nordic demography in history and present-day...

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This is the published version of a chapter published in Nordic Demography in History and Present-Day Society.

Citation for the original published chapter :

Andersson, G. (2001)Trends in Childbearing and Nuptiality in Sweden, 1961(71)-1997.In: Lars-Göran Tedebrand and Peter Sköld (ed.), Nordic Demography in History and Present-Day Society (pp. 67-100). Umeå: Umeå universitet

N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published chapter.

Permanent link to this version:http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-133024

Pmì_n di ?cdg_]`\mdib \i_ Jpkod\gdot diOr`_ì) .63.%4.&*.664

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Eiomj_pôdji

?c\ib`n di _`hjbm\kcd^ ]`c\qdjpm ^\i ]` \i\gtn`_ `doc`m amjh \k`mdj_ jm amjh \ ^jcjmo k`mnk`ôdq`+ Ei \ _dn^pnndji \]jpo oc`

m`g`q\i^` ja `\^c ja oc`n` orj k`mnk`ôdq`n di _`hjbm\kcd^ \i\gtndn)Jd >cmjg^c~di %.66/& nomjibgt \_qj^\o`n oc` ajmh`m+ Oc` \mbp`n oc\ohjno a\ôjmn oc\o \aa`ô _`hjbm\kcd^ ]`c\qdjpm rjmf ji \ k`mdj_ m\o*c`m oc\i ji \ ^jcjmo ]\ndn \i_ nc` ^jin`lpìogt \nfn ajm hjm` \i\gt*n`n rdoc \ ^g`\m*^po k`mdj_ k`mnk`ôdq`+ Koc`m \pocjmn \n r`gg) np^c\n Ipmkct %.660&) c\q` `hkc\ndn`_ oc` dhkjmo\i^` ja \ k`mdj_k`mnk`ôdq` di \i\gtn`n ja a`modgdot \i_ Hpou ò \g+ %.66.& ncjr`_ oc\ok`mdj_ àa`ôn h\t ]` hp^c hjm` dhkjmo\io oc\i ^jcjmo àa`ôn \gnjrcì _dqjm^`n \m` nop_d`_+ Ei ocdn k\k`m) r` rdgg _`n^md]` \ ntno`hajm km`nìodib odh` omì_n di ^cdg_]`\mdib \i_ ipkod\gdot pndib Or`*_dnc m`bdno`m _\o\+ S` rdgg h\f` \ ocjmjpbc k`mdj_ \i\gtndn bdqdib_ò\dg`_ diajmh\odji \]jpo ^c\ib`n di a\hdgt _ti\hd^n di Or`_ìamjh ji` ^\gì_\m t`\m oj \ijoc`m+

Ei jaad^d\g no\odnod^n) r` h\t oj_\t adi_ n`q`m\g otk`n ja h`\npm`noc\o kd^f pk njh` a`\opm`n ja k`mdj_ ^c\ib`n di _`hjbm\kcd^]`c\qdjpm+ Pc` ^jhhji \b`*nk`^dad^ ]dmoc m\o`n %O?>) .665) P\]g`0+.4&) admno*h\mmd\b` m\o`n %O?>) .665) P\]g` 2+4&) \i_ _dqjm^` m\o`n%O?>) .665) P\]g` 2+.6& bdq` diajmh\odji \]jpo oc` kmjkìndot oj bdq`]dmoc) oj h\mmt) \i_ oj _dqjm^` \o _daa`mìo \b`n di nk`^dad^ ^\gì_\mt`\mn+ Pc`n` \m` \gg ^ìom\g m\o`n m`g\odib oc` iph]`m ja m`^jm_`_ `qìonoj oc` kjkpg\odji \ôp\ggt pi_`m mdnf ja `sk`mdì^dib oc` `qìo pi_`mj]n`mq\odji+ = kmj]g`h dn oc\o oc`n` m\o`n \m` `nnìod\ggt ojj ndhkg` oj

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bdq` \ ^jhkgò` _`n^mdkodji ja oc` omì_n di a\hdgt _ti\hd^n+ =ijoc`mkmj]g`h dn oc\o) rcì nk`^dad`_ ajm \gg \b` bmjpkn ja dio`m`no) oc`t \m`nj h\it oc\o do hdbco ]` _daad^pgo oj _`mdq` \it nphh\mt diajmh\odjiamjh oc`h+ = q`mt ^jhhji \i_ ndhkg` r\t ja _`mdq dib np^cdiajmh\odji dn ocì ]t nphhdib oc` \b`*nk`^dad^ m\o`n ajm `\^c t`\mja dio`m`no+ Scì \kkgd`_ oj ]dmoc m\o`n) ocdn m`npgon di oc` k`mdj_ Pjo\gB`modgdot N\o` %PBN& \i_ oc` kmj^`_pm` \hjpion oj oc` ^jinompôdji ja\ ntiocòd^ ^jcjmo ajm `\^c t`\m ^jind_`m`_+ Odhdg\m ntiocòd^*^jcjmoh`\npm`n ^\i ]` _`mdq`_ ajm h\mmd\b`n \i_ _dqjm^`n \n r`gg8 oc` k`mdj_*]\n`_ Pjo\g Bdmno I\mmd\b` N\o` %PBIN& dn j]o\di`_ ]t ^phpg\odib\b`*nk`^dad^ admno*h\mmd\b` di^d_ì^` m\o`n ajm \ k\mod^pg\m ^\gì_\mt`\m rcdg` oc` k`mdj_*]\n`_ Pjo\g @dqjm^` N\o` %P@N& dn j]o\di`_ ]t^phpg\odib _dqjm^` di^d_ì^` m\o`n ]t _pm\odji ja h\mmd\b` ajm \nk`^dad^ ^\gì_\m t`\m+ = _m\r]\^f rdoc oc`n` \bbm`b\o`_ h`\npm`ndn oc\o oc`t \m` ojj ^mp_` oj bdq` \it diajmh\odji \]jpo rcòc`m ocòmì_n di ^cdg_]`\mdib \i_ ipkod\gdot c\q` ]`ì _daa`mìo ajm _daa`mìonp]bmjpkn ja rjhì+

=ijoc`m _dn\_q\io\b` oc\o jaoì dn hìodji`_ ajm oc` ^jiqìodji\gPBN dn oc\o do oì_n oj `s\bb`m\o` ^c\ib`n di a`modgdot di k`mdj_n rcìrjhì \m` kjnokjidib jm \m` nk``_dib pk oc`dm ^cdg_]`\mdib %D\ei\g).614&+ Pc` PBIN \i_ oc` P@N oì_ oj ]` `qì hjm` kmj]g`h\od^ \nh`\npm`n ja ipkod\gdot8 oc`dm ^\g^pg\odji rdgg `\ndgt m`npgo di di\^^pm\o`h\mmd\b` \i_ _dqjm^` omì_n+ Ki` m`\nji ajm ocdn dn oc\o oc`t \m` ]\n`_ji iph]`mn ja admno h\mmd\b`n,_dqjm^`n rcd^c \m` m`g\o`_ oj \gg rjhìm`b\m_g`nn ja oc`dm ^dqdg no\opn) d+`+) oc\o oc`t \m` ^jinompô`_ amjhdi^d_ì^` m\o`n m\oc`m oc\i amjh kmjk`m j^^pmmì^`*`skjnpm` m\o`n+%O`` Dj`h) .645) ajm \ _dn^pnndji \]jpo ^phpg\o`_ _`hjbm\kcd^di^d_ì^` m\o`n+&

Ijm` \_`lp\o` odh` n`md`n h\t cjr`q`m m`npgo rcì hjm` _ò\d*g`_ diajmh\odji amjh oc` ]\nd^ _`hjbm\kcd^ no\odnod^n dn podgdn`_ hjm`àad^dìogt+ N\ggp \i_ Pjpg`hji %.661& km`nìo ji` np^c àajmo oj dh*kmjq` oc` lp\gdot ja k`mdj_ ]\n`_ a`modgdot h`\npm`n di oc`dm diq`nod*b\odji ja \ iph]`m ja \go`mi\odq` h`\npm`n) \gg ]\n`_ ji oc` kmdi^dkg`ja \ ntiocòd^ ^jcjmo+ Pc`t omd`_ oj `gdhdi\o` oc` diagpì^` ja k\noa`modgdot ]`c\qdjpm ji ^pmmìo g`q`gn ja ^cdg_]`\mdib ]t \bbm`b\odiboc`dm di_`s`n amjh hjm` _ò\dg`_ _\o\ oc\i oc` ndhkg` \b`*nk`^dadâ`modgdot m\o`n+ Pc`t ^ji^gp_`_ oc\o ji` ncjpg_ di^gp_` diajmh\odji\]jpo k\mdot \i_ _pm\odji ja odh` ndi^` km`qdjpn ]dmocn) da np^c diajm*h\odji dn \q\dg\]g`+ Pc`t \gnj ^ji^gp_`_ oc\o ji` ncjpg_ pn` _`hj*bm\kcd^ h`\npm`n rc`m` oc` iph]`mn ja _`hjbm\kcd^ `qìon \m`kmjk`mgt m`g\o`_ oj oc` kjkpg\odji \ôp\ggt pi_`m mdnf ja `sk`mdì^dib

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oc` k\mod^pg\m `qìo) d+`+) ji` ncjpg_ pn` j^^pmmì^`*`skjnpm` m\o`nm\oc`m oc\i di^d_ì^` m\o`n) da ji` r\ion oj \bbm`b\o` oj \ ntiocòd^*^jcjmo h`\npm` ja oc\o `qìo+ Jd >cmjg^c~di %.66/& ndhdg\mgt \nf`_ajm hjm` \i_ ]òo`m no\i_\m_dn\odji ajm km`^`_dib _`hjbm\kcd^ cdn*ojmt rcì ^jinompôdib k`mdj_ h`\npm`n ja a`modgdot+ Oc` \gnj rìoji` no`k apmoc`m di kmjkjndib oc` \]\i_jihìo ja a`modgdot h`\npm`noc\o \m` ]\n`_ ji oc` kmdi^dkg` ja \ ntiocòd^ ^jcjmo) ]`gd`qdib oc\oh`\npm`n `skm`nn`_ \n $^cdg_mì k`m rjh\i$ ^g`\mgt hdnm`km`nìonrc\o dn j^^pmmdib _pmdib \ k`mdj_+ Pc` k\m\gg`g oj ipkod\gdot h`\npm`n`skm`nn`_ \n $kmjkjmodji h\mmd`_$ \i_ $kmjkjmodji _dqjm^`_$ dn j]qdjpn+

=i di^jmkjm\odji ja hj_`mi no\odnod^\g oc`jmt ajm oc` ^jinompôdjija \ iph]`m ja \go`mi\odq` _`hjbm\kcd^ h`\npm`n h\t opmi jpo oj ]`hjm` n\odna\ôjmt+ Bjm _dqjm^`n) Dj`h %.66.\& admno npbb`no`_ k\mdot*nk`^dad^ di_`s`n ja _dqjm^` mdnfn ]\n`_ ji \ hj_`mi q`mndji ja di_dm`ôno\i_\m_dn\odji oc\o ^jiomjgn ajm oc` àa`ôn ja \ iph]`m ja _`hj*bm\kcd^ a\ôjmn+ Dj`h %.660\& ndhdg\mgt km`nìo`_ oc` d_`\n ajm \n^c`h` ja no\i_\m_dn`_ ]dmoc m\o`n+ Ddn m`bm`nndji hj_`gn m`npgo`_ di7

Ö \ _dn\bbm`b\o`_ _`n^mdkodji ja _`hjbm\kcd^ ^c\ib`) _dnkg\tdibomì_n ajm \ gdhdo`_ iph]`m ja np]bmjpkn ja rjhì)

Ö \i àad^dìo pn` ja \q\dg\]g` _\o\) ^jiomjggdib ajm ^jhkjndodji\g^c\ib`n jq`m oc` _daa`mìo _`hjbm\kcd^ a\ôjmn) \i_

Ö oc` pn` ja \ hòmd^ oc\o dn \kkmjkmd\o` ajm \ k`mdj_ ]\n`_ \i\gt*ndn) bdqdib diajmh\odji \]jpo ^c\ib`n di oc` kmjkìndot oj _dqjm^`%oj h\mmt) oj bdq` ]dmoc& ajm q\mdjpn np]bmjpkn ja rjhì+

=i pk_\o`_ ntno`h ja ocdn i\opm` ajm km`nìodib di_`s`n ja k\mdot*nk`^dad^ _dqjm^` mdnfn ajm Or`_dnc rjhì c\n m`^ìogt ]`ì km`nìo`_]t =i_`mnnji %.662) .664&+ =i_`mnnji %.665\& apmoc`m pn`n oc` n\h`d_`\n oj ^jinompô \ ntno`h ajm km`nìodib k\mdot*nk`^dad^ di_`s`n jah\mmd\b` mdnfn \i_ =i_`mnnji %.666& adi\ggt _`n^md]`n oc` ocdm_ k\moja ocdn \kkmj\^c ajm km`nìodib omì_n di a\hdgt _ti\hd^n di Or`_ìrdoc \i pk_\o`_ km`nìo\odji ja k\mdot*nk`^dad^ di_`s`n ja ]dmoc m\o`nja Or`_dnc rjhì+ =gg oc`n` km`nìo`_ di_`s`n \m` ndhkgt `nodh\o`_m`g\odq` mdnfn ja _dqjm^dib) h\mmtdib) jm bdqdib ]dmoc) ]t ^\gì_\m t`\m)di_d^\odib ^c\ib`n di oc` ajm^` ja ipkod\gdot jm ajm^` ja a`modgdot amjh ji` t`\m oj \ijoc`m+ Pc` di_`s`n \m` km`nìo`_ \n k\mdot*nk`^dadâdbpm`n ndi^` oc` omì_n di \gg ocm`` otk`n ja _`hjbm\kcd^ ]`c\qdjpmc\q` ]`ì lpdo` _daa`mìo ajm rjhì rdoc _daa`mìo iph]`mn ja ^cdg_*mì+ Ei oc` km`nìo k\k`m) r` rdgg bdq` \ nphh\mt km`nìo\odji ja \ggocm`` ^jhkjiìon ja oc` ntno`h+ S` rdgg \gnj pk_\o` `\mgd`m odh` n`md`n

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ji oc` ]\ndn ja ]òo`m \i_ tjpib`m _\o\ amjh oc` Or`_dnc kjkpg\odjim`bdno`m ntno`h+ Ki` kpmkjn` ja jpm ntno`h ja km`nìodib omì_n dia\hdgt _ti\hd^n di Or`_ì dn oj h\f` np^c pk_\o`n \iip\ggt) di jm*_`m oj _`n^md]` oc` g\o`no ^c\ib`n di _`hjbm\kcd^ ]`c\qdjpm+ Ei ocdnk\k`m) r` rdgg km`nìo odh` omì_n di ^cdg_]`\mdib jq`m oc` t`\mn .63.*.664 \i_ r` rdgg km`nìo odh` omì_n di h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji \i_ h\m*md\b` _dnnjgpodji jq`m oc` t`\mn .64.*.664+

