normative electronic partners
TRANSCRIPT
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03-05-2023
Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Normative Electronic PartnersAlex Kayal
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Overview
• What makes an application an electronic partner? Examples involving various software.
• One way of achieving this level of “e-partnership”, using norms.
• Human values and Value Sensitive Design (VSD), one of the motivations behind the concept of electronic partners.
• An example of the development of a real e-partner application
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1. What is an electronic partner?An application that moves from merely extending human capabilitiesto forming a partnership with a human.
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ePartner vs. non ePartner Siri
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ePartner vs. non ePartner Siri
Non ePartner siri: do I call Bob’s office or mobile number?
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ePartner vs. non ePartner Siri
Non ePartner siri: do I call Bob’s office or mobile number?ePartner siri: directly calls Bob’s mobile number.
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An ePartner is a broad concept
Henryk F. R. Arciszewski, Tjerk de Greef, J. H. van Delft: Adaptive Automation in a Naval Combat Management System. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A 39(6): 1188-1199 (2009)
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2. Achieving electronic partnership
• Last lecture: agents are autonomous, thus the need for organization to achieve an optimal level of performance in a MAS.
• This can be achieved through an Organizational Framework
• One of the elements of an organizational framework is the normative dimension.
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What are norms?
• The majority of norms are regulatory statements aimed towards regulating the behavior of people in society.
• This type of norms can be divided into three categories:
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Norm types/examples
• Obligations:• You are obliged to pay the price of items you buy from the
supermarket.• You obliged of making way for a faster automobile when
you’re driving on the left lane.
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Norm types/examples
• Obligations:• You are obliged to pay the price of items you buy from the
supermarket.• You obliged of making way for a faster automobile when
you’re driving on the left lane.• Prohibitions:
• You are prohibited from entering your boss’s room when it’s closed.
• You are prohibited from painting graffiti on public buildings.
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Norm types/examples
• Obligations:• You are obliged to pay the price of items you buy from the
supermarket.• You obliged of making way for a faster automobile when
you’re driving on the left lane.• Prohibitions:
• You are prohibited from entering your boss’s room when it’s closed.
• You are prohibited from painting graffiti on public buildings.• Permissions:
• You are permitted to use the library for 24 hours during exam period.
• You are permitted to use the printer down the hall.
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Norms in multi-agent systems
• Similarly, norms can be used in agent societies to regulate the behavior of agents, just like they are used in human socieities to regulate human behavior.
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How do norms regulate agent behavior?
• Agents are autonomous, driven by goals. Organizational structures (such as norms) aim to regulate agents to prevent chaos and achieve an optimal performance.
• Since agents are autonomous, they still have the choice to comply or violate the norms of the organization.
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How do norms regulate agent behavior?
• Example #1: through rewarding and sanctioning agents:
• Agents that comply with norms are rewarded• Agents that violate norms are sanctioned
• Example #2: through aiming to promote user values.
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3. User values• To hold a value: is to believe that something, to a certain
degree, is good for you.
• Prominent value surveys: Rokeach (1973) and Schwartz (1994).
• Value Sensitive Design (VSD): accounting for user values during software design process.
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4. ePartner for families and children
• A mobile app designed for families with children in “Basisschool” or primary school.
• The goal is to help children stay safe, find new friends, organize playdates, and so on.
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User values in our app• Examples of values in our application, using terms from
Rokeach’s survey:
• Family security• Friendship• Independence• Social recognition• Responsibility• …and many more
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How do you obtain user values?Stages of the process
• User studies: for example, cultural probes, and focus groups.
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How do you obtain user values?Stages of the process
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VSD issues
• Often software designs, while trying to fulfill a user value, harm other values in the process.
• Consider a camera surveillance system in an elderly home: it certainly fulfills the value of safety.
• But while it does so, it severely harms the users (elderly) value of privacy and even independence.
• ePartners need to fulfill the intended values of their users while posing minimal risks to others as a side effect.
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VSD issues in the domain of our app
• Current apps and gadgets cause value tensions: what are they?
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Basic features
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Basic features
Can we avoid values tension using only basic features?
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Norms and values
• ePartners can solve these issues through using norms.
• Norms offer a flexible, rich way for users to specify their requirements, leading to a better support for intended values (i.e. without posing risk to others). ePartners can reason on whether to comply or violate norms in every occasion, leading to a better support for the values of a group.
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Norms and values
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Norm-based features
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Norm-based features
How does this reflect on user values?
Can we now support intended values without posing risks to others?
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Social commitments model
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Summary
• ePartners differ from ordinary software in being team-mates to their human users.
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Summary
• ePartners differ from ordinary software in being team-mates to their human users.
• Norms (obligations, prohibitions, permissions) can be used to regulate the behavior of systems of ePartners.
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32Electronic partners
Summary
• ePartners differ from ordinary software in being team-mates to their human users.
• Norms (obligations, prohibitions, permissions) can be used to regulate the behavior of systems of ePartners.
• Value-sensitive design aims to account for human values in designing software. But while designs try to promote important user values, they can also harm other values in the process.
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Summary
• ePartners differ from ordinary software in being team-mates to their human users.
• Norms (obligations, prohibitions, permissions) can be used to regulate the behavior of systems of ePartners.
• Value-sensitive design aims to account for human values in designing software. But while designs try to promote important user values, they can also harm other values in the process.
• ePartners, through subscribing to norms, can support human values better than traditional software.