Tom Balon MJ Bradley & Associates

October 11, 2006

Northeast Diesel CollaborativeNortheast Diesel CollaborativeSteering Committee MeetingSteering Committee Meeting

Locomotive and Marine Emission ReductionLocomotive and Marine Emission Reduction Technology ProgressTechnology Progress

O

High

Pa e

-

October 11, 2006 2

Control TechnologiesControl Technologies

Hardware PM Emission EffectivenessHardware PM Emission Effectiveness

Closed Crank Case

Filter xidation

Catalyst

Performance Oxidation Catalyst

Diesel rticulat Filter

20%

90+%

APUAPU

Engine RebuildEngine Rebuild

Engine RepowerEngine Repower

Selective Catalytic Reduction (NOx)

Off-board Emission Control System (SCR, Scrubber, Cartridge Collector)

TSE

Hybrid Electric

October 11, 2006 3

Technology ProgressTechnology Progress

�� Research & Development (R&D)Research & Development (R&D)–– Systematic study of technology in a lab environmentSystematic study of technology in a lab environment

�� Proof of Concept (PoC)Proof of Concept (PoC)–– Proven technology in a new or different applicationProven technology in a new or different application–– Demonstration in principle, PrototypeDemonstration in principle, Prototype

�� Demonstration (PoC extension, preDemonstration (PoC extension, pre--verification)verification)–– Performance and inPerformance and in--use durability testing, optimizationuse durability testing, optimization

�� DeploymentDeployment–– Verified/Certified product, warranty, part #, etc.Verified/Certified product, warranty, part #, etc.

October 11, 2006 4

LSD vs. ULSD FuelLSD vs. ULSD Fuel

15151515500500~3,000~3,000~3,000~3,000OffOff--RoadRoad500500

1515

JuneJune 20102010

1515500500~3,000~3,000~3,000~3,000Marine/RailMarine/Rail

151515151515500500OnOn--RoadRoad

JuneJune 20122012

JuneJune 20072007

JuneJune 20062006

CurrentCurrent

•• Most MarineMost Marine and Railand Rail emission controlemission control technologiestechnologies are actuallyare actually LSD tolerantLSD tolerant

ICEF2005-1228, S. Fritz et al, SWRI, ASME

October 11, 2006 5

Marine OverviewMarine Overview

�� APUAPU –– Standard EquipmentStandard Equipment�� Dock ElectrificationDock Electrification –– Cold Ironing (Yes)Cold Ironing (Yes)�� DOCDOC –– (Demo Yes), HPDOC (No, PoC)(Demo Yes), HPDOC (No, PoC)�� Rebuild to newer standardRebuild to newer standard –– (Yes)(Yes)�� Repower to Tier 2Repower to Tier 2 –– (Yes)(Yes)�� SCR/DOCSCR/DOC –– (SIF demo Yes, 500(SIF demo Yes, 500--ppm fuel)ppm fuel)�� DPFDPF –– (Europe only, low sulfur fuel is the only stumbling(Europe only, low sulfur fuel is the only stumbling

block, active DPF systems are 500block, active DPF systems are 500--ppm tolerant)ppm tolerant)�� Sea Water Scrubbing (PoC outside US)Sea Water Scrubbing (PoC outside US)�� OffOff--Board Emission Control System (Planned demo, CA)Board Emission Control System (Planned demo, CA)

October 11, 2006 6

Marine Cold IroningMarine Cold Ironing

•Port Juneau, AK

October 11, 2006 7

Marine Cold IroningMarine Cold Ironing

Port of Long Beach, CA (all pollutants summed)

October 11, 2006 8

Marine Diesel Oxidation CatalystMarine Diesel Oxidation Catalyst

NYSERDA, Private Ferry Retrofit • Main Engine DOC Retrofits

•DOC + Fuel Borne Catalyst

•DOC

•LSD and ULSD fuels

•SCR (proposed, not implemented)

Frank S. Ralbovsky, NYSERDA, NE Ports Workshop, February 2006

October 11, 2006 9

Marine Engine Repowers (Tier 2)Marine Engine Repowers (Tier 2)

•PANYNJ, Commercial Marine Vessel Repowers (>20 vessels)

•Repower main engines with New Tier-2 and IMO-40%

•Tug/Tow Boats

•Excursion Vessels

•Ferry (BPJ proposed)

•Existing Engine Scrapped

•NOx/PM reductions

•SIF Barberi Class Rebuilds (2 vessels)