@\o\ \i_ hòcj_nPc` _\o\ ajm jpm ^\g^pg\odjin ^jh` amjh oc` Or`_dnc kjkpg\odji m`*bdno`m ntno`h) rcd^c ^jq`mn oc` rcjg` Or`_dnc kjkpg\odji \i_ donqdo\g `qìon rdoc q`mt cdbc \^^pm\^t+ Ei Oo\odnod^n Or`_ì) diajmh\*odji \]jpo \gg m`^jm_`_ _`hjbm\kcd^ `qìon %hjioc \i_ t`\m ja h\m*md\b`) ^cdg_]`\mdib) _dqjm^`) _`\oc) rd_jrcjj_ \i_ `hdbm\odji& ajmrjhì ]jmi di Or`_ì dn nojm`_ di \ _\o\ ]\n` ^\gg`_ oc` B`modgdotN`bdno`m+ Oo\odnod^n Or`_ì c\n kmjqd_`_ pn rdoc \i `som\ô amjh ocdnm`bdno`m rdoc diajmh\odji \]jpo \gg _`hjbm\kcd^ `qìon ^ji^`midib^cdg_]`\mdib ajm oc` t`\mn .61.*.664 ajm \gg rjhì ]jmi jq`m oc`t`\mn .6/2*.65-+ Pcdn bdq`n gda`*`qìo cdnojmd`n ja \mjpi_ /+5 hdggdjinOr`_dnc rjhì+ Pc`m` \m` 1+/ hdggdjin m`^jm_`_ gdq` ]dmocn di jpm_\o\ nò+ Oo\odnod^n Or`_ì c\n apmoc`m kmjqd_`_ pn rdoc \ijoc`m `som\ôamjh ocdn m`bdno`m rdoc \__dodji\g diajmh\odji \]jpo \gg ^c\ib`n di^dqdg no\opn _pmdib oc` t`\mn .63.*.664 ajm \gg rjhì ]jmi di .613*.65-+ Pcdn bdq`n ipkod\gdot cdnojmd`n ja \mjpi_ .+5 hdggdjin Or`_dncrjhì+ Pc` m`bdnom\odji ja h\mmd\b`n dn m`gd\]g` amjh .63. jir\m_n]po oc` m`bdnom\odji ja _dqjm^`n dn ijo ^jhkgò` ajm t`\mn ]àjm` .635nj r` ^\i jigt \i\gtn` _dqjm^`n \i_ m`h\mmd\b`n ajm ocjn` rcj admnoh\mmd`_ di .635 jm g\o`m+ S` c\q` nop_d`_ _dqjm^` mdnfn ajm rjhì dioc`dm admno h\mmd\b` amjh .64. jir\m_n+ Bjm .635*.664 oc`m` \m` \mj*pi_ 46-)--- m`bdno`m`_ admno h\mmd\b`n \i_ 4-)--- n`^ji_ h\mmd\b`najm oc` rjhì di jpm _\o\ nò+ Pc` admno h\mmd\b`n m`npgo`_ di \mjpi_.6-)--- _dqjm^`n _pmdib oc` nop_t k`mdj_+ Ei jpm km`nìo\odjin) r`_dnkg\t a`modgdot omì_n ajm oc` ^\gì_\m t`\mn ndi^` .63. \i_ omì_n dih\mmd\b` ajmh\odji \i_ h\mmd\b` _dnnjgpodji ajm oc` t`\mn ndi^` .64.+

Kpm ^jhkpo\odjin c\q` ]`ì ]\n`_ ji oc` iph]`m ja m`bdno`m`_]dmocn) h\mmd\b`n) \i_ _dqjm^`n \i_ oc` ^jmm`nkji_dib `skjnpm` odh`nja mdnf ajm q\mdjpn np]bmjpkn ja rjhì+ Pc` j^^pmmì^`n \i_ `skjn*pm`n \m` ^mjnn*^g\nndad`_ \^^jm_dib oj _`hjbm\kcd^ ^jq\md\o`n oc\o \m`_`mdq`_ amjh oc` kjkpg\odji m`bdno`m don`ga \i_ \m` pn`_ ajm di_dm`ôno\i_\m_dn\odji+ Pc` kpmkjn` ja np^c \ ^mjnn*^g\nndad^\odji ji n`q`m\g

* 4- *

^jq\md\o`n dn oj km`nìo \iip\g di_`s`n oc\o ncjr omì_n di oc` kmjkìn*dot oj bdq` ]dmoc) oj h\mmt) \i_ oj _dqjm^` ajm Or`_dnc rjhì jq`m oc`t`\mn ja j]n`mq\odji+ Pc` q\mdjpn di_`s`n bdq` \ ^g`\m kdôpm` ja oc`_`hjbm\kcd^ odh` omì_n \o oc` n\h` odh` \n oc`t k`mhdo \i àad^dìopn` ja oc` diajmh\odji \q\dg\]g` di oc` kjkpg\odji m`bdno`mn \i_ kmjq*d_` ^jiomjgn ajm ^jhkjndodji\g ^c\ib`n jq`m oc` q\mdjpn ^jq\md\o`n+Pc` di_`s`n \m` kmj_p^`_ ]t `nodh\odib kmjkjmodji\g*c\u\m_ %jmdioìndot*m`bm`nndji& hj_`gn+ Op^c m`bm`nndji hj_`gn \m` ijr\_\tnno\i_\m_ rcì nop_tdib oc` dhk\ô ja q\mdjpn q\md\]g`n ji _`hj*bm\kcd^ ]`c\qdjpm+ Ei jpm ^\n`) \ ndhkg` hj_`g %rdoc jigt h\di àa`ôn&ja) ajm `s\hkg`) oc` kmjkìndot ajm \ hjoc`m oj bdq` ]dmoc oj \i \__*dodji\g ^cdg_ ^\i c\q` oc` ajggjrdib ajmh7

c%o& : \d ]e ^f _g

rc`m` c%o& dn \ ]dmoc dioìndot rcd^c _`kì_n ji oc` q\mdjpn g`q`gnja a\ôjmn np^c \n \ %^pmmìo \b` ja hjoc`m&) ] %]dmoc jm_`m&) ^ %^\gì_\mt`\m&) \i_ _ %_pm\odji ja odh` ndi^` km`qdjpn ]dmoc&+ Pc` n\h` hj_`g^\i \gnj ]`) \i_ jaoì dn) m`km`nìo`_ di don gjb*gdi`\m ajmh) ]po r`g`\q` oc\o jpo ja ocdn km`nìo\odji ajm ndhkgd^dot+ S` mà`m oj oc` pn` jaocdn hj_`g \n di_dm`ô no\i_\m_dn\odji ]`^\pn` oc` I\sdhph Hdf`gd*cjj_ njgpodjin ajm oc` k\m\hò`mn ja \i dioìndot*m`bm`nndji hj_`gc\q` oc` n\h` nompôpm` \n oc` dhkmjq`_ ajmh ja di_dm`ô no\i_\m_*dn\odji oc\o r` pn`) \n ncjri ]t Dj`h %.660\&+ Kpm `nodh\odjin \m`k`majmh`_ ]t h`\in ja \ ^jhkpo`m kmjbm\h ^\gg`_ Nj^\Jjq\) m`^ìogt_`q`gjk`_ \o Oo\odnod^n Or`_ì+

Scì r` nk`^dat hj_`gn ajm oc` ]dmoc dioìndot) r` ajmhpg\o` _da*a`mìo hj_`gn) rdoc _daa`mìo ^jq\md\o`n) ajm oc` kmjkìndot oj bdq`]dmoc ajm ^cdg_g`nn rjhì \i_ ajm hjoc`mn+ Odhdg\mgt) r` nk`^datn`k\m\o` hj_`gn ajm oc` ajmh\odji ja admno h\mmd\b`n \i_ n`^ji_ h\m*md\b`n+ Pcdn dn ]`^\pn` rjhì rcj bdq` cdbc`m*jm_`m ]dmocn \i_ ìo`mdioj cdbc`m*jm_`m h\mmd\b`n c\q` hp^c hjm` km`^`_dib _`hjbm\kcd^cdnojmt oj \^^jpio ajm oc\i c\q` ocjn` rcj \m` pi_`m oc` mdnf ja`sk`mdì^dib admno*jm_`m `qìon+ Ei oc` ajmh`m ^\n`) r` h\t \^^jpioajm oc\o cdnojmt ]t di^gp_dib \__dodji\g _`hjbm\kcd^ q\md\]g`n di jpmhj_`gn+ Bjm admno*]dmoc dioìndod`n r` pn` \ hj_`g rdoc \b` ja rjh\i\i_ ^\gì_\m t`\m \n oc` jigt ^jq\md\o`n+ Bjm ]dmocn ja cdbc`m jm_`mnr` \gnj di^gp_` oc` a\ôjmn ]dmoc jm_`m \i_ \b` ja tjpib`no ^cdg_ diojjpm m`bm`nndji hj_`g+ Ei jpm ^\g^pg\odjin ja admno*h\mmd\b` mdnfn r`pn` oc` ^jq\md\o`n \b` ja rjh\i) ^\gì_\m t`\m) \i_ k\mdot) d+`+) ocìph]`m ja ^cdg_mì \ rjh\i c\n ]jmi`+ Ei jpm hj_`g ja m`h\mmd\b`

* 4. *

mdnfn ja admno*_dqjm^`_ rjhì) r` \__ oc` a\ôjm odh` ndi^` _dqjm^`dioj oc` hj_`g+ Ei ocdn ^\n`) r` \gnj hj_dat oc` \b` q\md\]g` nj oc\o do_`n^md]`n \b` ja rjh\i \o oc` _dqjm^` \i_ oc` k\mdot q\md\]g` nj oc\odo bdq`n diajmh\odji \]jpo rcòc`m kjnnd]g` ^cdg_mì ja \ rjh\i \m`]jmi ]àjm` oc` _dqjm^` jm \ao`m oc\o `qìo+ Bdi\ggt) di jpm hj_`gn ja_dqjm^` mdnfn ja admno*h\mmd`_ rjhì) r` pn` ^jq\md\o`n oc\o m`km`nìo\b` \o h\mmd\b`) _pm\odji ja h\mmd\b`) k\mdot) oc` km`nì^` ja \itkm`h\mdo\g ^cdg_mì %^cdg_mì ]jmi ]àjm` oc` h\mmd\b` _\o`&) \b` jatjpib`no ^cdg_) \i_ ^\gì_\m t`\m+ =gg jpm ^jq\md\o`n \m` om`\o`_ \n^\o`bjmd^\g q\md\]g`n+ = hjm` _ò\dg`_ _`n^mdkodji ja jpm q\md\]g`n)rdoc _àdidodjin ja oc` _daa`mìo q\md\]g` g`q`gn oc\o r` pn`) dn bdqì dioc` =kkì_ds oj ocdn k\k`m+

= ^jhhji a\ôjm di \gg jpm m`bm`nndji hj_`gn dn ^\gì_\m t`\m)rcd^c r` _àdi` di ndibg`*t`\m bmjpkn+ Odi^` oc` kpmkjn` ja jpm km`*nìo\odji dn oj _dnkg\t k`mdj_ omì_n di a\hdgt _ti\hd^n ocdn dn \gnjjpm h\di a\ôjm ja dio`m`no+ Bjm ocdn a\ôjm) \n r`gg \n ajm oc` joc`ma\ôjmn hìodji`_ \]jq`) r` `nodh\o` m`g\odq` mdnfn oc\o ncjr oc`kmjkìndot oj bdq` ]dmoc) oj h\mmt) \i_ oj _dqjm^` m`g\odq` oj \ npdo\]g`]\n`gdi` g`q`g ja oc` n\h` a\ôjm+ Pc` m`g\odq` mdnfn ajm ^\gì_\m t`\m\m` ocì km`nìo`_ di oc` n\h` h\ii`m \n \ kmd^` di_`s) rcd^c bdq`diajmh\odji \]jpo ^c\ib`n di kmd^`n m`g\odq` oj \ npdo\]g` ^\gì_\mt`\m+ S` km`nìo \iip\g di_`s`n ja ]dmoc m\o`n rc`m` r` pn` .644 \njpm ]\n`gdi` t`\m \i_ \iip\g di_`s`n ja h\mmd\b` mdnfn \i_ _dqjm^`mdnfn rdoc .65- \n oc` ]\n`gdi` t`\m+ = q\gp` ja n\t .+2- ajm oc` _dqjm^`*mdnf di_`s ja \ ^`mo\di ^\gì_\m t`\m ocì h`\in oc\o oc` kmjkìndotoj _dqjm^` r\n 2- k`m^ìo cdbc`m di oc\o t`\m oc\i do r\n di .65-)rcì r` ^jiomjg ajm ^jhkjndodji\g ^c\ib`n jq`m oc` joc`m q\md\]g`ndi jpm hj_`g+

N`g\odq` mdnfn ja oc` kmjkìndot oj bdq` ]dmoc) oj h\mmt) \i_ oj_dqjm^` \m` ja ^jpmn` \gnj `nodh\o`_ ajm oc` joc`m q\md\]g`n+ Ei ocdnk\k`m) r` rdgg ijo k\t hp^c \ooìodji oj oc` àa`ô ja oc`n` q\md\]g`nji _`hjbm\kcd^ ]`c\qdjpm+ Pc`t \m` dino`\_ _dn^pnn`_ di hjm` _ò\dgdi oc` k\k`mn ]t =i_`mnnji %.662) .664) .665\) .666&+ Djr`q`m) r`rdgg c`m` aj^pn ji oc` àa`ô ja k\mdot ji a\hdgt _ti\hd^n di Or`_ìdi oc\o r` km`nìo k\mdot*nk`^dad^ di_`s`n) rcd^c _dnkg\t omì_n di^cdg_]`\mdib \i_ ipkod\gdot ajm rjhì rdoc _daa`mìo iph]`mn ja^cdg_mì+ Pc`n` di_`s`n \m` kmj_p^`_ ]t `nodh\odib dio`m\ôdji hj_`gn)rcd^c bdq` m`g\odq` mdnfn ja oc` `qìo pi_`m nop_t ajm \gg ^jh]di\odjinja ^\gì_\m t`\m \i_ k\mdot+ =n r` rdgg n``) omì_n di _`hjbm\kcd^]`c\qdjpm c\q` di h\it ^\n`n ]`ì _daa`mìo ajm rjhì rdoc _daa`*mìo iph]`mn ja ^cdg_mì+ Ei oc` ajggjrdib km`nìo\odjin ja m`g\odq`

* 4/ *

mdnfn) r` _j ijo kmjqd_` \it adbpm`n ji q\md\i^`n jm ndbidad^\i^` g`q`gn+Ei \ _\o\ nò \n cpb` \n jpmn) km\ôd^\ggt \it `nodh\o`_ _daa`mì^` dimdnf g`q`g rdgg opmi jpo oj ]` no\odnod^\ggt ndbidad^\io+

