norbert pietralla tu darmstadt1 1. feb. 2010 current themes of nuclear research and how the eli...
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 11. Feb. 2010
Current Themes of Nuclear Research
and how the ELI photonuclear pillar could contribute to them
Norbert Pietralla
DirectorInstitut für Kernphysik
Darmstadt University of Technology
(TUD)
Collaborative Research CenterSFB634
Research Center of ExcellenceNuclear and Radiation Physics
TUD
Exploring nuclei with lasers
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 21. Feb. 2010
Vision of Nuclear PhysicsUnderstanding the properties of heavy atomic nuclei quantitatively and predictably from their basic constituents, quarks and gluons, and from the interactions between them.
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 31. Feb. 2010
Recent Progress Systematic derivation of structural form of nucleon-
nucleon interaction from QCD in Chiral Perturbation Theory
Unique low-energy NN-potential Vlow-k from Renormalization Group approach
Non-perturbative all-order calculations from self-consistent iteration methods for nuclear many-body systems
Advanced many-body techniques, e.g., No-Core Shell Model, Monte-Carlo Shell Model,…
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 41. Feb. 2010
But still…
Present theory still needs phenomenology for quantitative reliability
Phenomenology requires input from data
The less is known, the worse does theory
Quest for „extreme“ conditions…
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Relevant nuclear themes
e.g. Nuclear Structure and Astrophysics
Relevance for
Astrophysics
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 61. Feb. 2010
Central Topics for Nuclear Structure
Halos
Neutron Skins Neutron stars
Pygmy Resonance
EOS
• Quest for the limits of existence
• Halos, Open Quantum Systems, Few Body Correlations
• Changing shell structure far away from stability
• Skins, new collective modes, nuclear matter, neutron stars
• Phases and symmetries of the nuclear many body system
• Origin of the elements
unified theory (ab-initio, density functional, shell model)
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 71. Feb. 2010
Outline Nuclear physics with low-energy photons
(nuclear dipole physics)
ELI day 1: „Exploring the weakly bound“
Measurements near separation threshold
„Exploring the unknown“ Highest resolution (eV / MeV)-spectroscopy
„Exploring the dangerous“ radioactive-waste management (multi-billion $ market)
Summary
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 81. Feb. 2010
Photonuclear Physics withMeV-range photon beams
Pure EM-interaction(nuclear-) model independent“small“ cross sections, penetrating, thick targets
Minimum projectile mass
min. angular momentum transfer, spin-selective: dipole-modes
Polarisation
“Parity physics“
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 91. Feb. 2010
Realm of photonuclear structure physics
Electric Dipole strength concentrated in GDR above and in PDR below particle separation threshold
Photonuclear reaction useful tool for investigation of dipole strength
Energy / MeV
5 15(γ,γ‘) (γ,n)
Giant Dipole ResonancePygmy-
Dipol Resonance
Two-Phonon-
State
Sn
x
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 101. Feb. 2010
Photonuclear Reactions
gs
´
Separationthreshold
AX
A´Y Nuclear Resonance Fluorescence (NRF)PhotoactivationPhotodisintegration
Absorption
(-activation)
´
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 111. Feb. 2010
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 121. Feb. 2010
HIgS Beam Profile
N.Pietralla et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88012502 (2002).
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 131. Feb. 2010
Traditionally Bremsstrahlung: Kneissl,Pietralla,Zilges, J.Phys.G 32, R217 (2006).
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 141. Feb. 2010
S-DALINAC facility at IKP TU Darmstadt
12
i
1
2
Photon Experiments
10 MeV Injector: Photon Scattering / Photofission
< 30 MeV Tagger: Photodesintegration / Photon Scattering
Source
130 MeV Electron LINAC
Electron Source
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 151. Feb. 2010
Darmstadt Low-Energy Photon Scattering Site at S-DALINAC
Target
Ge(HP)
-detectors
Radiator targete-
Energie
Inte
ns
ity Electrons
Energie
Inte
ns
ity Bremsstrahlung
< 10 MeVCu
E < 10 MeV
Cu
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 161. Feb. 2010
Spectroscopy near separation threshold
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 171. Feb. 2010
A. Zilges et al., PLB 542 (2002) 43. S. Volz et al., NPA 779 (2006) 1.U. Kneissl, NP et al., J.Phys.G 32, R217 (2006).
Systematics of the Pygmy Dipole Resonance
• Concentration around 5-7 MeV
• Strong fragmentation
• Summed strength: Scaling with N/Z ?
