nordtalk - corpus based research on spoken language 2002 content of child-caregiver conversations in...
TRANSCRIPT
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
Content of Child-Caregiver Conversations Content of Child-Caregiver Conversations in Daily Activities: The Impact of Severe in Daily Activities: The Impact of Severe Speech and Physical Impairments (SSPI) Speech and Physical Impairments (SSPI)
Ulrika FermUlrika Ferm
Department of Linguistics & Department of Linguistics & SSKKIISSKKII
Göteborg UniversityGöteborg University
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
BackgroundBackground AimsAims ParticipantsParticipants Data collection & dataData collection & data AnalysisAnalysis StudiesStudies
Problems, questions & concerns …Problems, questions & concerns …
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
Augmentative and Augmentative and Alternative Communication Alternative Communication
- AAC- AAC
An area of clinical practice that An area of clinical practice that attempts to compensate (either attempts to compensate (either temporarily or permanently) for the temporarily or permanently) for the impairment and disability patterns of impairment and disability patterns of individuals with severe expressive individuals with severe expressive communication disorderscommunication disorders
(ASHA – American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, (ASHA – American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 1989, p. 107)1989, p. 107)
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
The AAC systemThe AAC systeman integrated group of an integrated group of
componentscomponents Visual, auditory and/or tactile representation of Visual, auditory and/or tactile representation of
conventional conceptsconventional concepts E.g., gestures, photographs, manual sign E.g., gestures, photographs, manual sign
sets/systems, picto-ideographs, printed words, sets/systems, picto-ideographs, printed words, objects, spoken wordsobjects, spoken words
AidAid Physical object or device used to transmit or receive Physical object or device used to transmit or receive
messagesmessages StrategyStrategy
Spec. way of using AAC for enhanced communicationSpec. way of using AAC for enhanced communication TechniqueTechnique
Method used to transmit messages, e.g., scanning, Method used to transmit messages, e.g., scanning, encodingencoding
Light- (low) and/or high-tech. systemsLight- (low) and/or high-tech. systems
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
AimsAims
To compare the communication of children To compare the communication of children with and without severe speech and physical with and without severe speech and physical impairments (SSPI) in interaction with their impairments (SSPI) in interaction with their caregivers in different daily activitiescaregivers in different daily activities
To increase the understanding of what To increase the understanding of what factors influence interactions involving factors influence interactions involving children with SSPI and to strengthen the children with SSPI and to strengthen the possibilities for efficient AAC-interventionspossibilities for efficient AAC-interventions
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
ParticipantsParticipants
Four dyads of children and caregivers (8 Four dyads of children and caregivers (8 part.)part.) Dyad 1: Girl 6:6 with severe dysarthria, cerebral Dyad 1: Girl 6:6 with severe dysarthria, cerebral
palsy, age equivalent cognitive capability + auntpalsy, age equivalent cognitive capability + aunt Dyad 2: Girl 6:6 without SSPI, age equivalent Dyad 2: Girl 6:6 without SSPI, age equivalent
cognitive capability + mothercognitive capability + mother Dyad 3: Girl 7:10 with severe dysarthria and Dyad 3: Girl 7:10 with severe dysarthria and
physical impairment, age equivalent cognitive physical impairment, age equivalent cognitive capability + mothercapability + mother
Dyad 4: Girl 7:10 without SSPI, age equivalent Dyad 4: Girl 7:10 without SSPI, age equivalent cognitive capability + mothercognitive capability + mother
Communication modes Communication modes
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
Data collection & dataData collection & data InterviewsInterviews Assessments Assessments Log-booksLog-books Selection of 5 different activities to be Selection of 5 different activities to be
video recorded x 2 in naturalistic contextvideo recorded x 2 in naturalistic context MealtimeMealtime Story-reading at nightStory-reading at night DrawingDrawing Brushing teethBrushing teeth Playing a gamePlaying a game
40 recordings of varying length40 recordings of varying length
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
AnalysisAnalysis
Transcription – MSO + TraSATranscription – MSO + TraSA Manual coding of transcriptions Manual coding of transcriptions andand
video recordingsvideo recordings Activity Based Communication Activity Based Communication
Analysis (ACA)Analysis (ACA) Statistics (Chi-square)Statistics (Chi-square) Reliability coding (Cohen’s Kappa)Reliability coding (Cohen’s Kappa)
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
StudiesStudies2 dyads – 1 activity2 dyads – 1 activity
Interaction Patterns of Children and Caregivers at Interaction Patterns of Children and Caregivers at Mealtime: Comparison of a Dyad including a Child Mealtime: Comparison of a Dyad including a Child with Severe Speech and Physical Impairments and a with Severe Speech and Physical Impairments and a Control DyadControl Dyad