Pmì_n di ^cdg_]`\mdib %.63.*.664&=gm`\_t amjh \ admno gjjf ji n`md`n ja k`mdj_ PBN q\gp`n ajm Or`_ìji` rdgg _dn^jq`m oc\o oc` g`q`g ja a`modgdot di ocdn ^jpiomt c\n ncjrinomjib agpôp\odjin _pmdib m`^ìo _`^\_`n %n``) ajm `s\hkg`) =i_`mn*nji) .666) Bdbpm` .&+ Hdf` di hjno joc`m i`dbc]jpmdib ^jpiomd`n) ocà`modgdot _`^gdi`_ _pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` .63-n \i_ _pmdib oc`.64-n+ =ao`m oc\o) oc` PBN dino`\_ di^m`\n`_ nc\mkgt _pmdib oc` g\o`mk\mo ja oc` .65-n+ Eo rìo pk oj \i_ `qì k\nn`_ \]jq` oc` m`kg\^`hìog`q`g di .66- \i_ .66.) \i_ di oc`n` t`\mn do r\n cdbc`m oc\i oc` PBNja \ghjno `q`mt joc`m S`no`mi Apmjk`\i ^jpiomt+ =o km`nìo oc` nd*op\odji c\n \b\di ^c\ib`_ ^jhkgò`gt di oc\o oc` kmjkìndot ajm Or`*_dnc rjhì oj bdq` ]dmoc c\n _`^gdi`_ q`mt a\no jq`m oc` g\no adq` t`\mn+Pc` PBN m`\^c`_ oc` g`q`g ja .+2/ di .664) rcd^c ]t ocì r\n oc`gjr`no g`q`g `q`m m`^jm_`_ ajm Or`_ì+ Jjiòc`g`nn) ocdn dn nodgg ngdbcogt\]jq` oc` g`q`g ja oc` joc`m AQ ^jpiomd`n o\fì ojbòc`m+ Pc` nomjibq\md\odji di k`mdj_ a`modgdot _pmdib hjno _`^\_`n ja ocdn ^ìopmt no\i_ndi nc\mk ^jiom\no oj oc` q`mt hdijm ^c\ib`n oc\o nj a\m ^\i ]` j]n`mq`_ajm ^jhkgò`_ a`modgdot ja ^jcjmon ja Or`_dnc rjhì %n``) ajm `s\hkg`)I`dn\\md*Ljgn\ \i_ OÅ_`mnomÅh) .662&+ Ei ocdn n`ôdji) r` rdgg h\f` \_``k`m `s\hdi\odji ja oc` ^jhkjiìon ja oc` k`mdj_ ^c\ib` di a`modg*dot amjh .63. jir\m_n di oc\o r` _dnkg\t omì_n di ]dmoc m\o`n ajmrjhì \o _daa`mìo no\b`n di oc`dm a\hdgt*]pdg_dib kmj^`nn+ S` no\mordoc \ km`nìo\odji ja no\i_\m_dn`_ admno*]dmoc m\o`n+

=i `nodh\odji ja admno*]dmoc dioìndod`n ajm \gg ^jh]di\odjin ja ndibg`\b`n \i_ ^\gì_\m t`\mn ncjrn oc\o oc`m` c\n ]`ì rd_`gt _daa`mdibomì_n ]òr`ì tjpib`m \i_ jg_`m rjhì di oc` kmjkìndot oj ]`^jh`\ hjoc`m _pmdib jpm nop_t k`mdj_ %n`` =i_`mnnji) .666) Bdbpm` =g&+Pc` omì_n n`k\m\o` oc` \b`n dioj orj bmjpkn+ Pc`t \m` q`mt ndhdg\m oj`\^c joc`m ajm \gg tjpib`m \b`n ja rjhì %.3*/5 t`\mn& \i_ ocdn dn\gnj omp` ajm \gg \b`n ja rjhì di oc` jg_`m k\mo ja oc` a`modg` t`\mn%0.*12 t`\mn&+ Kpm kpmkjn` dn oj km`nìo \ hjm` ^jhk\ô h`\npm` jaomì_n di admno*]dmoc dioìndod`n oc\i oj _dnkg\t \gg ocdmot \b`*nk`^dadôdh` n`md`n+ S` _j ocdn ]t `nodh\odib orj nòn ja no\i_\m_dn`_ ^\gì_\m*t`\m di_`s`n ja admno*]dmoc m\o`n7 ji` di_`s ajm oc` bmjpk ja tjpib

* 40 *

^cdg_g`nn rjhì \i_ \ijoc`m di_`s ajm oc`dm jg_`m ^jpio`mk\mon+ %Pc`_daa`mdib omì_n ajm oc`n` orj bmjpkn ja rjhì h\f`n do i`^`nn\mt oj`nodh\o` n`k\m\o` hj_`gn ajm `\^c \b` bmjpk+&

Pc` `nodh\o`_ di_`s`n ajm oc` ^\gì_\m t`\mn \m` bdqì di Bdbpm` .\i_ ocdn _d\bm\h m`q`\gn \ ^g`\m k\oo`mi ja kjnokji`hìo ja oc` \b`\o ìomt dioj hjoc`mcjj_ \hjib Or`_dnc rjhì+ Scdg` admno*]dmoc

Bdbpm` .+ ;eelXc è[\o f] ]ìjk(Yìk_ iXk\j) Mn\[`j_ Z_`c[c\jj nfd\e',41,(,442' Yp îflg f] X^\j' jkXe[Xi[`j\[ ]fi \oXZk X^\)

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* 41 *

dioìndod`n ajm rjhì \o tjpib`m \b`n a`gg ]t hjm` oc\i adaot k`m^ìo]òr`ì oc` hd_*ndsod`n \i_ oc` hd_*`dbcod`n) oc`n` m\o`n m`h\di`_ \o\ m\oc`m no\]g` g`q`g ajm oc` bmjpk ja jg_`m rjhì+ Bmjh oc` hd_*`dbcod`n oc`n` omì_n ^c\ib`_ ^jhkgò`gt+ Bdmno*]dmoc dioìndod`n ajmjg_`m rjhì rìo pk ]t \mjpi_ 2- k`m^ìo di g`nn oc\i oì t`\mn+

Bdbpm` /+ ;eelXc è[\o f] j\Zfe[(' k_ì[(' Xe[ ]flik_(Yìk_ iXk\j)Mn\[`j_ dfk_\ij' ,41,(,442' Yp Yìk_ fi[\i' jkXe[Xi[`j\[ ]fi X^\ f]dfk_\i Xe[ X^\ f] _\i pfle^\jk Z_`c[)

.+3 *

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Bjo

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N[n_m l{f[ncp{ n\ m_]ih^ \clnbm ch ..64.4-+-

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* 42 *

Bjm oc` tjpib`m bmjpk ja rjhì) oc` a`modgdot a\gg ocì ^\h` oj \iì_ \o g`\no o`hkjm\mdgt+ K]qdjpngt) \ gjo ja oc` ^cdg_mì oc\o r`m` ijo]jmi _pmdib oc` g\o` .64-n \i_ `\mgt .65-n r`m` ijr dino`\_ ]jmi \_`^\_` g\o`m+ =n r` rdgg n`` ]`gjr) oc` ì_ ja oc` .65-n r\n \ ]\]t*]jjh k`mdj_ rcì ]dmoc dioìndod`n di^m`\n`_ \gnj ajm joc`m rjhìoc\i oc` jg_`m ipggdk\mjpn ji`n+ Eo dn m`h\mf\]g` oc\o ocdn ]jjh di^cdg_]`\mdib `qì no`hh`_ amjh \i di^m`\n`_ kmjkìndot oj ]`^jh`hjoc`m \hjib tjpib`m rjhì+ Pcdn k\m\gg`gdot di a`modgdot omì_n ajm_daa`mìo bmjpkn dn j]qdjpn \gnj ajm oc` np]n`lpìo a\gg di a`modgdot oc\oojjf kg\^` di oc` .66-n+ Bdmno*]dmoc m\o`n ja tjpib`m rjhì opmi`__jri \gm`\_t \ao`m .66-) \i_ \ a`r t`\mn g\o`m do ]`^\h` ^g`\m oc\ooc` m\o`n ja jg_`m rjhì _d_ ijo di^m`\n` \it hjm` `doc`m+ =n r` rdggn``) oc`t \m` \^^jhk\id`_ ]t a\ggdib ]dmoc m\o`n \hjib hjoc`mn \nr`gg+

S` ^jiodip` rdoc oc` km`nìo\odji ja \i \iip\g di_`s ja n`^ji_*)ocdm_*) \i_ ajpmoc*]dmoc m\o`n di Bdbpm` /+ Pc`n` ]dmoc dioìndod`n \m``nodh\o`_ ajm oc` q\mdjpn ^jh]di\odjin ja ^\gì_\m t`\m \i_ ]dmocjm_`m \i_ \m` no\i_\m_dn`_ ajm \b` ja hjoc`m \i_ \b` ja c`m tjpib`no^cdg_+ =gg m\o`n \m` bdqì m`g\odq` oj n`^ji_*]dmoc m\o`n di .644+ PcÒr`_dnc orj*^cdg_ ijmh dn `qd_ìo amjh ocdn _d\bm\h di oc\o oc` g`q`gnja ocdm_* \i_ ajpmoc*]dmoc m\o`n bì`m\ggt \m` g`nn oc\i c\ga ja oc\o jan`^ji_*]dmoc m\o`n+ Pc` kmjkìndot oj bdq` ]dmoc dn `qd_ìogt hp^ccdbc`m ajm ji`*^cdg_ hjoc`mn oc\i ajm hjoc`mn rcj \gm`\_t c\q` \og`\no orj ^cdg_mì+ Pc` _daa`mì^` di g`q`g ]òr`ì ocdm_* \i_ ajpmoc*]dmoc m\o`n dn ijo \gg oc\o dhkjmo\io+

= ^gjn`m `s\hdi\odji ja ^cdg_]`\mdib k\oo`min m`q`\gn oc\o oc` àa`ôja \b` ja hjoc`m \n r`gg \n ja \b` ja c`m tjpib`no ^cdg_ dn lpdo` _daa`*mìo ajm hjoc`mn rdoc ji` ^cdg_ amjh rc\o do dn ajm hjoc`mn rdoc orjjm hjm` ^cdg_mì %n`` =i_`mnnji) .666) Bdbpm`n =1 \i_ =2&+ Pc`kmjkìndot oj bdq` ]dmoc oj \ ocdm_ ^cdg_ dn) ajm `s\hkg`) nomjibgt^jmm`g\o`_ rdoc q`mt tjpib \b`n ja \ orj*^cdg_ hjoc`m+ Pc` k\oo`mija ]dmoc dio`mq\gn \gnj gjjf m\oc`m _daa`mìo \o _daa`mìo ]dmoc jm_`mnrdoc n`^ji_ ]dmocn ]`dib hjm` ^ji^ìom\o`_ oj oc` k`mdj_ rcì oc`tjpib`no %admno& ^cdg_ dn \mjpi_ /+2*0 t`\mn jg_+ Pcdn h`\in oc\o do dnijo \kkmjkmd\o` oj dhkjn` \ ^jhhji k\oo`mi ja oc` àa`ô ja oc`nòrj \b` q\md\]g`n %\b` ja hjoc`m \i_ \b` ja tjpib`no ^cdg_& ajm \ggotk`n ja hjoc`mn di jpm no\i_\m_dn\odji+ Eo hpno ]` ]òo`m oj `nodh\o`\ n`k\m\o` hj_`g ajm `\^c ]dmoc jm_`m+ Ei Bdbpm` 0) r` km`nìo np^c`nodh\o`_ ]dmoc m\o`n ajm ]dmoc jm_`mn /) 0) \i_ 1) m`nk`ôdq`gt+ Bjm `\^c]dmoc jm_`m) oc`n` m\o`n \m` no\i_\m_dn`_ ajm oc` dio`m\ôdji àa`ô ja\b` ja hjoc`m \i_ \b` ja c`m tjpib`no ^cdg_) \i_ oc`t \m` bdqì m`g\odq`

* 43 *

oj oc` m\o`n di .644+ Pcdn _d\bm\h bdq`n \ ]òo`m _`n^mdkodji oc\i Bdbpm`/ ja oc` a`modgdot omì_n ajm `\^c ]dmoc jm_`m ]po _j`n ijo bdq` \itdiajmh\odji \]jpo _daa`mì^`n di g`q`gn ]òr`ì oc` q\mdjpn jm_`mn+

Bdbpm` 0+ ;eelXc è[\o f] j\Zfe[(' k_ì[(' Xe[ ]flik_(Yìk_ iXk\j)Mn\[`j_ dfk_\ij' ,41,(,442' Yp Yìk_ fi[\i' jkXe[Xi[`j\[ ]fi X^\ f]dfk_\i Xe[ X^\ f] _\i pfle^\jk Z_`c[)0+- P

W B i c c l n b \ c l n bb c l ^ clnb

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N[n_Y l^f[ncp\ ndi .644 ìc` _{]b \clnb \l9F_%%m_j[l[n_ gi^_fm ìl _[]b il^_l& E

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* 44 *

S` n`` oc\o oc` kmjkìndot ajm ji`*^cdg_ hjoc`mn oj bdq` ]dmoc oj \n`^ji_ ^cdg_ r\n a\dmgt no\]g` _pmdib oc` .63-n \i_ .64-n+ =o oc`]`bdiidib ja oc` .65-n) ocdn no\]dgdot ^\h` oj \i ì_ rcì n`^ji_*]dmoc m\o`n di^m`\n`_ ]t \mjpi_ 2- k`m^ìo piodg .66-+ >dmoc m\o`n jacdbc`m jm_`mn c\q` ]`ì pi_`m ^jino\io ^c\ib` _pmdib oc` rcjg`nop_t k`mdj_) \gocjpbc \o hp^c gjr`m g`q`gn oc\i ocjn` ja n`^ji_]dmocn %Bdbpm` /&+ Pcdm_* \i_ ajpmoc*]dmoc m\o`n a`gg no``kgt amjh oc`hd_*ndsod`n pk oj .644 di \ kmj^`nn oc\o h\t k`mc\kn ]` n`ì \n \^jiodipjpn nomìbocìdib ja oc` orj*^cdg_ ijmh \hjib Or`_dnck\mìon+ =ao`m .644) oc` orj ^pmq`n ^c\ib`_ _dm`ôdji \i_ ajggjr`_oc` di^m`\ndib n`^ji_*]dmoc m\o`n pkr\m_n+ Pc` kmjkìndot oj ^jiodipòc` ^cdg_]`\mdib ]`tji_ oc` g`q`g ja orj ^cdg_mì di^m`\n`_ rdocjpodio`mmpkodji amjh .644 oj .66- nj oc\o do c\_ mòpmi`_ oj don h d_*ndsod`n g`q`gn di oc` g\oo`m t`\m+ Pc` omì_n di ocdm_* \i_ ajpmoc*]dmocm\o`n c\q` ]`ì \ghjno d_ìod^\g oj `\^c joc`m _pmdib \gg t`\mn amjhoc` hd_*ndsod`n jir\m_n+ @pmdib oc` adi\g t`\mn ja jpm nop_t k`mdj_)oc` ]dmoc m\o`n c\q` a\ggì ajm \gg ja oc`n` ocm`` ]dmoc jm_`mn+ Pc` _`^dndqòpmidib kjdio ^\h` di .66- ajm n`^ji_ ]dmocn) di .66. ajm ocdm_ ]dmocn)\i_ di .66/ ajm ajpmoc ]dmocn+ Pc`n` ]dmoc m\o`n c\q` a\ggì pidio`m*mpko`_gt ndi^` ocì \i_ do dn jigt di .664 oc\o oc` k\^` ja _`^gdi`n``hn oj c\q` ]`ì ngdbcogt hjm` hj_`m\o` oc\i ]àjm`) kjnnd]gtdi_d^\odib \ apopm` g`q`ggdib jaa di a`modgdot g`q`gn+

