non-ruminant animal production alternative poultry

Non-Ruminant Animal Production Alternative Poultry

Breeds of ducks

Pekin • Originated in China

• Large creamy-white body

• Bill is orange – yellow, shank and feet are reddish yellow

• Produce excellent quality meat

• Meat is fatty

• Mature quickly • Market wt. 3 – 3.5 kg in 8 weeks • Adult wt is 4 (♂) – 3.5 (♀) kg • Egg production is 160 eggs/year/bird, eggs are tinted white in color • Hatchability is 80%. ♀ is a good setter but not good brooder • Nervous birds. Have treat gently to get maximum production

Reading materials Prepared for AS 4114 by Dr. Pradeepa Silva

Aylesbury • Originated in UK

• Large white body

• Bill is yellow, shank is orange

• Produce good quality meat

• Marketed at 8 weeks

• Adult wt is 4.5 (♂) – 4.0 (♀) kg • Egg production is lower than Pekin • Some birds show extra ordinary production of 300 eggs/ bird/ year • Not nervous birds.

Campbell group • Originated in UK

• Blend of breeds (Fawn & white runner, Rouen and Millard)

• Khaki variety is popular than white and dark varieties.

• Small birds. Adult wt is 2.2 kg (for both ♂ and ♀). 8 weeks body wt is 1.5 kg. Not good for meat production • Egg production is fairly high. Selected strains lay 365 eggs/ year/bird

Indian Runner

• Originated in east India and developed in western Europe

• Birds stand erect. Body is almost perpendicular

• Walk easily

• Body color could be white, fawn and white, brown.

• Feet, Shank and bill are orange or reddish-orange

• Small birds. Adult wt is 2.2 kg (for both ♂ and ♀). • Egg production is lower than campbells

Brown/ White Tsaiya

• Developed in Taiwan

• Body color could be white, or brown.

• Shank and bill are orange in color

• Small birds, adult wt is 1.5 - 2 kg (for both ♂ and ♀).

• Egg production is high 260 – 290 eggs/ bird/year

• Starts laying early

Composition of some commercial rations

Nutrient Starter (0-2 weeks)

Grower (2-7 weeks)

Breeder

ME kcal/kg 2900 2900 2900

CP% 22 16 15

Arg % 1.1 1.0 -

Lys % 1.1 0.9 0.7

Met+Cys % 0.8 0.6 0.56

Ca % 0.65 0.6 2.75

Cl % 0.12 0.12 0.12

Mg (mg) 500 500 500

P % 0.4 0.35 0.35

Na % 0.25 0.15 0.15

Mn (mg) 40 40 25

Se (mg) 0.14 0.14 0.14

Zn (mg) 60 60 60

Geese production

Embden geese

• The most popular geese breed • Originated in Germany • Pure white, tightly feathered body • They stand erect. • Good egg producers among geese

- 35-40 eggs/ goose/ year

• Grow rapidly and mature early - 10 – 15 kg ♂ and 9 – 10 kg ♀.

Toulous geese

• Originated in France

• Gray in color with broad and deep body.

• Loosely feathered and make a massive appearance.

• Beak is pale orange. Shank and toes are reddish orange

• Poor layers – 25 eggs / goose/ year

• Body wt

- 9 - 10 kg ♂ and 8 - 8.5 kg ♀.

Pilgrim Geese • A medium size goose

• ♂ and ♀ could be identified by color

• When day-old stage • ♂ is creamy white

• ♀ is gray

• At adult stage – ♂ is white with blue eyes

– ♀ gray and white with dark eyes

• Production is similar to Toulous geese

African geese

• A ‘handsome’ breed

• Carry distinctive knob

• Head is light brown, knob and beak are black, eyes are dark brown

• Erect body. Plumage is grayish brown on the wings and black & light gray on neck area.

• Comparatively good layers

• Grow rapidly and mature quick.