Semantic Content of Child-Caregiver Interaction at Semantic Content of Child-Caregiver Interaction at Mealtime: The Impact of Severe Speech and Physical Mealtime: The Impact of Severe Speech and Physical ImpairmentsImpairments
Non-understanding in Child-Caregiver Conversations: Non-understanding in Child-Caregiver Conversations: The Impact of Speech and Physical ImpairmentsThe Impact of Speech and Physical Impairments
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
Problems, questions & Problems, questions & concerns …concerns …
Collection of dataCollection of data TranscriptionTranscription AnalysisAnalysis
All related to the complexity of AAC - All related to the complexity of AAC - not easily separatednot easily separated
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
Collection of dataCollection of data
InformationInformation Naturalistic context Naturalistic context
““natural communication”?natural communication”? Video recording – what and how Video recording – what and how
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
TranscriptionTranscription
How to transcribe vocal behavior How to transcribe vocal behavior Word approximations - phonetic transcriptions Word approximations - phonetic transcriptions
mixed with MSO?mixed with MSO? Voice characteristics Voice characteristics
Problems associated with transcription of Problems associated with transcription of multimodal communicationmultimodal communication Transcription is a selective process Transcription is a selective process Spoken language dominanceSpoken language dominance
Do we not still treat gestures, eye gaze etc. as Do we not still treat gestures, eye gaze etc. as secondary?secondary?
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
Transcription Transcription cont’dcont’d
Especially threatening for the AAC Especially threatening for the AAC populationpopulation Case example: eye gaze Case example: eye gaze Common topics in AAC: turn-taking, pauses Common topics in AAC: turn-taking, pauses
(e.g., use of device = pause?)(e.g., use of device = pause?) Can transcription & analysis be Can transcription & analysis be
separated? separated? Given extremely difficult raw data - the Given extremely difficult raw data - the
“finding” & transcription of a particular body “finding” & transcription of a particular body communication phenomena will lead to communication phenomena will lead to further transcription of the same phenomena further transcription of the same phenomena
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
Transcription Transcription cont’dcont’d
What should be included in the case of SSPI?What should be included in the case of SSPI? Everything? Is it possible?Everything? Is it possible? Heterogeneous population - different kinds of Heterogeneous population - different kinds of
impairments give different problems – rely on different impairments give different problems – rely on different modes – should that be taken into consideration?modes – should that be taken into consideration?
Body, eyes …Body, eyes … Time, energy, human eye and mind, transcription Time, energy, human eye and mind, transcription
system…system…
Reliability!Reliability!
Transcription methodology should reflect Transcription methodology should reflect what is known about language in AAC what is known about language in AAC (Gloria (Gloria Soto, 2000)Soto, 2000)
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
AnalysisAnalysis Transcription influences content & quality of Transcription influences content & quality of
data - analysis - video!data - analysis - video!
Researcher bias – spoken language preference - Researcher bias – spoken language preference - incomplete/inadequate picture of AAC users incomplete/inadequate picture of AAC users Dyad 1 – Dyad 2Dyad 1 – Dyad 2
What phenomena do we choose to analyze in What phenomena do we choose to analyze in order to point at what interaction pattern? order to point at what interaction pattern? What is relevant for describing interaction What is relevant for describing interaction involving AAC-users?involving AAC-users? How do we analyze interaction patterns, communicative How do we analyze interaction patterns, communicative
functions and content, e.g., – speech acts and meaning?functions and content, e.g., – speech acts and meaning? Same coding schedules as for people without impairments?Same coding schedules as for people without impairments?
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
Analysis Analysis cont’dcont’d
Example: pausesExample: pauses Persons with SSPI develop specific patterns with Persons with SSPI develop specific patterns with
specific partners – the main goal is to reach mutual specific partners – the main goal is to reach mutual understandingunderstanding
Analysis in relation to impairmentAnalysis in relation to impairment What body movements are communicative?What body movements are communicative?
UnderestimationUnderestimation OverestimationOverestimation
Intellectual impairments Intellectual impairments ambiguous behavior, e.g., extended signs ambiguous behavior, e.g., extended signs
NordTalk - Corpus based research on spoken language 2002
And probably much more…And probably much more…