Eo dn `qd_ìo oc\o oc` kmjkìndot ja Or`_dnc hjoc`mn oj ^jiodipòc`dm ^cdg_]`\mdib di^m`\n`_ q`mt a\no _pmdib oc` .65-n+ = bm`\o k\moja ocdn di^m`\n` dn ^g`\mgt _p` oj \ np__ì ^c\ib` di oc` h\ii`m oc\oOr`_dnc rjhì oì_ oj nk\^` oc`dm ]dmocn+ Pc` o`hkj ja ^cdg_]`\mdibdi^m`\n`_ di oc` hd_*.65-n nj oc\o oc` dio`mq\gn ]òr`ì np^^`nndq`]dmocn ]`^\h` hp^c ncjmo`m oc\i ]àjm`+ Dj`h %.660]& c\n _`n^md]`_cjr ocdn ^c\ib` di ]`c\qdjpm r\n _p` oj \ q`mt nomjib m`nkjin` ojnjh` m\oc`m hdijm ^c\ib`n di kp]gd^ kjgd^d`n _pmdib ocdn k`mdj_+ Pc`^mp^d\g a\ôjm n``hn oj ]` oc` mpg`n ajm `gdbd]dgdot oj \ k`mdj_ ja k\d_k\mìo\g g`\q` \ao`m oc` ]dmoc ja \ ^cdg_+ =i_`mnnji %.666& \gnj _`n^md]`ncjr oc`n` ^c\ib`n di oc` nk``_ km`hdph ji oc` i`so ^cdg_ ) c\q`\aa`ô`_ ]dmoc m\o`n ja hjoc`mn \o _daa`mìo _pm\odjin amjh oc` ]dmoc jaoc`dm tjpib`no ^cdg_+ =ao`m oc` hd_*.65-n) Or`_dnc hjoc`mn c\q` hp^chjm` jaoì oc\i ]àjm` oì_`_ oj bdq` ]dmoc oj \ n`^ji_ jm \ ocdm_^cdg_ g`nn oc\i 0- hjiocn \ao`m oc` ]dmoc ja oc` km`^`_dib ^cdg_ %=i*_`mnnji) .666) Bdbpm`n 2 \i_ 3&+ S` hdbco nk`^pg\o` oc\o oc` àa`ô ja^c\ib`n di kp]gd^ kjgd^d`n _pmdib oc`n` t`\mn r\n nj nomjib ndhkgt]`^\pn` oc`t h\i\b`_ oj \^^ìop\o` \ omì_ oc\o r\n pi_`mr\t di\it ^\n`+ = k\oo`mi ja ncjmo`m ] dmoc dio`mq\gn h dbco \itcjr ]`k`m^`dq`_ \n kmà`m\]g` ajm njh` bmjpkn ja rjhì) `nk`^d\ggt ajm ocjn`

* 45 *

rcj omd`n oj ^jh]di` \ rjmf ^\m``m rdoc a\hdgt gda` \i_ k\mìocjj_+O`^ji_*) ocdm_*) \i_ ajpmoc*]dmoc m\o`n c\q` _`^gdi`_ np]no\iod\ggt_pmdib m`^ìo t`\mn ]po ocdn c\n ijo ^\pn`_ oc` i`r k\oo`mi ja ]dmocnk\^dib oj q\idnc+ Eino`\_) do n``hn oj c\q` ]`^jh` m\oc`m admhgt `no\*]gdnc`_) `qì \n ]dmoc m\o`n ja hjoc`mn c\q` ]`ì a\ggdib ajm \gg \b`n jaoc` km`qdjpn ^cdg_ %=i_`mnnji) .666) Bdbpm`n 2 \i_ 3&+

= apmoc`m a`\opm` ja ^cdg_]`\mdib di Or`_ì dn oc\o do di g\mbìph]`mn j^^pmn jpond_` h\mmd\b`+ Ei oc` .66-n) \ h\ejmdot ja ^cdg_mìc\q` ]`ì ]jmi oj pir`_ hjoc`mn+ Pcdn _j`n ijo \o \gg h`\i oc\o do dn`nk`^d\ggt ^jhhji oc\o ^cdg_mì \m` ]jmi oj ndibg` hjoc`mn ]po dndino`\_ \ m`npgo ja oc` q`mt cdbc km`q\gì^` ja diajmh\g ^jc\]do\odji\hjib Or`_dnc ^jpkg`n+ I\it k`jkg` di Or`_ì oj_\t _ji$o pi_`m*no\i_ rct oc` ajmh\odji ja \ pidji ncjpg_ c\q` oj diqjgq` \pocjmdod`nnp^c \n oc` Oo\o` jm oc` ?cpm^c \i_ oc` kjkpg\mdot ja h\mmd\b` \n \idinodopodji ajm ^jiepb\g gda` c\n ^jin`lpìogt _`^m`\n`_ \n r` rdgg njjin`` di jpm i`so n`ôdji+ Pc` mdndib kjkpg\mdot ja ^jc\]do\odji) \o g`\nodi `\mgd`m kc\n`n ja oc` a\hdgt*]pdg_dib kmj^`nn) h`\in oc\o \ otkd^\gk\oo`mi ja a\hdgt ajmh\odji di Or`_ì ijr\_\tn ^jindnon ja ^jc\]do*\odji ajggjr`_ ]t oc` ]dmoc ja ^cdg_mì \i_) di njh` ^\n`n) `qìop\ggt]t h\mmd\b`+

Pmì_n di h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji %.64.*.664&Bjm \i \i\gtndn ja h\mmd\b` dioìndod`n ajm Or`_dnc rjhì do rjpg_c\q` ]`ì _`ndm\]g` oj c\q` \^^`nn \gnj oj diajmh\odji \]jpo diajmh\ggdqdib \mm\ib`hìon) np^c \n ^jc\]do\odji) `nk`^d\ggt ndi^` oc`t \m`np^c \ rd_`nkm`\_ kcìjhìji di ocdn ^jpiomt+ Pc` ^jinìnp\g pidjidn ijr\_\tn \ qd\]g` \go`mi\odq` oj h\mmd\b` \n \i \mm\ib`hìo jaa\hdgt gda`) ]po do ^\i \gnj kg\t oc` mjg` ja \ km`gp_` oj ajmh\g h\m*md\b`+ Eiajmh\odji \]jpo ^jc\]do\odji rjpg_ m`npgo di \ _``k`m pi_`m*no\i_dib ja oc` pidji*ajmh\odji kmj^`nn di don ]mj\_`m nìn`+ Eo rjpg_\gnj bdq` \ ]òo`m pi_`mno\i_dib ja oc` h\mmd\b` kmj^`nn don`ga ndi^òc` kmj]\]dgdot ja h\mmtdib dn cdbcgt _`kì_ìo ji rcòc`m \idi_dqd_p\g dn ^jc\]dodib jm ijo8 h\mmd\b`n di Or`_ì \m` ijr\_\tnhjnogt ajmh`_ ]t k`mnjin rcj \gm`\_t gdq` ojbòc`m+ Qiajmopi\o`gt)jpm m`bdno`m _\o\ ^jio\di ij np^c diajmh\odji+ Eo ^jpg_ ]` j]o\di`_amjh joc`m _\o\ njpm^`n) np^c \n ^ìnpn jm npmq`t _\o\) ]po ^\i ocìi`q`m ^jq`m oc` rcjg` Or`_dnc kjkpg\odji jq`m gjib k`mdj_n ja odh`\i_ ^\i oc`màjm` ijo ]` pn`_ di \ k`mdj_ \i\gtndn gdf` jpmn) ja omì_ndi h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji+ Kpm kpmkjn` dn dino`\_ oj km`nìo \ _ò\dg`_kdôpm` ja h\mmd\b`*mdnf omì_n ]\n`_ ji \i àad^dìo pn` ja oc` diajm*

* 46 *

h\odji \q\dg\]g` di `sdnodib qdo\g no\odnod^n+ O`` Dj`h %.662\& ajm \hjm` bì`m\g jq`mqd`r ja m`^ìo ^c\ib`n di a\hdgt*ajmh\odji ]`c\q*djpm di Or`_ì+

Ei Bdbpm` 1) r` km`nìo \i \iip\g di_`s ja h\mmd\b`*ajmh\odjimdnfn ajm i`q`m*h\mmd`_ Or`_dnc rjhì+ Pcdn bdq`n \ ^jhk\ô _`*n^mdkodji ja Or`_dnc h\mmd\b` omì_n di .64.*.664+ Pc` h\mmd\b` mdnfn\m` bdqì m`g\odq` oj oc` ]\n`gdi` t`\m .65- \i_ \m` no\i_\m_dn`_ ajmoc` àa`ô ja rjh\i$n k\mdot \i_ c`m \b`+ Pc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt`scd]don \ no`\_dgt _`^m`\ndib omì_ _pmdib hjno ja ocdn odh` k`mdj_8oc` _`^m`\n` r\n nomjib`no _pmdib oc` .64-n) rc`m` oc` h\mmd\b` mdnf_`^gdi`_ ]t hjm` oc\i 2- k`m ^ìo) ]po oc` _`^m`\n` dn `qd_ìo \gnj_pmdib oc` admno c\ga ja oc` .65-n \i_ _pmdib oc` .66-n+ Pcdn bì`m\g_`^m`\n` ^jdi^d_`n rdoc \i di^m`\n`_ km`q\gì^` ja diajmh\g ^jc\]do\*odji \hjib Or`_dnc ^jpkg`n _pmdib oc` nop_t k`mdj_+ Eo ^\i cì^`hjnogt ]` dio`mkmò`_ \n `qd_ì^` ja \ _`^m`\n` di oc` kjkpg\mdot jah\mmd\b` \n oc` njg` dinodopodji ajm a\hdgt gda`+ Pj njh` `soìo) cjr`q`m)do hdbco \gnj ]` ^jii`ô`_ rdoc \ bì`m\g kjnokji`hìo ja oc` \b` \oh\mmd\b`+ Ei jm_`m oj `s\hdi` oc` àa`ôn ja np^c \ kjnokji`hìo jim`g\odq` mdnfn ja h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji) r` c\q` `nodh\o`_ mdnfn ]t \b`\i_ ^\gì_\m t`\m %ijo ncjri&+ Pc` hjno nomdfdib m`npgo amjh np^c \idiq`nodb\odji dn cjr`q`m oc\o oc` h\mmd\b` mdnfn \ôp\ggt \m` _`^m`\*ndib \o \gg \b`n+

S` ^\i apmoc`m ijod^` orj _dnodiô _`qd\odjin amjh oc` omì_ ja_`^m`\ndib mdnfn7 \ nh\gg di^m`\n` di oc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt di .641\i_ \ q`mt nomjib di^m`\n` di .656+ Pc` hdijm di^m`\n` di h\mmd\b`mdnf di .641 h\t ]` ^jii`ô`_ oj oc` _`q`gjkhìo ja _dqjm^`n _pmdiboc` n\h` t`\m+ Pc` iph]`m ja _dqjm^`n ocì di^m`\n`_ np]no\iod\ggt%n`` jpm i`so n`ôdji ji _dqjm^` mdnfn& \n \ m`npgo ja gd]`m\gdndibg`bdng\odq` ^c\ib`n+ =n \ m`npgo) oc` h\mmd\b` h\mfò m`^`dq`_ \ g\mbìph]`m ja i`rgt _dqjm^`_ di_dqd_p\gn rcj ocì ]`^\h` am`` oj h\mmt+Ei oc` n\h` t`\m) oc` kmj^`_pm`n ajm h \mmd\b` ajmh \odji r`m`ndhkgdad`_ \n r`gg+ Pcdn h\t) \o g`\no o`hkjm\mdgt) c\q` h\_` h\m*md\b` hjm` kjkpg\m \n \i dinodopodji+

Pc` nc\mk di^m`\n` di oc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt j]n`mq`_ ajm .656r\n \ m`npgo ja ^c\ib`n di oc` mpg`n ^ji^`midib oc` kp]gd^ rd_jr$nkìndjin oc\o ]`^\h` àa`ôdq` amjh .66-+ Pc`n` ^c\ib`n h\_` do\_q\io\b`jpn ajm njh` bmjpkn ja %hjnogt `g_`mgt& rjhì oj h\mmt]àjm` oc` ì_ ja .656+ Pc` m`npgo r\n oc\o \ cpb` iph]`m ja ^jc\]dodib^jpkg`n np__ìgt _`^d_`_ oj om\inajmh oc`dm diajmh\g pidjin dioj g`*b\g h\mmd\b`n+ Pc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt nftmj^fò`_ ajm \gg bmjpkn ja^jc\] dodib rjhì) m`b\m_ g`nn ja r còc`m oc`t ^jpg_ ]ìàdo`^jijhd^\ggt amjh h\mmtdib ]àjm` oc` ì_ ja .656 jm ijo+ Pcdn

* 5- *

om`hì_jpn di^m`\n` di oc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt dn \ ^g`\m _`hjinom\*odji ja cjr gdbcogt Or`_dnc ^jpkg`n bì`m\ggt o\f` oc` ^cjd^` ]òr`ìh\mmd\b` \i_ ijih\mmd\b`+ O`` Dj`h %.66.]& ajm \ apmoc`m _`n^mdkodji+

