

• Took trips to Italy to study Renaissance art

• First artist to synthesize Northern European stylistic features

(intricate detail, realistic rendering of objects, symbols hidden as

everyday objects) and blend them with Italian features (classical

body types, linear perspective) --- admired the work of Leonardo

• First artist to keep a thorough record of his life (self-portraits,

treatises on his thoughts, and a diary)

• Important graphic artist --- best known for his engravings

• Influenced significantly by Martin Luther and Protestant

Reformation

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Albrecht Durer

Durer at 22

Durer at 26

Durer at 28

Figure 23-4 ALBRECHT DÜRER, Great

Piece of Turf, 1503. Watercolor, 1’ 3/4” x 1’

3/8”. Albertina, Vienna.

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Figure 23-1 ALBRECHT DÜRER, The Fall

of Man (Adam and Eve), 1504. Engraving, 9

7/8” x 7 5/8”. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston

(centennial gift of Landon T. Clay).

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Figure 23-5 ALBRECHT DÜRER, Knight,

Death, and the Devil, 1513. Engraving, 9 5/8” x

7 3/8”. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New

York.

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Durer: The Four Horsemen of

the Apocalypse

Figure 23-6 ALBRECHT DÜRER, Four

Apostles, 1526. Oil on wood, each panel 7’ 1” x

2’ 6”. Alte Pinakothek, Munich.

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Figure 23-9 HANS HOLBEIN THE YOUNGER, The French Ambassadors, 1533. Oil and tempera on wood, approx. 6’ 8”

x 6’ 9 1/2”. National Gallery, London. 32

Hans Holbein, Henry VIII

23.3 Art in France during the 16th Century

• Understand the French culture and artistic styles

• Identify representative French artists from the 16th century

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

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Figure 23-10 JEAN CLOUET, Francis I, ca.

1525–1530. Tempera and oil on wood, approx. 3’

2” x 2’ 5”. Louvre, Paris.

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Figure 23-11 Château de Chambord, Chambord, France, begun 1519.

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Figure 23-12 PIERRE LESCOT, west wing of the Cour Carre (Square Court) of the Louvre, Paris, France, begun 1546.

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23.4 Art in the Netherlands during the 16th Century

• Understand Dutch culture and artistic styles

• Identify representative Dutch artists from the 16th century

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

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Figure 23-13 HIERONYMUS BOSCH, Garden of Earthly Delights, 1505-1510. Oil on wood, center panel 7’ 2

5/8” X 6’ 4 ¾”, each wing 7’ 2 5/8” X 3’ 2 ¼”. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

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The

Garden of

Earthly

Delights

(closed)

Paradise detail

Garden of Earthly

Delights detail

Hell detail

20th Century Surrealists

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SALVADOR DALI, The Persistence of Memory, 20th Century

SALVADOR DALI, The Metamorphosis of Narcissus

RENEE MAGRITTE, Son of

Man, French, 20th Century

RENEE MAGRITTE, The Treachery of Images

JOAN MIRO, Carnival of Harlequin

Back to 16th Century

Netherlands

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Figure 23-14 JAN GOSSAERT Neptune and Amphitrite,

ca. 1516. Oil on wood, 6’ 2” x 4’ 3/4”. Gemäldegalerie,

Staatliche Museen, Berlin.

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Figure 23-15 QUINTEN MASSYS, Money-Changer and His Wife, 1514. Oil on wood, 2’ 3 3/4” x 2’ 2 3/8”. Louvre, Paris.

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Figure 23-16 PIETER AERTSEN, Butcher’s Stall, 1551. Oil on wood, 4’ 3/8” x 6’ 5 3/4”. Uppsala University Art

Collection, Uppsala.

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Figure 23-17 CATERINA VAN

HEMESSEN, Self-Portrait, 1548. Oil on

panel, 1’ 3/4” x 9 7/8”. Kunstmuseum,

Öffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel.

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Figure 23-18 Attibuted to LEVINA

TEERLINC. Elizabeth I as a Princess, ca. 1559.

Oil on wood, 3’ 6 3/4” x 2’ 8 1/4”. The Royal

Collection, Windsor Castle, Windsor, England.

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Figure 23-19 JOACHIM PATINIR, Landscape with Saint Jerome, ca. 1520–1524. Oil on wood, 2’ 5 1/8” x 2’ 11 7/8”.

Museo del Prado, Madrid.

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Figure 23-20 PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER, Netherlandish Proverbs, 1559. Oil on wood, 3’ 10” x 5’ 4 1/8”.

Gemäldegalerie, Staatliche Museen, Berlin. 65

Figure 23-21 PIETER BRUEGEL THE ELDER, Hunters in the Snow, 1565. Oil on wood, approx. 3’ 10 1/8” x 5’ 3 3/4”.

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

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Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Harvesters, oil on wood, 1565

23.5 Art in Spain during the 16th Century

• Understand Spanish culture and artistic styles

• Identify representative Spanish artists from the 16th century

• Recognize and cite artistic terminology from this period

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Figure 23-22 Portal, Colegio de San Gregorio,

Valladolid, Spain, ca. 1498.

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Figure 23-23 Portal, Casa de Montejo, Merida,

Mexico, 1549.

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Figure 23-24 Juan de Herrera and Juan Bautista de Toledo, El Escorial, near Madrid, Spain, ca. 1563–1584 (detail of an

anonymous 18th-century painting).

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Figure 23-25 EL GRECO, The Burial of

Count Orgaz, 1586. Oil on canvas, 16’ x 12’.

Santo Tomé, Toledo.

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The Burial of

Count Orgaz:

detail (self

portrait)

Virgin Mary

detail

King Philip II & Saints (detail)

Priest Andrés Núñez Detail

El Greco’s Son

Can you guess what this is called?

“Laocoon” – by El Greco

El Greco:

“The

Resurrection

of Christ”

El Greco:

View of

Toledo

Discussion Questions

How does art influence or reflect religion? How does

Protestant art differ from Catholic art during the

Reformation and Counter Reformation?

Does religion influence art today? If so, how? How

prevalent is religious art today? Why?

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