•MV Newhouse, Tier 1 Rebuild for EMD 2-stroke engines (4 of 8 complete)

•Tier 2 Rebuilds for Molinari Class

October 11, 2006 10

Marine SCR/DOCMarine SCR/DOC

PANYNJPANYNJ –– Staten Island FerryStaten Island Ferry

•Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

>70% NOx reduction

•Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (LSD, 500-ppm fuel)

~75% CO reduction

~75% HC reduction

~40% PM reduction Tom Balon, MJB&A, www.mjbradley.com, August 2006

October 11, 2006 11

Marine DPFMarine DPF

Certainly Possible, Fewer Space ConcernsCertainly Possible, Fewer Space Concerns

•Non-US Marine DPFs are mostly active regen

•ULSD fuel not required until 2012, LSD in 2007 (Active DPFs are lightly catalyzed)

•Passive DPFs considered for SIF Austen Class Auxiliary Engines but no ULSD at that time

•Active SCR/DPF considered for SIF Barberi Class but Tier 1 rebuilds implemented first

October 11, 2006 12

Locomotive OverviewLocomotive Overview

�� AESSAESS –– Automatic Start/Stop idle management (Yes)Automatic Start/Stop idle management (Yes)�� APUAPU –– Small IC unit separate from HEP units (Yes)Small IC unit separate from HEP units (Yes)�� Wayside ElectrificationWayside Electrification –– i.e. Electric Coolant/Oil heaters, batteryi.e. Electric Coolant/Oil heaters, battery

charge (Yes)charge (Yes)�� DOC/HPDOCDOC/HPDOC –– (Proof, Demo in progress, MA, CA, BC)(Proof, Demo in progress, MA, CA, BC)�� Rebuild to newer standardRebuild to newer standard –– (Yes for Tier 0, demo for Tier 1)(Yes for Tier 0, demo for Tier 1)�� Repower to Tier 2 (No), Tier 3 offRepower to Tier 2 (No), Tier 3 off--road (Yes, Genset locomotives)road (Yes, Genset locomotives)�� Hybrid Electric (Yes, Green Goat)Hybrid Electric (Yes, Green Goat)�� LNG Switchers (4LNG Switchers (4--1200 hp located in CA, 111200 hp located in CA, 11--year experience)year experience)�� DOCDOC –– (UP/BNSF Demo planned in CA)(UP/BNSF Demo planned in CA)�� SCR/DPFSCR/DPF –– (Planned Metrolink HEP and 12(Planned Metrolink HEP and 12--710 demo in CA)710 demo in CA)�� OffOff--Board Emission Control System (Roseville PoC complete in CA)Board Emission Control System (Roseville PoC complete in CA)

October 11, 2006 13

Locomotive NOx StandardsLocomotive NOx StandardsProgression of Locomotive NOx Emission Regulations

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Model Year

Cyc

le W

eigh

ted

NO

x, g

/kW

-hr

UIC UIC II < 1000 rpm EPA EC Stage IIIA >560 kW EC Stage IIIA > 2200 kW EC Stage IIIB > 130 kW

UIC 1

UIC II

UIC III

T0

T1

T2

European locomotive NOx limit values are similar to US EPA regulations

Steve Fritz, SwRI, LMOA, September 2006

October 11, 2006 14

Locomotive PM StandardsLocomotive PM StandardsProgression of Locomotive PM Emission Regulations

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.90

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Model Year

Cyc

le W

eigh

ted

PM, g

/kW

-hr

UIC IUC II option EPA EC Stage IIIA >560 kW EC Stage IIIA > 2000 kW EU Stage IIIB > 130 kW

UIC II

UIC III

T0

T1

T2

Before 2003, UIC 1 only limited Smoke, not PM

Higher PM for engines > 2200 kW was acceptable during the first 2 years if UIC II, " for exceptional cases.."