Ei oc` i`so no`k ja jpm km`nìo\odji) r` r\io oj nc`_ apmoc`m gdbcoji q\mdjpn ^jhkjiìon ja oc` h\mmd\b`*mdnf omì_n di oc\o r` ^\g^pg\o`n`k\m\o` ^\gì_\m*t`\m di_`s`n ajm `\^c k\mdot bmjpk ja i`q`m*h\mmd`_rjhì+ %Pcdn ^jmm`nkji_n oj `nodh\odib \ hj_`g rc`m` oc` a\ôjmnk\mdot \i_ ^\gì_\m t`\m \m` ^jh]di`_ dioj ji` ^jhkjndo` a\ôjm+& Eiocdn ^\n`) r` km`nìo mdnfn ja h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji m`g\odq` oj \ ]\n`gdi`g`q`g ^jindnodib ja ji`*^cdg_ hjoc`mn di .65-+ Pc`n` di_`s`n \m` ncjridi Bdbpm` 2 \i_ r` ]`bdi ]t opmidib jpm \ooìodji oj oc` di_`s`n ja.656 ndi^` oc`t \m` np^c \ _jhdi\io a`\opm` ja oc` _d\bm\h+ Eo dn `qd*_ìo oc\o oc` np__ì di^m`\n` di oc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt _pmdib .656h\digt r\n \^^jpio\]g` oj rjhì rdoc ^cdg_mì+ Pc` di^m`\n` di mdnfnajm hjoc`mn dn nj nomjib oc\o oc`dm di_`s`n ephk jpond_` \ _d\bm\hrc`m` r` \gnj r\io oj ]` \]g` oj om\^` oc` h\mmd\b` omì_n _pmdibhjm` ijmh\g t`\mn7 ajm rjhì rdoc orj ^cdg_mì jm hjm` oc` h\m*md\b` mdnf di^m`\n`_ oj \]jpo oì odh`n oc` g`q`g ja oc` h\mmd\b` mdnf ja^cdg_g`nn rjhì+ S` fijr oc\o hjno i`q`m*h \mmd`_ hjoc`mn diOr`_ì gdq` di ^jinìnp\g pidjin nj r` h\t ^ji^gp_` oc\o oc` di^m`\n`di oc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt _pmdib .656 h\digt dn \^^jpio\]g` oj rjhìrcj \gm`\_t gdq`_ di \ a\hdgt) d+`+) hjm` jm g`nn \n h\mmd`_ + Pc` a\ôoc\o oc` h\mmd\b` mdnf \gnj di^m`\n`_ rdoc oc` iph]`m ja ^cdg_mìnpbb`non oc\o \ g\mb`m iph]`m ja ^cdg_mì b\q` nomjib`m di^ìodq`n ojm`\ô di jm_`m oj kmjqd_` \ ndop\odji ajm oc` hjoc`m \i_ c`m ^cdg_mìoc\o r\n k`m^`dq`_ \n `^jijhd^\ggt hjm` n`^pm`+

S` ^\i apmoc`m ijo` oc\o oc` gjib*o`mh omì_ ja \ ^jiodipjpngt_`^m`\ndib kmjkìndot oj h\mmt %Bdbpm` 1& dn h\digt _p` oj _`^m`\ndibh\mmd\b` mdnfn ajm rjhì rdocjpo ^cdg_mì+ Pcdn dn i\opm\g ndi^` ocòjo\g bmjpk ja i`q`m*h\mmd`_ rjhì dn _jhdi\o`_ ]t ^cdg_g`nn rjhì+Pc` _`^m`\n` di h\mmd\b` mdnf ja ^cdg_g`nn rjhì r\n `nk`^d\ggt no``k_pmdib oc` .64-n \i_ oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` .65-n ]po c\n ]`ì `qd_ìo\gnj _pmdib oc` .66-n+ Pmì_n di h\mmd\b` dioìndod`n ajm rjhì rdoc^cdg_mì _j ijo `scd]do oc` n\h` k\oo`mi ja no``kgt _`^m`\ndib mdnfn_pmdib oc` `\mgt k\mo ja oc` k`mdj_+ =n \ m`npgo) amjh oc` ]`bdiidib jaoc` .65-n \ghjno c\ga ja oc` \iip\g h\mmd\b`n m`^jm_`_ di jpm _\o\nò \m` ajmh`_ ]t rjhì rcj \m` hjoc`mn \gm`\_t+ Pcdn h`\in oc\o^cdg_]`\mdib otkd^\ggt c\n no\mo`_ oj km`^`_` h\mmd\b`+ =k\mo amjhoc` om`hì_jpn pknpmb` di h\mmd\b` mdnfn oj hjoc`mn di .656) oc`n`mdnfn \m` ^c\m\ô`mdn`_ ]t \ m`g\odq`gt nomjib di^m`\n` \gnj di .641)rdoc \ao`m*àa`ôn ajm \ ^jpkg` ja t`\mn) \i_ ]t _`^m`\ndib g`q`gn _pmdiboc` .66-n+

* 5. *

Bdbpm` 1+ ;eelXc `e[\o f] dXii`X^$i`jb c\m\c) H\m\i dXii`\[ Mn\[`j_nfd\e' ,42,(,442' jkXe[Xi[`j\[ ]fi gXi`kp Xe[ X^$

)%i $^

'%, $

Ncmem< l_f[ncp_ nk .6Y-

* 5/ *

Bdbpm` 2+ ;eelXc `e[\o f] dXii`X^$i`jb c\m\c) H\m\i dXii`\[ Mn\[`j_nfd\e' ,42,(,442' Yp gXi`kp' jkXe[Xi[`j\[ ]fi X^$

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-+2 *s

Ncmemdl_f[ncp_ ni8ih_*]bcf^ ginb_lm ch .65-

HKjjE@lv*+ij

* 50 *

Bdbpm` 1) ;eelXc è[\o f] i\dXii`\[(i`jb c\m\c) @ìjk([`mfiZ\[ Mn\[`j_nfd\e' ,42,(,442' Yp gXi`kp) jkXe[Xi[`j\[ ]fi X^\ Xe[ k`d\ jèZ\[`mfiZ\)

1+- P

hi ]bcf^

]bcf^ `lig jl_pciom g[ll+, hi h_q ]bcf^

h_q ]bcf^ [`n_l nb_^cpil]_

0+2 *

0+- * ,

/+2 *

/+- *

-+2 *

]bcf^ clig jl_p+ g[ll) , hi h_q ]bNcmem l_f[ncp_

-+-VA?K

HKK

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Pc` pknpmb` di h\mmd\b`n di .641 hdbco ]` ^jii`ô`_ oj oc` k\m\gg`gdi^m`\n` di m`bdno`m`_ _dqjm^`n di oc` n\h` t`\m+ I\it ja oc` ocì_dqjm^`_ di_dqd_p\gn h\t \gm`\_t c\q` ]`ì ^jc\]dodib rdoc \ijoc`mk\moi`m) kjnnd]gt \gnj rdoc ^cdg_mì di oc\o pidji+

L\oo`min \i_ g`q`gn ja mdnfn ajm oc` q\mdjpn k\mdot bmjpkn ja i`q`m*h\mmd`_ hjoc`mn \m` m\oc`m k\m\gg`g oj `\^c joc`m ocmjpbcjpo oc` k`*mdj_ ja j]n`mq\odji8 oc` gdi` ja _`h\m^\odji bj`n ]òr`ì hjoc`mn\i_ ^cdg_g`nn rjhì+ Eo dn `qd_ìo oc\o oc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt ijrdn np]no\iod\ggt gjr`m ajm ^cdg_g`nn rjhì oc\i do dn ajm rjhì rdoc^cdg_mì+ Pc` `g`q\o`_ h\mmd\b` dioìndod`n ajm hjoc`mn hpno ]`^jii`ô`_ rdoc oc` a\ô oc\o \ h\ejmdot ja oc`n` rjhì \gm`\_t gdq`di ^jinìnp\g pidjin+ S` ^\i apmoc`m ijo` oc\o oc` h\mmd\b` mdnfn ajmhjoc`mn \m` ijo hp^c \aa`ô`_ ]t oc` \ôp\g iph]`m ja ^cdg_mì8 amjh.65- jir\m_n oc`m` \m` km\ôd^\ggt ij _daa`mì^`n \o \gg di oc` kmjkìn*dot oj h\mmt ]òr`ì hjoc`mn ja _daa`mìo k\mdod`n+ >t ^jiom\no) di oc`.64-n) oc` kmjkìndot ajm \ hjoc`m oj h\mmt r\n gjr`m oc` hjm` ^cdg_*mì nc` c\_+ Ea oc` j]n`mq`_ àa`ô ja oc` iph]`m ja ^cdg_mì ji oc`kmjkìndot oj h\mmt h\digt dn \^^jpio\]g` oj oc` ]`c\qdjpm \i_ \oo*dop_`n ja ^jc\]dodib rjhì) oc` k\oo`mi amjh oc` `\mgt .64-n ^jpg_k`mc\kn ]` dio`mkmò`_ \n oc` àa`ô ja n`g`ôdji dioj h\mmd\b` \i_^jc\]do\odji _pmdib \ kc\n` rcì gdqdib di \ ^jinìnp\g pidji r\nnodgg ijo \ q`mt ^jhhji ajmh ja a\hdgt gda`+ S` nk`^pg\o` oc\o rjhìrcj r`m` ^jc\]dodib _pmdib oc` .64-n) \i_ rcj \gnj c\_ \ m`g\odq`gtcdbc iph]`m ja ^cdg_mì) h\t c\q` ]`ì hjm` _`gd]`m\o`gt jkkjn`_oj h\mmd\b` \n \ a\hdgt dinodopodji oc\i r`m` ndhdg\m rjhì di g\o`mt`\mn+

= n`k\m\o` \i\gtndn ja oc` mdnfn ja h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji ajm oc` %nh\g*g`m& bmjpk ja _dqjm^`_ rjhì m`q`\gn oc\o oc` k\oo`mi \i_ _ò`mhdi*\ion ajm oc`dm mdnfn \m` m\oc`m _daa`mìo amjh ndhdg\m k\oo`min \i_ _`*o`mhdi\ion ajm oc` h\mmd\b` dioìndod`n ja i`q`m*h\mmd`_ rjhì+ Bdmno)r` fijr oc\o oc` m`g\odq` m\o` ja _`^gdi` _pmdib oc` .64-n r\n nh\g*g`m ajm oc` dioìndod`n ja _dqjm^`_ rjhì oc\i do r\n ajm ocjn` ja i`q`m*h\mmd`_ rjhì %n`` =i_`mnnji) .665\) Bdbpm` 1&+ Pc` m`\nji ajm ocdndn oc\o oc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt r\n ocì \gm`\_t hp^c gjr`m ajm_dqjm^`_ rjhì oc\i ajm oc` i`q`m*h\mmd`_) rcd^c npbb`non oc\o ocàjmh`m bmjpk \ô`_ \n ajm`mpii`mn di ^cjjndib oj gdq` di ^jinìnp\gpidjin %dino`\_ ja m`h\mmtdib&+ O`^ji_) oc` àa`ô ja k\mdot ji oc`kmjkìndot oj h\mmt dn _daa`mìo ajm i`q`m*h \mmd`_ \i_ _dqjm^`_rjhì+ Bjm _dqjm^Ä`n) =i_`mnnji %.665\& ajpi_ oc\o do dn ijo npaad^dìooj ^jind_`m oc` \ôp\g iph]`m ja ^cdg_mì \ rjh\i c\n ]jmi` ]pooc\o do dn dino`\_ dhkjmo\io oj n`k\m\o` ]òr`ì _daa`mìo otk`n ja ^cdg_*mì \^^jm_dib oj rcì oc`t \m` ]jmi+ Eo dn ajpi_ oc\o ^cdg_mì rcj

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\m` ]jmi ]àjm` oc` _\o` ja _dqjm^`) d+`+) ^cdg_mì amjh \ km`qdjpn pidji)\m` m`g\o`_ oj gjr`m m`h\mmd\b` dioìndod`n ja oc`dm hjoc`mn+ Op^c ^cdg_*mì km`nph\]gt m`npgo di njh` otk`n ja _daad^pgod`n di oc` h\mmd\b`h\mfò+ Ki oc` joc`m c\i_) da oc`m` \m` ^cdg_mì ]jmi \ao`m oc` _dqjm^`_\o`) hjoc`mn ja oc`n` ^cdg_mì \m` ajpi_ oj c\q` cdbc`m m`h\mmd\b`dioìndod`n oc\i joc`m bmjpkn ja rjhì+ Pc`n` ^cdg_mì ^\i di hjno^\n`n ]` o\fì \n \i di_d^\ojm oc\o oc` rjh\i c\n hò \ i`r k\mo*i`m) \ a\ô oc\o rdgg m`npgo di \ cdbc`m kmjkìndot ajm h\mmd\b`+ =n ajmoc` h\mmd\b` dioìndod`n ja i`q`m*h\mmd`_ rjhì oc`m` dn ij dhkjmo\ioàa`ô ja oc` \ôp\g iph]`m ja ^cdg_mì ja oc` orj otk`n) oc` jigt oc\oh\oo`mn dn rcòc`m ^cdg_mì \m` km`nìo jm ijo \i_ rcòc`m i`r ^cdg_*mì c\q` ]`ì ]jmi \ao`m oc` _dqjm^`+

Ea r` _j ijo \^^jpio ajm oc` _daa`mìo dhk\ô ji oc` kmjkìndot ojh\mmt amjh ^cdg_mì ]jmi ]àjm` \i_ \ao`m oc` _dqjm^`) r` rdgg adi_oc\o _dqjm^`_ oc m``*^c dg_ hjoc`mn c\q` hp^c cdbc`m h\mmd\b`dioìndod`n oc\i joc`m bmjpkn ja rjhì %n`` =i_`mnnji) .665\) Bdbpm`2&+ Aqd_ìogt) ocdm_ ]dmocn \i_ ]dmocn ja cdbc`m jm_`mn m`g\odq`gt jaoìj^^pm di ^jii`ôdji rdoc oc` ajmh\odji ja cdbc`m*jm_`m pidjin) d+`+)\n k\mo ja \ m`k\moi`mdib kmj^`nn+

?jin`lpìogt) ajm jpm km`nìo\odji ja \i \iip\g di_`s ja m`h\m*md\b` mdnfn) r` _dnodibpdnc ]òr`ì ocm`` bmjpkn ja _dqjm^`_ rjhì+Pc` admno bmjpk dn rjhì rdocjpo ^cdg_mì+ Pc` n`^ji_ bmjpk ^jindnonja rjhì rcj c\q` ji` jm hjm` ^cdg_mì amjh oc`dm km`qdjpn h\m*md\b` ]po rcj c\q` ijo ]jmi` \it i`r ^cdg_mì ndi^` oc` odh` ja_dqjm^`+ N`h\mmd\b` mdnfn \m` \]jpo ocdmot k`m ^ìo gjr`m ajm oc`n`rjhì oc\i ajm rjhì ja k\mdot u`mj+ Pc` ocdm_ bmjpk ^jindnon jarjhì rcj c\q` ]jmi` ji` jm hjm` ^cdg_mì \ao`m oc` _dqjm^`+N`h\mmd\b` mdnfn ajm oc`n` rjhì \m` \]jpo adaot k`m ^ìo cdbc`m oc\iajm rjhì ja k\mdot u`mj+ S` km`nìo oc` ^\gì_\m*t`\m di_`s`n jam`h\mmd\b` mdnfn ja Or`_dnc rjhì \^^jm_dib oj ocdn k\mdot _àdid*odji di Bdbpm` 3 + %Pc`n` m`h\mmd\b` dioìndod`n \m` no\i_\m_dn`_ ajm\b` \o _dqjm^` \i_ odh` ndi^` _dqjm^`+& Pc` _`km`nn`_ mdnf ajm rjhìrdoc ^cdg_mì amjh \ ajmh`m h\mmd\b` ]po ij \__dodji\g ^cdg_mì dnc`m` q`mt j]qdjpn) \n dn oc` di^m`\n`_ mdnf ajm rjhì rcj c\q` ]jmiì`r ^cdg_mì \ao`m oc` _dnmpkodji ja oc`dm km`qdjpn h\mmd\b`+ Pc`kmjkìndot oj m`h\mmt _`^m`\n`_ np]no\iod\ggt ajm ^cdg_g`nn _dqjm^Ä`n_pmdib oc` .64-n) joc`mrdn` oc` m`g\odji ]òr`ì m`h\mmd\b` mdnfn jajpm ocm`` k\mdot bmjpkn ja rjhì c\q` ]`ì hp^c oc` n\hòcmjpbcjpo hjno ja jpm k`mdj_ ja j]n`mq\odji+ Pc` pknpmb` di oc`kmjkìndot oj h\mmt di .656 dn ^ji^ìom\o`_ oj rjhì rdoc ^cdg_mì]jmi \ao`m oc` _dqjm^`+ Pcdn adon r`gg r doc jpm ijodji oc\o do r\nkmdh\mdgt ajm rjhì di ^jinìnp\g pidjin oc\o h\mmd\b` mdnfn mjn`

