normal behavioralnormal behavioral development-2
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Normal BehavioralNormal Behavioral Development-2p
Elham Shirazi MDBoard of General Psychiatry
Board of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry y y
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22--6 Years Cognitive Development6 Years Cognitive Development22 6 Years Cognitive Development 6 Years Cognitive Development “Preoperational stage”“Preoperational stage”
Egocentrism:
See them selves as the center of the universe
H li it d i t f iHave limited point of view
Unable to take the role of another personUnable to take the role of another person
Unable to modify their behavior for someone elsey
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2-6 Years Cognitive Development Preoperational stage
CentrationCentration
Private speechp
Self-guidance & self-direction
Talks to self & teaches self
Lack of hierarchy
Irreversibility
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2-6 Years Cognitive Development P ti l tPreoperational stage
Transductive reasoning
Thinking & reasoning are intuitive
Children learn without the use of reasoning
U bl l l i ll d d i lUnable to learn logically or deductively
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2-6 Years Cognitive Development P ti l tPreoperational stage
Their concepts are primitive
Can name objects
C t l f bj tCan not name classes of objects
Can not grasp the sameness of an object inCan not grasp the sameness of an object in different circumstances
No conservation
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2-6 Years Cognitive Development P ti l tPreoperational stage
Events are not linked by logic
No sense of cause and effect(e.g. if they drop a glass that then breaks, ( g y p gthey believe that the glass was ready to break)
Lack of hierarchy
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2-6 Years Cognitive Development P ti l tPreoperational stage
Phenomenalistic causality:A type of magical thinking: Events that occur yp g gtogether are thought to cause one another
Benefit more from role-playing than verbal descriptions
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2-6 Years Cognitive Development P ti l tPreoperational stage
Animistic Thinking:Animistic Thinking: Endow physical events & objects with lifelike psychological attributes, such as feeling & intentions
Things are represented in terms of theirThings are represented in terms of their function
(e.g. defines a bike as ”to ride” & a hole as “to ( gdig”)
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2-6 Years Cognitive Development P ti l tPreoperational stage
Have a sense of what is good or badHave a sense of what is good or bad
But cannot deal with moral dilemmas
Immanent justice: Believe that punishment for bad deeds is inevitablebad deeds is inevitable
Interpret physical illness as punishment for bad tho ghts or deedsthoughts or deeds
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2-6 Years Cognitive Development2 6 Years Cognitive Development Preoperational stage
Most important sign that a child is still inMost important sign that a child is still in the preoperational stage:
Have not achieved conservation & reversibility!
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3 Years Motor & Sensory BehaviorRides tricycle
Jumps from bottom stepsJumps from bottom steps
Alternates feet going up stairs
3 Years Adaptive Behaviorp
Builds tower of 9-10 cubes
Imitates a three-cube bridge
Copies a circle & a cross
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3 Years Personal & Social BehaviorPuts on shoes
Unbuttons buttons
Feeds self well
Understands taking turns
3 Years Cognitive DevelopmentCount 1-3 objectsCount 1 3 objects
Know colors
Know age
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4 Years Motor & Sensory Behaviory
Walks down stairs one step to a tread
Stands on one foot for 5-8 seconds
4 Years Adaptive BehaviorCopies a cross
Repeat 4 digitsRepeat 4 digits
Counts 3 objects with correct pointing
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4 Years Personal & Social Behavior
Washes & dries own face
Brushes teeth
Joint play
4 Years Cognitive Development
Fantasize without concrete props
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5 Years Motor & Sensory Behavior y
Skips, using feet alternatelyp , g y
Complete sphincter control
Fine coordination improves
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5 Years Adaptive Behavior5 Years Adaptive Behavior
Copies a squarep q
Draws a recognizable person with a head, a body, limbs
Counts 10 objects accuratelyCounts 10 objects accurately
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5 Years Personal & Social BehaviorDresses & undresses self
Prints a few letters
Plays competitive exercise gamesy p g
5 years Cognitive Development5 years Cognitive Development
Get humorGet humor
Understand good & bad
Can do some chores
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6 Years Motor & Sensory BehavioryRides two-wheel bicycle
6 Years Adaptive BehaviorPrints name
C i t i lCopies triangle
6 Years Personal & Social BehaviorTies shoelaces
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7-11 Years Cognitive Developmentg p
Concrete operational stage
Hierarchical classificationCan organize objects into hierarchies
Categorization
Reversibility
Conservation
DecentrationWorry about small detailsObsessive
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7-11 Years Cognitive Developmentg p
Spatial OperationsLike models for directions
Horizontal decalageConservation of weightLogic
Transitive inferenceSyllogismCompare everythingp y gBrand names important
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7-11 Years Cognitive Developmentg p
Internal speechp
Complex cognition
Self-reflection
Sustained attention
Good memory
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7-11 Years Cognitive Developmentg p
Recall
Problem solving
Planning
Begin to think logically
Seem rational & organized
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1111--19 Years Cognitive Development19 Years Cognitive Development“Formal operational stage”“Formal operational stage”
Is characterized by the ability to:Is characterized by the ability to:Think abstractly
P iti l thi ki (l i )Propositional thinking (logic)
Reason deductively
Define concepts
D l ith t tiDeal with permutations
Deal with combinations
Grasp to concept of probabilities
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11-19 Years Cognitive Development F l ti l tFormal operational stage
Hypothetical-Inductive reasoning:Moves from particular to general
Hypothetical-Deductive reasoning:Moves from general to particular (more complicated)Highest organization of cognition!Highest organization of cognition!
Enables the person to make a hypothesis & to test it against realityreality
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11-19 Years Cognitive Development F l ti l tFormal operational stage
Language use is complex & is grammatically correct
May return to egocentric thought but on a higher level:
May think they can accomplish everything
May think they can change events by thought alone
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11-19 Years Cognitive Development11 19 Years Cognitive Development Formal operational stage
Personal fableInflated opinion of themselves
Imaginary audienceE i l ki t th !Everyone is looking at them!
Adolescent quick thinking & excusesAdolescent quick thinking & excuses
Can think of all possibilitiesp
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Some people may not reachSome people may not reachthe stage ofthe stage ofgg
formal operational thought formal operational thought at all!at all!at all!at all!
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Adult under stress may regress cognitively & emotionally
Their thinking may become preoperational egocentric & sometimespreoperational, egocentric & sometimes animistic!