NORTHEAST SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURETWELVE-MARCH

PRACTICE ENGLISH 8

ENGINNER OSCAR GARCIA

GRUPO #3MAZARIEGOS CELIDON, SELVIN RODOLFO

Present Perfect (Presente perfecto)

The perfect present is roughly equivalent to the Spanish preterite. We will see the differences in the section on uses. Overall it is a mixture between the present and the past. We used it for past actions that are important in this.

To form the present perfect, the auxiliary verb "to have" in the present and the past participle of the verb is used. For regular verbs, the past participle is the simplest form of the past. See the lesson on the simple past for more information on how to form the past.

Present Perfect (Presente perfecto)

Subject Auxiliary Short Form Past Participle

I, You, We, They have I've, you've, we've,

they'vetalked, learned,

traveled...

He, She, It has he's, she's, it's talked, learned, traveled...

http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/present-perfect.php

Future Tense

The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.

I will go to the beach next month.I shall write the letter next week.

But, the future tense is not used to express a willingness to do something. For this, use the verb "querer."

¿Quieres ir a la tienda?Will you go to the store?

The future tense is also used to express wonder or probability in the present state.

¿Quién será ella?I wonder who she is? (Who could she be?)Estará viajando solo.He is probably traveling alone.

Future Tense http://www.studyspanish.com/lessons/future.htm

For actions that will occur in the near future, the present tense is more commonly used.

Esta noche voy al cine.Tonight I'm going to the movies.Further in the future, use the future tense.El año que viene iré a España.Next year I'm going to Spain.

Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.

hablaréhablaráshablaráhablaremoshablaréishablarán

Passive Voice

Although the passive voice is less common than the active voice, there are several good reasons to sometimes use the passive. On this page we look at how to construct the passive voice and when and why to use it. (For a basic explanation of the difference between active and passive, please see voice.)

Passive Voice https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-voice-passive.htm

subject auxiliary verb be

main verbpast participle

by  

I am employed by Apple.

You will be woken   at 6.

It will have been finished   by then.

We have been notified by Head Office.

You are being transferred   next week.

They will be paid.    

The auxiliary be is conjugated in all tenses. The main verb is always the past participle. The agent is the original "doer" of the action.Look at some examples:

The Past Perfect Simple Tense

Time Expressions in the Past Perfect Simple

The time expressions already, for, since, and yet may be used in the past perfect simple, as they are in the present perfect simple. Remember the following rules for using other time expressions:

•Use after, as soon as, the moment that, until before using the past perfect simple.

Ex: After she had moved out, I found her notes./ I didn’t say anything until she had finished talking.

•Use before, when, by the time before the past simple:

Ex. Before I knew it, she had run out the door. / By the time he phoned her, she had found someone new.

The Past Perfect Simple Tense http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/verbs/the-past-perfect-simple-tense/

There are quite a few irregular verbs in English though. It pays to memorize them.

Subjecthad +Verb(V3)(Past Participle)

Rest of Sentence

I / You / We / TheyHe / She / It

had methim before he became famous

had livedhere for three years by the time we met

Simple Present Passive

In passive sentences, the thing receiving the action is the subject of the sentence and the thing doing the action is optionally included near the end of the sentence. You can use the passive form if you think that the thing receiving the action is more important or should be emphasized. You can also use the passive form if you do not know who is doing the action or if you do not want to mention who is doing the action.

Simple Present Passive http://www.grammarbank.com/simple-present-passive.html

Something is done by someone regularly / everyday / as expected...

Active : The gardener waters the flowers every evening.

Passive: The flowers are watered by the gardener every evening.

Active : Helen doesn't drink anything in parties.

Passive: Nothing is drunk by Helen in parties.

Active : Who sells umbrellas?

Passive: Who are umbrellas sold by?

Active : My mother doesn't paint the walls.

Passive: The walls aren't painted by my mother.

Quantifiers

QTY quantifiers indicate a name. They are responses to the question "How many?". Like the articles, quantifiers define a name and are always located in front of the name. Some can be used only with countable nouns, others only with countless names and others with both.

Quantifiers

Cuantificador Contable Incontable

manyPlayMany

X  

muchPlayMuch

  X

somePlaySome

X X

anyPlayAny

X X

no, nonePlayNo, none

X X

a lot of/lots ofPlayA lot of/Lots of

X X

Little/A littlePlayLittle/A little

  X

few/ a fewPlayFew/A few

Quantifiers Much

Use: As "many" expresses the idea of wealth and is used mainly in negative and interrogative sentences. The difference with "many" is that we use "much" only with uncountable nouns in singular. You can use "much" in affirmative sentences, although it would be more formal and not so common.

Frase negativa:

there is not much timePlay

There is not much time. (No hay mucho tiempo.)

Frase interrogativa:

hoew much money does he have?Play

How much money does he have? (¿Cuánto dinero tiene?)

Frase afirmativa:

we have much to do!Play

We have much to do! (¡Tenemos mucho que hacer!)

Quantifiers Some http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/few.php

Use: Use with both names or singular countable nouns as names or plural countable nouns. It is used in affirmative and interrogative sentences (to say something); "any" is replaced in negative or interrogative sentences. Means an indefinite amount, but limited.

Frase afirmativa/nombre contable:

she has some applesPlay

She has some apples. (Tiene algunas manzanas.)

Frase afirmativa/nombre incontable:

there is some milk in the kitchenPlay

There is some milk in the kitchen. (Hay leche en la cocina.)