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_pmdib ocdn t`\m+ Ei ^jiom\no oj i`q`m*h\mmd`_ rjhì) r` _j cjr`q`m\gnj ijod^` \i di^m`\n` di oc` kmjkìndot oj h\mmt di .656 ajm ocjn`rcj \m` ^cdg_g`nn+

Ei oc` i`so n`ôdji ja ocdn k\k`m) r` rdgg adi\ggt _`\g rdoc oc` ^dqdg*no\opn `qìo oc\o hpno km`^`_` oc` kjnnd]g` `qìo ja m`h\mmd\b`+ S`rdgg di ocdn n`ôdji \i\gtn` omì_n di _dqjm^` mdnfn ajm rjhì di oc`dmadmno h\mmd\b`+

Pmì_n di h\mmd\b` _dnnjgpodji %.64.*.664&Ei Bdbpm` 4) r` km`nìo \i \iip\g di_`s ja _dqjm^` mdnfn ja admno*h\mmd`_Or`_dnc rjhì+ Pc` _dqjm^` mdnfn \m` bdqì m`g\odq` oj oc` ]\n`gdi`t`\m .65- \i_ \m` no\i_\m_dn`_ ajm oc` àa`ô ja ^jhkjndodji\g ^c\ib`njq`m \ iph]`m ja _`hjbm\kcd^ q\md\]g`n7 rjh\i$n \b` \o h\mmd\b`)c`m k\mdot) oc` \b` ja c`m tjpib`no ^cdg_) oc` km`nì^` ja \ km`h\mdo\g^cdg_) \i_ oc` _pm\odji ja h\mmd\b`+ Eo bdq`n \ ^jhk\ô _`n^mdkodji jam`^ìo omì_n di oc` kmjkìndot oj _dqjm^` di Or`_ì+ Bdmno) r` ^\i n``cjr oc` _dqjm^` mdnf di^m`\n`_ oj \mjpi_ ord^` don km`qdjpn g`q`g rcìgd]`m\g ^c\ib`n ]`^\h` àa`ôdq` di .641 di oc` g`bdng\odji ^ji^`midibh\mmd\b` \i_ _dqjm^` di Or`_ì+ Jj*a\pgo _dqjm^` r\n ocì diomj*_p^`_ \i_) \hjib joc`m ocdibn) oc` r\dodib odh` ajm _dqjm^` r\n \]jg*dnc`_ ajm ^cdg_g`nn ^jpkg`n \i_ ncjmoì`_ oj \ k`mdj_ ja nds hjiocn ajm^jpkg`n rdoc ^cdg_mì+ %Aqì ]àjm` .641) oc` Or`_dnc _dqjm^` mpg`nr`m` m\oc`m gd]`m\g+& =ao`m \ k`mdj_ ja no\bi\odji _pmdib oc` t`\mndhh`_d\o`gt \ao`m .641) oc` _dqjm^` mdnfn no`\_dgt di^m`\n`_ amjh oc`]`bdiidib ja oc` .65-n pk ocmjpbc oc` .66-n+ Pcdn bì`m\g di^m`\n`c\n ]`ì `nk`^d\ggt no``k amjh oc` ì_ ja oc` .65-n \i_ do dn jigt dijpm g\no t`\m ja j]n`mq\odji) di .664) oc\o r` ^\i ijod^` \ kjnnd]g`g`q`ggdib jaa di oc` g\o`no di^m`\n` di Or`_dnc _dqjm^` mdnfn+

Pj nc`_ hjm` gdbco ji ocdn omì_) r` km`nìo no\i_\m_dn`_ ^\gì_\m*t`\m di_`s`n ajm `\^c k\mdot bmjpk n`k\m\o`gt di Bdbpm` 5 + N`g\odq`mdnfn \m` ijr ^jhkpo`_ rdoc oc` ^jh]di\odji ja t`\m .65- \i_ k\m*dot . \n oc` ]\n`gdi` g`q`g %ajm rcd^c oc` m`g\odq` mdnf dn .&+ Pcdnno\i_\m_dn\odji c\n ]`ì k`majmh`_ di orj no`kn+ Bdmno) r` c\q``nodh\o`_ \ hj_`g rc`m` r` ^\g^pg\o`_ _dqjm^` mdnfn ]t k\mdot \i_^\gì_\m t`\m oc\o \m` no\i_\m_dn`_ ajm rjh\i$n \b` \o h\mmd\b` \i_oc` _pm\odji ja h\mmd\b`+ Pcdn bdq`n oc` omì_n di _dqjm^` mdnfn ajm^cdg_g`nn rjhì \i_ oc` m`g\odq` _dno\i^` oj oc` _dqjm^`*mdnf di_`s`nja rjhì rdoc ^cdg_mì+ Pcì) r` c\q` `nodh\o`_ \ hjm` _ò\dg`_hj_`g ajm hjoc`mn) rc`m` r` `nodh\o` _dqjm^` mdnfn ]t k\mdot \i_^\gì_\m t`\m oc\o \m` no\i_\m_dn`_ \gnj ajm oc` àa`ô ja \b` ja oc`tjpib`no ^cdg_ \i_ ajm oc` kjnnd]g` km`nì^` ja ^cdg_mì ]jmi ]àjmòc` h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji+

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Bdbpm` 2) ;eelXc è[\o f] [`mfiZ\(i`jb c\m\c) @ìjk(dXii`\[ Mn\[`j_nfd\e' ,42,(,442' jkXe[Xi[`j\[ ]fi X^\ Xk Xe[ [liXk`fe f] dXii`X^\'gXi`kp' X^\ f] pfle^\jk Z_`c[' Xe[ gi\dXi`kXc Yìk_)

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Pcdn bdq`n hjm` _ò\dg`_ diajmh\odji \]jpo ^c\ib`n di oc` kmjkìn*dot oj _dqjm^` ajm hjoc`mn+

Bdbpm` 5 ncjrn cjr oc` _dqjm^` màjmh ja .641 kmdh\mdgt \aa`ô`_oc` _dqjm^` kmjkìndot ajm rjhì rdocjpo ^cdg_mì+ @dqjm^` mdnfn ja^cdg_g`nn rjhì di^m`\n`_ om`hì_jpngt di oc\o t`\m \i_ c\q` ndi^òcì m`h\di`_ \o \ m`g\odq`gt cdbc g`q`g+ Eo dn \gnj `qd_ìo amjh ocàdbpm` oc\o oc` ^jiodip`_ mdn` di oc` bì`m\g g`q`g ja _dqjm^` mdnf _pm*dib oc` .65-n \i_ oc` .66-n ^jhkgò`gt dn \ m`npgo ja \ mdn` di oc`kmjkìndot oj _dqjm^` \hjib rjhì rdoc ^cdg_mì+ Scdg` oc` _dqjm^`di_`s ajm ^cdg_g`nn rjhì %k\mdot -& no\]dgdn`n \o \ m\oc`m ^jino\iog`q`g _pmdib oc` n`^ji_ c\ga ja oc` .64-n \i_ _j`n ijo ^c\ib` hp^c\ao`m ocdn) oc` _dqjm^` mdnfn ajm hjoc`mn `scd]do \ no`\_dgt di^m`\ndibomì_ _pmdib hjno ja jpm k`mdj_+ @dqjm^` mdnfn ja ji`*^cdg_ hjoc`mnc\q` di_``_ di^m`\n`_ \ghjno _pmdib `q`mt t`\m ja oc` nop_t k`mdj_+Djr`q`m) oc` m\oc`m no``k di^m`\n` oc\o r\n j]n`mq`_ ajm oc` _dqjm^`mdnfn amjh oc` ì_ ja oc` .65-n %Bdbpm` 4& dn h\digt ajpi_ oj ]`\^^jpio\]g` oj oc` ^c\ibdib ]`c\qdjpm ja or j* \i_ ocm``*^cdg_hjoc`mn+ Pc` omì_ di _dqjm^` mdnfn ja ji`*^cdg_ hjoc`mn n``hn ojc\q` ]`ì m`q`mn`_ ]t oc` ì_ ja jpm k`mdj_ ndi^` oc`dm _dqjm^` mdnfnijr c\q` ]`ì no\bi\odib ajm oc` g\no ajpm t`\mn+ Ei .664) do \gnj ]`^\h``qd_ìo oc\o oc` _dqjm^` mdnfn ja hjoc`mn rdoc orj jm hjm` ^cdg_mì_d_ ijo di^m`\n` \it hjm` `doc`m+ Ka ^jpmn`) do dn ojj `\mgt oj n\trcòc`m ocdn ^jinodopo`n \ m`\g ]m`\f rdoc oc` k\no jm ijo+

Pc`n` di_`s`n bdq` \ i`\o _`n^mdkodji ja oc` k`mdj_ àa`ô ji admno*h\mmd`_ Or`_dnc rjhì$n kmjkìndot oj _dqjm^`) rcì oc` dhk\ô ja^jhkjndodji\g ^c\ib`n \hjib oc` h\mmd`_ rjhì c\n ]`ì m`hj*q`_+ =i_`mnnji %.662) .664& c\n ncjri oc\o oc`m` c\q` di_``_ ]`ìdhkjmo\io ^c\ib`n di oc` ^jhkjndodji ja rjhì jq`m n`q`m\g ja oc`q\md\]g`n oc\o r` pn` di jpm no\i_\m_dn\odjin \i_ ^ji^gp_`_ oc\o do dndhkjmo\io oj ^jind_`m oc` àa`ôn ja oc`n` ^c\ib`n da r` r\io oj km`*nìo k\mdot*nk`^dad^ _dqjm^`*mdnf di_`s`n+ =i_`mnnji %.662& ncjrn) ajm`s\hkg`) oc\o oc` am\ôdji ja rjhì rcj c\q` ^cdg_mì \gm`\_t \ooc` odh` ja oc`dm h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji c\n di^m`\n`_ ^jind_`m\]gt _pmdibjpm nop_t k`mdj_+ Pcdn dn h\digt \i `skm`nndji ja oc` a\ô oc\o ^jpkg`n^cdg_]`\mdib di Or`_ì ijr\_\tn jaoì no\mon ]àjm` h\mmd\b`+ Op^c^cdg_mì) rcj di hjno ^\n`n \m` ]jmi oj oc` n\h` h\i \n oc` \ôp\gcpn]\i_) \m` m`g\o`_ oj cdbc`m _dqjm^` mdnfn oc\i di oc` ^\n` rc`m` \gg^cdg_mì c\q` ]`ì ]jmi \ao`m oc` h\mmd\b` _\o`+ Ea r` rdnc oj ^jiomjgajm ocdn ^jhkjndodji\g ^c\ib` do dn dhkjmo\io oj di^gp_` oc` a\ôjm km`*h\mdo\g ]dmoc dioj jpm no\i_\m_dn\odjin+

* 6- *

=i_`mnji %.664& ncjrn oc\o oc`m` dn \gnj \i dhkjmo\io àa`ô ja oc`\b` ja \ tjpib`no ^cdg_ ji oc` kmjkìndot oj _dqjm^` rc`m` hjoc`mnrdoc q`mt tjpib ^cdg_mì c\q` gjr`m _dqjm^` mdnfn oc\i joc`m hjoc`mn+Eo opmin jpo oc\o k\mo ja oc` àa`ô ja c\qdib ^cdg_mì ]jmi ]àjm` h\m*md\b` dn oc\o oc` \b` ^jhkjndodji ja ocdn fdi_ ja ^cdg_mì * \i_ ja oc`dmnd]gdibn * dn _daa`mìo amjh oc\o ja ^cdg_mì ]jmi di h\mmd\b`+ Lm`h\md*o\g ^cdg_mì nkì_ k\mo ja oc`dm tjpib`no \b`n jpond_` h\mmd\b` \i_)rcì oc`t gdq` di h\mmd\b`) rdgg ]` jq`mm`km`nìo`_ di \b` bmjpkn^jii`ô`_ rdoc cdbc`m _dqjm^` mdnfn+

Pc` q\mdjpn àa`ôn ja iph]`m ja ^cdg_mì) ja oc` \b` ja oc` tjpib*`no ^cdg_) \i_ ja km`h\mdo\g ^cdg_]`\mdib \m` dio`mm`g\o`_ oj `\^c joc`mdi \ h\ii`m oc\o h\f`n do i`^`nn\mt oj ^jind_`m \gg ja oc`h di \ hj_`grcd^c) ajm `s\hkg`) r\io oj _dnìo\ibg` \i_ km`nìo _dqjm^` mdnfn ]tiph]`m ja ^cdg_mì+ Ei Bdbpm` 5) r` ^\i ^g`\mgt n`` oc` no\i_\m_dn`_àa`ô ja k\mdot di oc\o oc` _dqjm^` mdnfn \m` ^jindnoìogt gjr`m ajm ji`*^cdg_ hjoc`mn oc\i ajm ^cdg_g`nn rjhì \i_ oc\o oc`t \m` apmoc`mm`_p^`_ ajm orj*^cdg_ hjoc`mn+ @dqjm^`*mdnf g`q`gn ajm ocm``*^cdg_hjoc`mn \m` cjr`q`m ijo gjr`m oc\i oc` ^jmm`nkji_dib g`q`gn ajm orj*^cdg_ hjoc`mn8 oc` mdnfn ajm rjhì ja k\mdod`n orj \i_ ocm`` \m` q`mtndhdg\m oj `\^c joc`m) \o g`\no amjh oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` .65-n jir\m_n+S` ^ji^gp_` oc\o oc` no\]dgdndib àa`ô ja oc` \mmdq\g ja \ i`r ^cdg_dioj \ h\mmd\b` h\digt cjg_n ajm oc` \mmdq\g ja oc` admno orj \i_ oc\o^cdg_]`\mdib ]`tji_ oc` Or`_dnc orj*^cdg_ ijmh n``hn oj c\q` ij_dqjm^`*dicd]dodib àa`ô+ =i_`mnnji %.664& apmoc`m ncjrn oc\o oc`_dqjm^` mdnfn ja ajpm*^cdg_ hjoc`mn \ôp\ggt \m` cdbc`m oc\i ndhdg\mmdnfn ja orj* \i_ ocm``*^cdg_ hjoc`mn+ @pmdib oc` .64-n) oc` _dqjm^`mdnfn ja rjhì \o k\mdot ocm`` \gnj n``h oj ]` cdbc`m oc\i ocjn` jarjhì \o k\mdot orj+ Ki` ncjpg_ ]` ^\màpg cjr`q`m di dio`mkmòdib`nodh\o`_ _dqjm^` mdnfn ajm rjhì ja cdbc`m k\mdod`n _pmdib oc` `\mgt.64-n+ =gg rjhì di jpm _\o\ nò \m` h\mmd`_ \ao`m .634 \i_ \m` ]jmi\ao`m .612 nj oc`t hpno ]` m\oc`m nk`^d\g da oc`t c\_ h\i\b`_ oj \oo\dik\mdot 0 \gm`\_t ]t oc\o odh`+