• Mass dependence of -ray strength function ?
skincore
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 181. Feb. 2010
aim: determination of transition strengths: need absolute values for ground state transition width
NRF-experiments give product with branching ratio: assumption:
no transition in low-lying states observed but: many small branchings in other states?
self-absorption: measurement of absolute ground state transition widths
eV-resolving spectroscopy with photon beams
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 191. Feb. 2010
Principle of Self-Absorption
absorber nuclei:
photons of decay processes:
E0
Ef
Ej
Jf
Jj
J0
Γj0
Γfj
Γ0Γ0Γ0
e
Absorber
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 211. Feb. 2010
Photon flux density after absorption
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 221. Feb. 2010
• problem: resolution of modern detectors by far too low• solution: scattering target made of same material as absorber is highly resolving
detector (same resonances → sensitive on change in photon flux)• two measurements: one w/ and one w/o absorber
scatterer
bremsstrahlungradiator
calibrator
electrons
absorber
absorber spectrum
detector
• self-absorption: decrease of decays in scatterer because of resonant absorption
Principle of Self-Absorption
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 231. Feb. 2010
Measuring principle II
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 241. Feb. 2010
Recent results (140Ce)
• scatterer: 2 g 140Ce
• calibrator: 312 mg 11B
• absorber: 60 g CeO2
• endpoint energy: 8 MeV
• measuring time: in each case about 4 days
• Photon flux: 103 /(s eV cm2)
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 251. Feb. 2010
Determine ground state transition width Γ0
• self-absorption R can be calculated analytically• it depends on K and thus on
• reminder:
• determine self-absorption experimentally and compare with calculation
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 261. Feb. 2010
Test of „the branching Assumption“ Γ0/Γ ≈ 1Access to -ray strength function
• green line: branching ratio into ground state is = 1
• branching ratio can‘t be larger than 1 – points have to lie above green line
• two transitions with small branching into ground state (large errros)
• many points agree with green line
• one point clearly underneath green line – not one strong but two weaker transitions of close lying states?!
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 271. Feb. 2010
Potential for ELI photonuclear pillar‘shigh-flux high-resolution -ray beam
Improvement by 3 orders of magnitude in photon flux is feasible
Will open up new horizons for photonuclear research Nuclear dipole strength near threshold Fine structure of quadrupole response Energy resolution on Doppler-width scale Detection of hazardous material in bulk matter New approaches…
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 281. Feb. 2010
Summary
Nuclear structure physics with -ray beams is a vivid field with high discovery potential
ELI can become a major facility in this field Needs: - energy-tunable, high-flux, high-
rep.rate, high-resolution, polarized -ray beam from LASER-Compton backscattering
All this should be possible at ELI !
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 291. Feb. 2010
Thank you !
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 321. Feb. 2010
Azimuthal asymmetry → parity quantum no.
Parity Measurements with Linearly Polarized Photon Beams
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 331. Feb. 2010
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 341. Feb. 2010
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 351. Feb. 2010
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 361. Feb. 2010
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 371. Feb. 2010
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 401. Feb. 2010
40Ar
First observation of a 1+ state of 40Ar
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 431. Feb. 2010
Astrophysical Relevance of M1 Data
Darmstadt data 54Fe
Langanke et al., PRL (2004).Neutrino-cross sections
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 471. Feb. 2010
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 501. Feb. 2010
Polarization in the entrance channel
• Linear polarization (HIS)spin/parity program (since 2001)
• Circular polarization (HIS, S-DALINAC)parity non-conservation
20Ne, 238U
targetcircular
-θ θForward-backwardasymmetry ?
Parity-violation
Weak interaction
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 511. Feb. 2010
The 20Ne case: parity mixing of yrast levels
ΔE=7.5±5.7 keV
“enhancement factor”670 ± 7000
Γ(1-) ≤ 0.3 keV
Γ(1+) ?
T<=0
1+
1-
11270±5
11262±3
20Ne
0+
20F, T< = 1
1- 1+
3+ 4+
5+
2+
(d5/21)(d5/2
3)
gs
T=1isobaric analog states
Goal: measure parity violation in simple states !
Understand effects of weak interactionmicroscopically
► e.g., study the parity doublet in 20Ne !
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 531. Feb. 2010
Themes and challenges of Modern Science
•Complexity out of simplicity
How the world, with all its apparent complexity and diversity can be
constructed out of a few elementary building blocks and their interactions
•Simplicity out of complexity
How the world of complex systems can display such astonishing regularity
and simplicity
•Understanding the nature of the physical universe
•Manipulating nature for the benefit of mankind
Nuclei: Two-fluid, many-body, strongly-interacting, quantal systems provide wonderful laboratories for frontier research in all four areas
From US-NSAC-charge: “Nuclear Physics with the Rare Isotope Accelerator”
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Norbert Pietralla TU Darmstadt 601. Feb. 2010
Scissors Mode in Deformed Nuclei (Darmstadt, 1983)
Bohle et al., NPA 458, 205 (1986).
Scissors mode
classically: current loop => M1
magnetic dipole excitation
electron scattering
photon scattering