European locomotive PM limit values are similar to US EPA regulations

European and US standards can be met

without DPF until at least 2012

Steve Fritz, SwRI, LMOA, September 2006

October 11, 2006 15

Locomotive Time in ModeLocomotive Time in Mode

Tom Balon, MJB&A, New England Railroad Club Expo , March 2006

••Annual Locomotive Idle time is significant portion of operationAnnual Locomotive Idle time is significant portion of operation••Idle reduction technologies and measures can save upwards ofIdle reduction technologies and measures can save upwards of 7,500 to 12,000 gallons annually per locomotive7,500 to 12,000 gallons annually per locomotive

••Idle technologies reduce emissions, fuel and have a favorable reIdle technologies reduce emissions, fuel and have a favorable returnturn on investmenton investment

Line-Haul Time in Mode

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

Idle DB-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Notch

Perc

ent o

f Tim

e

Switch Time in Mode

0.0%

10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

60.0%

70.0%

Idle DB-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Notch

Perc

ent o

f Tim

e

October 11, 2006 16

Locomotive Emission in ModeLocomotive Emission in Mode

Tom Balon, MJB&A, New England Railroad Club Expo , March 2006

Line-Haul PM % in Mode

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Idle DB-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Notch

Perc

ent o

f PM

Em

issi

ons

Switch PM % in Mode

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

Idle DB-2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Notch

Perc

ent o

f PM

Em

issi

ons

••Idle PM emissions annually are aboutIdle PM emissions annually are about

•• 3% of total PM for Line3% of total PM for Line--Haul, >20% for SwitchHaul, >20% for Switch

••Other technologies (i.e. DOC/DPF/SCR) are needed to achieveOther technologies (i.e. DOC/DPF/SCR) are needed to achieve greater NOx and PM reductions in higher fuel consumptiongreater NOx and PM reductions in higher fuel consumption notchesnotches

October 11, 2006 17

Locomotive InventoryLocomotive Inventory

Don Kopinski, EPA, CARB Locomotive Emissions Meeting, July 2006

October 11, 2006 18

Locomotive Idle MinimizationLocomotive Idle Minimization•Idle Technologies

•AESS

•APU

•Electrification

•Parameters Monitored

•Coolant Temperature

•Air Pressure (brakes)

•Battery Voltage (for restart)

•Ambient Temperature

•Benefits Include

•Fuel Savings

•Emission Savings

•Reduced Noise

October 11, 2006 19

Locomotive Idle EmissionsLocomotive Idle Emissions

EMD Presentation, CARB Meeting, April 2006

October 11, 2006 20

Locomotive DOC (1)Locomotive DOC (1)

•DOC – PoC •DOCs located in exhaust manifold to conserve heat, reduced risk of face plugging

•On turbo engines, DOC is pre- turbocharger

•MBTA, Boston

•SwRI Evaluation

October 11, 2006 21

Locomotive DOC (2)Locomotive DOC (2)

•DOC – Demo

•UP, BNSF, California

•SwRI Pre-evaluation

Steve Fritz, SwRI, LMOA, September 2006

October 11, 2006 22

Locomotive (US vs. Euro)Locomotive (US vs. Euro)

Mike Iden, UP, CARB Briefing

October 11, 2006 23

UP/BNSF DPF Switchers (4), CAUP/BNSF DPF Switchers (4), CA

Steve Fritz, SwRI, LMOA, September 2006

October 11, 2006 24

Hybrid/Genset SwitchersHybrid/Genset Switchers

•Railpower •Green Goat TM (UP has 10 in TX, 11 in CA)

•Genset Switcher (UP has 98 ordered for TX)

•National Railway Equipment (NRE)

•Genset Switcher (UP has 60 ordered for CA)

•Was Tier 2, now Tier 3 no after treatment yet

Mike Iden, UP, CARB Hearing (text only), July 2006

October 11, 2006 25

BNSF, LNG Switchers, CABNSF, LNG Switchers, CA

October 11, 2006 26

SwRI, WA 1SwRI, WA 1--2 w/ EPA2 w/ EPA

�� Preliminary work assignment to determinePreliminary work assignment to determine feasibility SCR for Tier 3, Tier 4 standardsfeasibility SCR for Tier 3, Tier 4 standards–– Stakeholder prelim meetings in 2006Stakeholder prelim meetings in 2006

�� Proof of Concept designs for:Proof of Concept designs for:–– SCR/DOC and SCR/DPFSCR/DOC and SCR/DPF–– Marine and Rail ApplicationsMarine and Rail Applications

�� Potential for an additional EPA sponsoredPotential for an additional EPA sponsored marine SCR demonstrationmarine SCR demonstration

October 11, 2006 27

Locomotive InformationLocomotive Information

Southwest Research InstituteSouthwest Research Institute

�� Original SwRI and other Rail presentations asOriginal SwRI and other Rail presentations as presented to California ARB are available onpresented to California ARB are available on CARB locomotive web pageCARB locomotive web page–– http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/offroad/loco/loco.htmhttp://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/offroad/loco/loco.htm