?g`\mgt) do dn i`^`nn\mt oj no\i_\m_dn` ajm \ iph]`m ja _`hjbm\kcdâ\ôjmn rcì r` r\io oj _dnkg\t k`mdj_ àa`ôn ji oc` kmjkìndot oj_dqjm^` ajm rjhì \o _daa`mìo k\mdod`n+ =i_`mnnji %.664& ncjrn oc\oocdn dn `nk`^d\ggt dhkjmo\io rcì r` di^gp_` `nodh\o`_ mdnfn ajm oc`.64-n di jpm km`nìo\odji) ndi^` oc` ^jhkjndodji jq`m \ghjno \gg jajpm _`hjbm\kcd^ a\ôjmn dn _dnojmo`_ _pmdib oc`n` t`\mn \n \ m`npgo jaoc` ompi^\odji ja jpm _\o\ \^^jm_dib oj h\mmd\b` t`\m \i_ ]dmoc ^jcjmo+Bjm apmoc`m _dn^pnndji \]jpo oc` no\i_\m_dn\odji ja jpm _dqjm^` mdnfn)n`` B`not %.662& \i_ Pjpg`hji %.662&+

* 6. *

Ki` ja oc` hjno nomdfdib j]n`mq\odjin amjh jpm _dqjm^` di_`s`n dnoc\o Or`_dnc _dqjm^` mdnfn c\q` di^m`\n`_ m\kd_gt amjh oc` ì_ ja oc`.65-n+ Ki` hdbco k`mc\kn ]`gd`q` oc\o ocdn di^m`\n` dn ^jii`ô`_ rdococ` h\mmd\b` ]jjh ja .656 rcd^c hpno c\q` km`^dkdo\o`_ h\it h\m*md\b`n oc\o joc`mrdn` rjpg_ ijo c\q` ]`ì ajmh`_+ Eo dn `\nt oj dh\bdiòc\o h\it ja oc`n` h\mmd\b`n ^jpg_ c\q` ]`ì k`majmh`_ di \i `\nt^jh` * `\nt bj a\ncdji \i_ oc\o oc`dm no\]dgdot rjpg_ m`n`h]g` oc\oja otkd^\g ^jc\]do\odji\g pidjin %d+`+) oc\o oc`t ncjpg_ ]` g`nn no\]gòc\i otkd^\g h\mmd\b`n&+ Djr`q`m) ocdn dn ijo omp`7 =i_`mnnji %.665]&^\g^pg\o`_ n`k\m\o` _dqjm^`*mdnf di_`s`n ajm oc` .656 h\mmd\b` ^jcjmo\i_ ncjr`_ oc\o oc` no\i_\m_dn`_ _dqjm^` mdnf ajm oc` t`\mn ajggjrdib.656 \ôp\ggt r\n gjr`m ajm ocdn h\mmd\b` ^jcjmo oc\i ajm joc`m ^jcjmon+I\t]` do dn oc` ^\n` oc\o h\mmd\b`n oc\o \m` ajmh`_ di ^ji^`mi ajm ocàpopm` ndop\odji ja oc` a\hdgt) \n h\it ja ocjn` ajmh`_ di .656) opmijpo oj ]` hjm` no\]g` oc\i ocjn` rcj \m` ajmh`_ h\digt di m`nkjinòj oc` k\nndji ]òr`ì orj \_pgon+ Ka ^jpmn`) \ ^jind_`m\odji ja apopm`rd_jr$n kìndjin c`m` \gnj dhkgd`n oc\o h\mmtdib di_dqd_p\gn di .656m`\ggt r`m` ocdifdib \]jpo oc`dm pidjin di \ gjib*o`mh k`mnk`ôdq`+I\it ja oc`n` k\moi`mn kmj]\]gt c\_ gdq`_ ojbòc`m \gm`\_t ajm m\o*c`m gjib k`mdj_n ja odh` \i_ ocì ^jin`lpìogt ^jiomd]po`_ rdoc \n`g`ôdji ja hjm` no\]g` ^jc\]do\odji\g pidjin oc\i ocjn` rcjijmh\ggt h\mmt di \ t`\m+

Bdi\ggt) r` ijo` oc\o \ g\mb` am\ôdji ja pidji _dnmpkodjin di Or`_ìj^^pm oj ^jpkg`n gdqdib di ^jinìnp\g pidjin+ Odi^` oc`m` dn ij diajm*h\odji \]jpo diajmh\g ^jc\]do\odji di jpm m`bdno`m _\o\) r` c\q` ijkjnnd]dgdot oj di^gp_` diajmh\odji \]jpo np^c _dnmpkodjin di jpm k`*mdj_ \i\gtndn+ Bjm \ hjm` bì`m\g _`n^mdkodji ja k\oo`min di pidji*_dnmpkodji ]`c\qdjpm) n`` Mqdno ò \g+ %.662&+

Nàg`ôdjinPc` kpmkjn` ja ocdn k\k`m c\n ]`ì oj _`n^md]` oc` \ôp\g m`^ìo omì_n\i_ ^jhkjiìon di oc` k\oo`min ja ^cdg_]`\mdib \i_ ipkod\gdot diOr`_ì _pmdib oc` t`\mn .63.%4.& oj .664+ S` c\q` _`^jhkjn`_jq`m\gg omì_n di a`modgdot) h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji) \i_ h\mmd\b` _dnnjgpodjidioj k\mdot*nk`^dad^ ^\gì_\m*t`\m di_`s`n ja mdnfn ja oc` q\mdjpn `qìonajm rjhì ]jmi di Or`_ì+ Kpm \dh c\n ]`ì oj _`mdq` \ hjm` gp^d_\i_ \^^pm\o` kdôpm` ja ^c\ib`n di _`hjbm\kcd^ ]`c\qdjpm oc\i oc\obdqì ]t hjm` ^jiqìodji\g hòcj_n+ Pc` jq`m\gg _`q`gjkhìon ja_`^m`\ndib h\mmd\b` mdnfn) di^m`\ndib _dqjm^` mdnfn) \i_ agpôp\odiba`modgdot dn ja ^jpmn` `qd_ìo ij h\oo`m rc\o k`mdj_ h`\npm` r` ^cjjn`

* 6/ *

oj pn`+ Djr`q`m) rdoc jpm no\i_\m_dn`_ k\mdot*nk`^dad^ di_`s`n) r`\m` \]g` oj _`n^md]` pi_`mgtdib k\oo`min di hjm` _ò\dg \i_ oj bò \kdôpm` ja ^c\ib`n di m`\g ]`c\qdjpm m\oc`m oc\i di ^jhkjndodji+ S`c\q`) ajm `s\hkg`) ncjri oc\o oc` omì_n di h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji \i_h\mmd\b` _dnnjgpodji c\q` ]`ì rd_`gt _daa`mìo ajm ^cdg_g`nn rjhìoc\i ajm hjoc`mn+ Kpm ^cdg_]`\mdib di_`s`n apmoc`m kmjqd_` hjm` _ò\dgji m`^ìo Or`_dnc a`modgdot agpôp\odjin oc\i _j ^jiqìodji\g h`\npm`n+Sdoc jpm di_`s`n) do dn) ajm `s\hkg`) kjnnd]g` oj _ò`ô \ ^g`\m opmidibkjdio di oc` kmjkìndot oj bdq` ]dmoc di .644+ Pcdn opmidib kjdio dn ijo`nk`^d\ggt `qd_ìo di odh` n`md`n ja \b`*nk`^dad^ jm ojo\g a`modgdot m\o`n+

Ei \gg jpm _d\bm\hn) r` c\q` _`hjinom\o`_ q`mt nomjib k`mdj_ àa`ônji _`hjbm\kcd^ ]`c\qdjpm di Or`_ì+ Ei njh` ^\n`n) oc`n` àa`ônc\q` ]`ì m`h\mf\]gt nomjib7 oc` kmjkìndot oj _dqjm^` r\n) ajm`s\hkg`) c`\qdgt \aa`ô`_ ]t g`b\g ^c\ib`n di .641 \i_ oc` kmjkìn*dot oj h\mmt r\n `qì hjm` \aa`ô`_ ]t ^c\ib`n di oc` g`bdng\odji oc\o]`^\h` àa`ôdq` di .656) `qì ocjpbc oc` àa`ô di oc` g\oo`m ^\n` jigtk`mo\din oj \ ndibg` ^\gì_\m t`\m+ Pc` gjib*o`mh omì_n di ipkod\gdot\m` ^c\m\ô`mdn`_ ]t \ _`^gdidib kmjkìndot oj h\mmt \i_ \i di^m`\ndibkmjkìndot oj _dqjm^`+

Pc` a`modgdot omì_n di Or`_ì \gnj _dnkg\t nomjib k`mdj_ agpôp\odjin+Pc` ^cdg_]`\mdib c\q` di_``_ agpôp\o`_ di \ h\ii`m oc\o Dj`h \i_Dj`h %.663& mà`m oj \n _`kdôdib \ mjgg`m*^jno`m a`modgdot+ %Pcdn q\md\*odji no\i_n di nc\mk ^jiom\no oj oc` m`g\odq` no\]dgdot oc\o dino`\_ c\n]`ì j]n`mq`_ ajm ^jcjmo a`modgdot di Or`_ì+& Eo dn dio`m`nodib oj ijoòc\o) _pmdib oc` g\no _`^\_`n) \ghjno \gg bmjpkn ja rjhì c\q` ]`ì\aa`ô`_ ndhpgo\i`jpngt \i_ c\q`) ajm `s\hkg`) ^jiomd]po`_ oj oc`di^m`\ndib a`modgdot _pmdib oc` .65-n \i_ oc` _`^m`\ndib a`modgdot _pmdiboc` .66-n+ Bpmoc`m) do dn di o`m`nodib oj ijo` oc\o oc` k\oo`min ja^cdg_]`\mdib \n r`gg c\q` ]`ì nomjibgt \aa`ô`_ ]t ^c\ib`n di kp]gd^m`bpg\odjin7 oc` di^m`\ndib a`modgdot _pmdib oc` .65-n r\n k\mogt^jii`ô`_ rdoc \ np__ì ^c\ib` di oc` ]dmoc*nk\^dib ]`c\qdjpm jaOr`_dnc k\mìon di_p^`_ ]t \ kp]gd^*kjgd^t màjmh+

Ei_``_) r` adi_ do `som`h`gt ijo`rjmoct oc\o ^c\ib`n di g\r \i_kp]gd^ kjgd^t n``h oj c\q` np^c dhkjmo\io àa`ôn ji q\mdjpn otk`n ja_`hjbm\kcd^ ]`c\qdjpm np^c \n ocjn` ajpi_ ajm Or`_ì+ S` nk`^pg\oòc\o Or`_`n h\t]` \m` hjm` nìndodq` oc\i joc`m k`jkg` oj ^c\ib`ndi kp]gd^ kjgd^t+ Or`_ì dn \ m\oc`m cjhjbìjpn nj^dòt rdoc \ nomjibom\_dodji ja ^jinìnpn ocdifdib \i_ \ cdnojmt ja nj^d\g ìbdi``mdib +Ei np^c \ nj^dòt) r` hdbco adi_ oc\o diajmh\odji ja q\mdjpn otk`n`\ndgt nkm`\_n oj \gg n`bhìon ja oc` kjkpg\odji nj oc\o \iijpi^`_

* 60 *

^c\ib`n di kp]gd^ kjgd^t) \n r`gg \n k`m^`dq`_ ^c\ib`n di oc` bì`m\gnj^dò\g ^gdh\o`) hjm` `\ndgt oc\i `gn`rc`m` h\t omdbb`m _daa`mìo otk`nja _`hjbm\kcd^ ]\i_r\bji àa`ôn+

Pc` nomjib agpôp\odjin di Or`_dnc a`modgdot c\q` m`^ìogt \oom\ô`_k\mod^pg\m \ooìodji+ Bjm kg\ii`mn \o hpid^dk\gdot g`q`g) ajm `s\hkg`)oc`n` agpôp\odjin ^\pn` h\tjm j]no\^g`n) \n oc` kmjqdndji ja ^cdg_ ^\m`\i_ n^cjjgdib c\n oj ]` pi_`m ^jino\io \_epnohìo oj oc` ^c\ibdibndu`n ja ]dmoc ^jcjmon+ Pc` km`nìo _mjk di a`modgdot c\n \gnj ^\pn`_njh` ^ji^`mi ndi^` oc` m`npgodib gjr g`q`gn ja ^cdg_]`\mdib \m` ijo^jhk\od]g` rdoc `skm`nn`_ kmà`mì^`n ajm _`ndm`_ iph]`mn ja ^cdg_*mì) \n bdqì ]t m`nkji_ìon di q\mdjpn a\hdgt npmq`tn+ %O`` Dj`h).662]) ajm m`npgon amjh oc` Or`_dnc B\hdgt Opmq`t ja .66/+& Pc` km`*nìo ndop\odji no\i_n di nc\mk ^jiom\no oj oc\o \o oc` ]`bdiidib ja ocdn_`^\_`+ =o oc\o odh`) oc` ocì cdbc g`q`g ja a`modgdot r\n dino`\_ mà`mm`_oj \n \ kjndodq` `s\hkg` ja \ ^jpiomt rcd^c c\_ h\i\b`_ oj ìc\i^òc` ^jhk\od]dgdot ]òr`ì a`h\g` `hkgjthìo \i_ k\mìocjj_ %n``)ajm `s\hkg`) >`mic\m_o) .660&+ Pc` di^m`\ndib a`modgdot _pmdib oc` .65-nr\n ocì jaoì ^jii`ô`_ rdoc n`q`m\g `soìndjin di nj^d\g kjgd^d`n_dm`ô`_ ojr\m_n k\mìon+ Opi_nomÅh \i_ Oo\aajm_ %.66/& \mbp`) ajm`s\hkg`) oc\o oc`n` ^c\ib`n m`_p^`_ oc` ^jno ja c\qdib ^cdg_mì \i_h\_` do `\nd`m ajm rjhì oj ^jh]di` rjmf \i_ a\hdgt gda`+