Frase interrogativa/nombre contable:

are there some tourists?Play

Are there some tourists? (¿Hay unos turistas?)

Frase interrogativa/nombre incontable:

would you like some coffee?Play

Would you like some coffee? (¿Quieres café?)

MUST / MIGHT

I had to go to the hospital. / Tuve/Tenía que ir al hospital. (pasado)I’ll have to go to the hospital. / Tendré que ir al hospital. (futuro)

Usos de must

1. Deber. Una obligación de hacer algo que se considera necesario o muy importante:

A soldier must obey orders. – Un soldado deber cumplir las ordenes.

You must be here before 8 o’clock tomorrow. / Debes estar aquí antes de las ocho de la mañana.

La negación mustn’t indica prohibición.

You musn’t smoke here. – No deben fumar aquí.

MUST / MIGHT http://www.mansioningles.com/gram63.htm

It may be a longer route, but it’s much quicker.Puede que sea un camino más largo, pero es mucho más rápido.

Usos mas importantes de might

1. Posibilidad: El empleo de might en lugar de may indica que la probabilidad es más remota:

I may go to Barcelona tomorrow. (Tal vez una posibilidad del 50%)Juan might come with me. (Tal vez una posibilidad del 30%)

2. Permiso o peticiones corteses:

Might I open this bottle of wine? / ¿Podría abrir este botella de vino?

PAST SIMPLE OF CAN

The verb form can in Simple Past Could and is the same for all people. As it is a modal verb, the negative form does not specify the verb to do but is formed simply by adding not, that is not contracted.

PAST SIMPLE OF CAN http://www.mailxmail.com/curso-ingles-nivel-intermedio/simple-past-verbo-can

can - can not - can not

The modal verb can in Simple Past:

  Could - Could not - Could not

I can ski I Could ski ten years ago

I know I could ski skiing decade

I can not sleep I Could not sleep last night

I can not sleep I could not sleep last night

REPORTED SPEECH

When we communicate or report what someone else has said, there are two ways: using the direct speech or speech.

With this style what the person has said is placed between quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word

REPORTED SPEECH http://www.curso-ingles.com/gramatica-inglesa/reported.php

"I am going to London next week," she said. ("Voy a Londres la semana que viene," ella dijo.)

Do you have a pen I could borrow?, he asked.Play

"Do you have a pen I could borrow," he asked. ("¿Tienes un bolígrafo que puedas prestarme?," él preguntó.)

Alice said, I love to dance.Play

Alice said, "I love to dance." (Alice dijo, "Me encanta bailar.")

Chris asked, Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?Play

Chris asked, "Would you like to have dinner with me tomorrow night?" (Chris preguntó, "¿Te gustaría cenar conmigo mañana por la noche?")

VERBS CAN

Affirmative

I can play the trumpet.Yo puedo/sé tocar la trompeta.

We can take a taxi to the airport.Podemos tomar un taxi hasta el aeropuerto.

Mary can be very stubborn sometimes.Mary puede ser muy terca a veces.

Negative

I can not swim.No puedo/sé nadar.

That cannot be true.Eso no puede ser cierto.

You can't tell me what to do.No puedes decirme qué hacer

VERBS CAN http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/main-verbs/can.php

Interrogative

Can Peter speak German?¿Puede/sabe Peter hablar alemán?

Can you help me with my homework?¿Me puedes ayudar con mi tarea?

Can + have

Paul can have gone to Maria's.Paul puede haber ido a lo de María.

They can't have left without us.Ellos no pueden haberse ido sin nosotros.

Jane can't have said that.Jane no puede haber dicho eso.

VERBS MUSTN’T

The verb 'must' expresses a strong prohibition or obligation and some certainty: I must go. She must be crazy. In Spanish it means I must, I must.

Affirmative

I must go to the library.Debo ir a la biblioteca.

You must stay here until I come back.Debes quedarte aquí hasta que yo vuelva.

We must be at the airport at three o'clock.Debemos estar en el aeropuerto a las tres.

Negative

You must not talk to strangers.No debes hablar con extraños.

We mustn't make noise.No debemos hacer ruido.

Mr. Williams must not smoke.El señor Williams no debe fumar.

VERBS MUSTN’T http://www.shertonenglish.com/resources/es/main-verbs/must.php

Interrogative

Must we do everything today?¿Debemos hacer todo hoy?

Must you go so soon?¿Debes irte tan pronto?

Must + have

I must have fallen asleep.Debo de haberme quedado dormido.

Sally must have forgotten about the meeting.Sally debe de haberse olvidado de la reunión.

They must have sent it already.Ya deben de haberlo enviado.

VERBS HAVE TO

Have to is often grouped with modal auxiliary verbs for convenience, but in fact it is not a modal verb. It is not even an auxiliary verb. In the have to structure, "have" is a main verb.

subject auxiliary verb main verbhave to-infinitive

+ She has to work.  

- I do not have to see the doctor.

? Did you have to go to school?

VERBS HAVE TO Use of have to

In general, have to expresses impersonal obligation. The subject of have to is obliged or forced to act by a separate, external power (for example, the Law or school rules). Have to is objective. Look at these examples:

In France, you have to drive on the right.

In England, most schoolchildren have to wear a uniform.

John has to wear a tie at work.

subject auxiliary verb main verbhave to-infinitive  

Past Simple I   had to work yesterday.

Present Simple I   have to work today.

Future Simple I will have to work tomorrow.

Present Continuous She is having to wait.  

Present Perfect We have had to change the time.

modal may They may have to do it again.