NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST

By Parth, Leo, Abdul, Ahmed, Junhee, Yerin, Sophia

INTRODUCTION TO EGYPT AND MESOPOTAMIA

Civilized Complex Trade Polytheistic Theocracy Cultural Diffusion

EGYPT Nile river Agricultural society Crop surplus Specialization

POLITICAL HISTORY OF EGYPT Old ,Middle ,New Kingdom Narmer Pharaoh Pyramids

POLITICAL HISTORY OF EGYPTHykos Middle kingdomNew kingdomBronze weapons

ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE EGYPTIAN Empire’s contribution: Anatomy Astronomy Geometry Writing Religion

Study stars/planets First 365 day calendar

Surgery Brain:control blood flow Heart’s thoughts

Pyramids: architectural wonders Hieroglyphics Paper from papyrus

RELIGION OF EGYPT Belief in gods Human-animal figure Afterlife belief

MESOPOTAMIA Sumerians Tigris, Euphrates rivers Long distance trade

RELIGION AND ACHIEVEMENTS Ziggurats-god sacrifices Science/geometry advancements

THE MUSLIM WORLD Muhammad Islam Hijrah Quran Hadith Shriah

THE MUSLIM WORLD Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem People of the Book

ISLAM TEACHING

Islam means Submission Muhammad Last Prophet Caliphate

5 PILLARS OF ISLAM Faith Prayer Fasting Alms-giving Hajj

THE UMAYYAD Umayyad dominated islamic empire Ali assassinated Damascus

Emphasize Arabic ethnicity Jew/Christian respect

luxurious living for rulers=>cause riots

Overthrow Umayyad One member escaped =>Cordorba Caliphate

THE ABBASID Supported by Shi’ites. Grants equality (Islam converts)

ISLAMIC CONVERTS Education/career advancements Heightened trades Diversified learnings

The Indian system of numbers Refined mathematics

Astrolabe Astronomy-map of the stars

Optic surgery Human anatomy Muslim cartography

Urban centers Advanced learning institutions Arabesques

New architectural styles Minarets Mosques Literature Sufis

THE CRUSADES Europe:extreme isolation Free holy land ->failed

THE CRUSADES -Increase trade between europe &

middle east

NORTH AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST TODAY

North Africa and The Middle East is composed of : Bahrain Saudi Arabia Turkey Oman Qatar UAE Yemen Gaza Strip Iraq Israel Jordan Lebanon Syria West Bank Iran Cyprus Egypt Libya Tunisia Morocco Algeria

ARABS Arabic language Islamic followers Middle east-diversed

THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL Judaism Christianity Muslim’s religious center

JEWS Mistreated,killed Eg. Reconquista,

antisemitism,holocaust,… Europe’s intellectuals.

THE HISTORY OF ISRAEL Middle east-colony of British ->Isreal formed

ISRAEL Wars between muslims & palestinians UN’s protection

IRANIANS AND AFGHANIS 60 million people Afghanistan-ethnic group diversity

TURKS AND CYPROITS Nomads->formed Ottoman empire Cypriots-Cyrus inhabitants.

ARMENIANS AND KURDS Genocide ->1 million Armenians died Kurds Saddam Hussem

WATER AND POPULATION Nile,Tigris,Euphrates Suez Cana Oasis->water

WATER AND POPULATION >50 million people Persian Gulf-most populated

URBANIZATION Before oil discovery->underdeveloped After->industrialization/Modernization

NATIONALISM ->Strong love for ones nation

NATIONALISM IN MIDDLE EAST Cause: formation of Israel & Suez Canal