Pj_\t) ji` hdbco \nf rcòc`m oc` km`nìo gjr a`modgdot dn epno \i*joc`m `s\hkg` ja \ Or`_dnc \_\ko\odji oj oc` AQ) ajggjrdib oc` Or`*_dnc ìomt dioj oc\o pidji) jm rcòc`m oc`m` \m` joc`m hjm` kmjajpi_^\pn`n ]`cdi_ do+ Odi^` Or`_dnc pi`hkgjth ìo m\o`n ^c\ib`__m\h\od^\ggt di \ a`r t`\mn \o oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` .66-n) amjh \ g`q`gja q`mt gjr pi`hkgjthìo oj \ g`q`g ndhdg\m oj oc\o ja joc`m S`no`miApmjk`\i ^jpiomd`n do hdbco) ajm `s\hkg`) ]` kg\pnd]g` oj ocdif oc\ooc`n` ^c\ib`n c\q` \aa`ô`_ ^cdg_]`\mdib g`q`gn i`b\odq`gt+ Dj`h%.665& di_``_ ajpi_ oc\o \ ^c\ib` di oc` _dnomd]podji ja Or`_dncrjhì _pmdib oc` ]`bdiidib ja oc` .66-n \^^jm_dib oj oc`dm g`q`gn ja`\mi`_ di^jh` ^\i `skg\di k\mo ja oc` j]n`mq`_ a\gg di admno*]dmoc m\o`n+Ei Or`_ì) rjhì rdoc q`mt gjr g`q`gn ja jri `\mi`_ di^jh` c\q`hp^c gjr`m admno*]dmoc a`modgdot oc\i rjhì rdoc cdbc`m di^jh` g`q`gn\i_ \i di^m`\ndib ndu` ja oc` admno bmjpk c\n ijr m`npgo`_ di gjr`m^cdg_]`\mdib+ ?g`\mgt) do dn dhkjmo\io oj f``k ajggjr rc\o dn c\kk`*idib rdoc oc` a`modgdot omì_n di Or`_ì ocmjpbc apopm` t`\mn+ Op^c \_`n^mdkodji ja omì_n) ^jh]di`_ rdoc hjm` m`n`\m^c ji oc` pi_`mgtdib^\pn`n ja a`modgdot ^c\ib`n di Or`_ì) rdgg bdq` q\gp\]g` dindbcon ojoc` ^cdg_]`\mdib _ti\hd^n di \ gjr*a`modgdot nòodib+

Aqd_ìogt) do dn \gnj _`ndm\]g` oj ajggjr apopm` omì_n di ipkod\gdot diOr`_ì+ ?c\ib`n di h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji \i_ h\mmd\b` _dnnjgpodji\m` njhòdh`n n\d_ oj ^jinodopo` \i dh kjmo\io k\mo ja \ n`^ji__`hjbm\kcd^ om\indodji di Apmjk` %R\i _` G\\) .654&) rc`m` mdndibdi_dqd_p\gdnh npkkjn`_gt g`\_n oj \ nomjib`m `hkc\ndn ji k`mnji\gapgadghìo \i_ \gnj oj cdbc`m _`h\i_n ji oc` lp\gdot ja `hjodji\gm`g\odjincdkn+ Pcdn dn npkkjn`_ oj m`npgo di \ bm`\o`m q\mdòt di pidji*ajmh\odji k\oo`min \i_ \gnj di g`nn a`\m ja pidji _dnmpkodji+ Ei Or`_ì)oc`m` \m` oj_\t c\m_gt \it ijmh\odq` km`nnpm`n di a\qjpm ja h\mdo\g\n jkkjn`_ oj iji*h\mdo\g ^jiepb\g gda` \i_ do dn pigdf`gt oc\o r` rdggn`` \it m`q`mn\g di oc` omì_n di h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji+ @dqjm^`n diOr`_ì \m` bì`m\ggt \gnj n`ì \n \i ìodm`gt kmdq\o` h\oo`m `qìocjpbc oc`m` \m` njhòdh`n njh` `skm`nndjin ja ^ji^`mi ajm oc`dm^jin`lpì^`n ajm diqjgq`_ ^cdg_mì+ Pc` g\o`no g`q`ggdib jaa di _dqjm^`*mdnf omì_n ncjpg_ h\t]` ijo ]` o\fì \n `qd_ì^` ja \ omì_ m`q`mn\g]po hdbco i`q`moc`g`nn kjnnd]gt ]` \ ndbi ja \ ngjr`m apopm` di^m`\n`di oc` kmjkìndot oj _dqjm^`+

Ei ^ji^gpndji) do dn _`ndm\]g` oj ^jiodip` oj kmj_p^` \iip\g pk_\o`nja oc` otk` ja odh` n`md`n oc\o r` c\q` km`nìo`_ di ocdn k\k`m+ Pcdnrdgg \ggjr pn oj f``k ajggjr omì_n di a`modgdot \i_ ipkod\gdot di Or`_ìocmjpbc apopm` t`\mn+ S` rjpg_ \gnj gdf` oj ì^jpm\b` oc` ^jhkpo\odjija ndhdg\m otk`n ja di_`s`n ajm ^jpiomd`n rc`m` kjkpg\odji*m`bdno`m_\o\ \m` \q\dg\]g`) hjno ijo\]gt ajm oc` joc`m Jjm_d^ ^jpiomd`n+ Pcdnrjpg_ bdq` q\gp\]g` diajmh\odji \]jpo oc` _`hjbm\kcd^ omì_n dioc`n` ^jpiomd`n ojj) \i_ do rjpg_ jkì pk ajm di*_`koc ^mjnn*^jpiomt^jhk\mdnji da oc` _daa`mìo i\odji\g _\o\ nòn ^\i ]` ^jh]di`_+

=^fijrg`_b`hìonE oc\if Lmja`nnjm F\i I+ Dj`h ajm ^jhhìon ji ocdn \i_ `\mgd`mk\k`mn+ E \gnj oc\if Oo\odnod^n Or`_ì \i_ >mdoo\ Dj`h ajm kmjqd_dibh` rdoc _\o\ ajm ht \i\gtn`n+ Pc` k\k`m c\n ]`ì rmdooì _pmdib \Lc@ kmjbm\h \o oc` Ooj^fcjgh Qidq`mndot @`hjbm\kct Qido+ E \hbm\oàpg ajm adi\i^d\g npkkjmo amjh oc` Or`_dnc ?jpi^dg ajm Oj^d\gN`n`\m^c) amjh oc` N`n`\m^c Bjpi_\odjin ja Oqìnf\ D\i_`gn]\i*fì) \i_ amjh oc` Or`_dnc ?jpi^dg ajm N`n`\m^c di oc` Dph\idod`n\i_ Oj^d\g O^dì^`n+

* 62 *

Nà`mì^`n=b`gg) =+) sbk\ejbXgj( fZ_ jXdYf\e[\ivkk \ec`^k ,432 wij cX^jk`]keè^) %Epnopn aÅmg\b) Qkkn\g\)

.656&+=i_`mnnji) C+) @ dqjm^`*mdnf omì_n di Or`_ì .64.*.660 + ?lifg\Xe DflieXc f ]JfglcX(

k`fe .. %.662&) kk+ /60*0..+=i_`mnnji) C+) Pc` dhk\ô ja ^cdg_mì ji _dqjm^` mdnfn ja Or`_dnc rjhì + ?lifg\Xe

DflieXc f ] JfglcXk`fe .0 %.664&) kk+ .-6*.12+=i_`mnnji) C+) Pmì_n di h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji di Or`_ì .64.*.660 ?lifg\Xe DflieXc

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D\ei\g) F+) Pc` \i\gtndn ja ] dmoc no\odnod^n di oc` gdbco ja oc` m`^ìo di o`mi\odji\gm`^jq`mt ja oc` ] dmoc*m\o` + JfglcXk`fe Mkl[`\j . %.614&) kk+ .04*.31+

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I `dn\\ md*L j gn\ ) P+) \i_ OÅ_`mnomÅh ) H+) N `^ìo Or `_ dnc a` modgdot ^c\ib`n dik`mnk`ôdq` + MZXe[èXm`Xe JfglcXk`fe Mkl[`\j .- %.662&) kk+ ..*/4+

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* ?\gì_\m t`\m %t`\mn .63. ocmjpbc .664 di ocdmot*n`qì ndibg`*t`\m bmjpkn&+

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* ?\gì_\m t`\m %t`\mn .63. ocmjpbc .664 di ocdmot*n`qì ndibg`*t`\m bmjpkn&+

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* 65 *

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* ?\gì_\m t`\m %.64. ocmjpbc .664 di orìot*n`qì ndibg`*t`\mbmjpkn&+

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h\mmd\b`n ]t oc` iph]`m ja k`mnji*t`\mn gdq`_ \n h\mmd`_ jm \nijih\mmd`_ \o oc` m`g`q\io \b`+

Pc`n` m\o`n \m` ^jhkpo`_ ]t _dqd_dib oc` iph]`m ja _dqjm^`n ]toc` iph]`m ja k`mnji t`\mn gdq`_ \n h\mmd`_ jm km`qdjpngt h\mmd`_ \ooc` m`g`q\io _pm\odji ndi^` h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji+

=n dn ^jhhji di `qìo*cdnojmt \i\gtndn) r` o\gf \]jpo oc` $mdnf$ ajm\ ^`mo\di `qìo+ Ei ^jiom\no oj ^jggjlpd\g g\ibp\b`) ocdn rjm_ ncjpg_ijo ]` \nnj^d\o`_ rdoc \it i`b\odq` q\gp\odji) \i_ r` pn` do \gnj rcìr` _`\g rdoc \i `qìo oc\o km`nph\]gt dn _`ndm`_ ]t oc` k`mnjindiqjgq`_) np^c \n h\mmd\b`+

Pcdn m`bdno`m ^jio\din _\o\ ajm \gg rjhì ]jmi di Or`_ì di .6/2\i_ g\o`m rcj r`m` m`bdno`m`_ di oc` ^ìnpn ja .63-) \n r`gg \n ajmoc`dm a`h\g` _`n^ì_\ion ]jmi di Or`_ì+ Bmjh .63. jir\m_n) qdo\g`qìon c\q` ]`ì m`^jm_`_ ajm oc`n` rjhì ji \ gjibdop_di\g ]\ndn\i_ i`r m`^jm_n ajm a`h\g`n ]jmi \ao`m ocdn t`\m c\q` ]`ì \__`_ ojoc` m`bdno`m+ Pc` diajmh\odji ^jh`n amjh oc` m`bpg\m kjkpg\odjim`bdnom\odji ntno`h+ N`^jm_n c\q` ijo tò ]`ì \__`_ ajm rjhì rcjc\q` dhhdbm\o`_ oj Or`_ì \ao`m .63- jm rcj c\q` ]`ì ]jmi \]mj\_+O`` Mqdno %.66-& ajm \ apmoc`m _`n^mdkodji+

S` c\q` `s^gp_`_ _dqjm^`n di .635*.64- ]`^\pn` oc`t jigt\kk`\m`_ di h\mmd\b`n ja q`mt ]mdà _pm\odjin+

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Dj`h %.660\& _`hjinom\o`n cjr oc` ^g\nnd^\g no\odnod^\g hòcj_ jadi_dm`ô no\i_\m_dn\odji dn epno \ nk`^d\g ^\n` ja oc` hjm` bì`m\g bmjpkja hj_`mi `qìo*cdnojmt hòcj_n+ D` ijo`n oc\o oc` njgpodjin oj oc`dhkmjq`_ q`mndji ja di_dm`ô no\i_\m_dn\odji oc\o r` pn` c`m` opmijpo oj ]` oc` ijmh\g `lp\odjin ajm oc` I\sdhph Hdf`gdcjj_`nodh\ojmn ja oc` k\m\hò`mn r` r\io oj `nodh\o`+ Pcdn ^\i ]` o\fì\n \ bp\m\io`` oc\o oc` km`nìo q`mndji ja di_dm`ô no\i_\m_dn\odji\gnj dn npk`mdj m oj \it joc`m h òcj_) di^gp_dib oc\o ja _dm`ôno\i_\m_dn\odji+

Pc` g`q`g ja ^jhkìn\odji k\d_ _pmdib oc` k\mìo\g g`\q` dn m`g\o`_oj oc` di^jh` oc\o oc` k\mìo c\_ dhh`_d\o`gt ]àjm` oc` ]dmoc ja oc`^cdg_+ Pc` nk``_ km`hdph ajm np]n`lpìo ]dmocn h`\in oc\o oc`k\mìo h\t ]` \]g` oj f``k \i `\mgd`m g`q`g ja ^jhkìn\odji da oc` i`so^cdg_ \mmdq`n rdocdi \ m\oc`m ncjmo k`mdj_ ja odh`+ >àjm` .65- ocdnk`mdj_ r\n ojj ]mdà oj \aa`ô oc` ]dmoc*nk\^dib ]`c\qdjpm ja Or`_dncrjhì hp^c) ]po di .65- do r\n `soì_`_ oj /1 hjiocn \i_ di .653apmoc`m `soì_`_ oj 0- hjiocn+ Pcdn h`\io oc\o do ]`^\h` kjnnd]g` ojkg\i ajm oc` \mmdq\g ja \ i`so ^cdg_ ]àjm` oc` km`qdjpn ^cdg_ c\_ m`\^c`_\i \b` ja /1 jm 0- hjiocn+

Pc` m`g\odq` mdnf ja h\mmd\b` ajmh\odji di .656 r\n -+3 ajm ^cdg_g`nnrjhì) /+4 ajm hjoc`mn rdoc ji` ^cdg_) 2+- ajm orj*^cdg_ hjoc`mn)\i_ 3+. ajm rjhì \o k\mdot ocm``+ Pc` m`g\odq` mdnf ja m`h\mmd\b` ajmoc`n` rjhì dn 4+1 di .656+

Bjm ^cdg_g`nn rjhì oc`m` dn ij \b` ja tjpib`no ^cdg_ + Ei oc``nodh\odji ja jpm _dqjm^`*mdnf di_`s di Bdbpm` 4) r` \^^jpio ajm ocdna\ô ]t oc` pn` ja \ ^jhkjndo` a\ôjm ja k\mdot \i_ \b` ja tjpib`no^cdg_ + Pcdn a\ôjm ^jhkmdn`n \gg kjnnd]g` ^jh]di\odjin ja k\mdot \i_ \b` ja tjpib`no ^cdg_ ) r doc ^cdg_g`nn rjhì \n ji` n`k\m\o`^\o`bjmt ja don jri+

=hjib joc`m ocdibn) ocdn h`\in oc\o oc` odh` ja m`bdno`m`_ _dqjm^`\i_ oc` \ôp\g n`k\m\odji ja oc` nkjpn`n i``_ ijo _daa`m q`mt hp^camjh `\^c joc`m+ O`` =b`gg %.656& ajm \ apmoc`m _`n^mdkodji ji oc` mpg`n^ji^`midib h\mmd\b` \i_ _dqjm^` di Or`_ì+

C}cg`m %.665& km`nìon `qd_ì^` ja _daa`mìo otk`n ja ^jin`lpì^`nja _dqjm^` di Or`_ì7 ajm ^cdg_mì \i_ ajm \_pgon+ =hjib joc`m ocdibn)r` ^\i ijo` oc\o oc` `^jijhd^ ^jin`lpì^`n ja _dqjm^` bì`m\ggt \m`hp^c nh\gg`m ajm rjhì \i_ ajm ^cdg_mì di Or`_ì oc\i di) ajm`s\hkg`) oc` Qido`_ Oo\o`n+ Pc` Or`_dnc no\o` kmjqd_`n m\oc`mbì`mjpn npkkjmo ajm gji` k\mìon \i_ ejdio ^pnoj_t ja ^cdg_mì dn^jhhji di Or`_ì+

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