Roman geese

• Originated in Rome

• White in color

• Medium body

– ♂ is 6 – 7 kg

– ♀ is 5 – 6 kg

• Egg production is 50 eggs / goose / year

Chinese geese • Originated in China. Widely kept in south-east Asia

• Two varieties – White with orange beak, knob and legs

– Brown (Fawn) with white edged wing feathers, black or dark green beak and knob

• Known as Swan goose because of long flexible neck. Very attractive and also kept as a ornamental bird.

• Mature early. Better layers than other breeds – 40-65 eggs/ goose/ year

• Body size is medium – ♂ is 5.5 kg and ♀ is 4.5 kg

• Produce leanest meat

Wild geese • Protected as a wild species

• Ornamental birds

• Show wild nature and behavior

• Wing clipped when in captivity

• Body weight vary widely

– 1.5 to 6.0 kg

• Low in egg production and mature very late

• Mate in pairs

• Male is used for crossing with domestic breeds

– Hybrid is sterile, fine quality meat

Turkey breeds

Black turkey Bourbon turkey

Bronze turkey

Narragensett

White turkey

Changes in body weight, feed intake and egg production of turkey at different ages

Egg production

Feed Intake

Body weight

Nutritional requirement

Age in weeks

Male 0-4 4-8 8-12 12-16 16-20 20-24

Female 0-4 4-8 8-11 11-14 14-17 17-20

Energy (kcal ME/kg)

2800 2900 2900 3100 3200 3300

Protein % 28 26 22 19 16.5 14

Starter ration Grower ration Finisher ration

Comparison of turkey meat with broiler

Age CW(kg) water % fat % prot. % Ash %

8 wks 2.3 70.7 4.5 20.7 4.1

20 wks 8.5 60.2 18.7 19.4 3.1

Broiler 1.6 64 14.2 18.8 3.7

Age in weeks

Average Body

Weight (Kg)

Total feed

consumption (Kg)

Cumulative feed

efficiency

Male Female Male Female Male Female

Up to 4th week 0.72 0.63 0.95 0.81 1.3 1.3

Up to 8th week 2.36 1.90 3.99 3.49 1.8 1.7

Up to 12th week 4.72 3.85 11.34 9.25 2.4 2.4

Up to 16th week 7.26 5.53 19.86 15.69 2.8 2.7

Up to 20th week 9.62 6.75 28.26 23.13 3.4 2.9

Efficiency of turkey meat production

Quail Production

Space requirement and feed consumption for quails

Age (wks) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9<

Floor (cm2)

75 85 100 115 130 150 160 170 190

Waterer (cm)

1 1 1 1.5 1.5 2 2 2 2

Feeder (cm)

2 2 2 2.5 2.5 3 3 3 3

Feed consumption (g)

6

12

18

20

22

25

% Water Prot Fat Ash Energy Cholesterol

Quail 73.8 13.2 10.8 1.0 1.0 1.4

Chicken 74.8 12.8 11.5 1.0 0.9 4.0

Comparison of quail egg composition with that of chicken egg

Comparison of quail meat composition with that of chicken meat

% Water Prot Fat Ash Energy Cholesterol

cal/100g mg/100g

Quail 65.5 20.6 10.6 3.1 168 57.8

Chicken 64.0 18.8 14.2 3.7 162 60-90

Breeds of pigeon

Breeds of pigeon

Meat breeds

King group Blue, red, yellow, Andalusian Homer Roman Maltese

Ornamental breeds

Duchess Seraphin Oriental frills Maltese

Racing breeds

Dragon British show racer Flown

The King group

- Prolific - Fast growth

White Red Yellow

Blue Andalusian

Meat breeds


Homer

Maltese

Roman

Meat breeds ctd…


British show tracer

Flown

Dragon

Racing breeds

Flown


Ornamental breeds /Pet

Duchess Fan tail Saxon monk


Seraphim

Oriental Frills

Ornamental breeds ctd…


Performance level

Eggs laid / pair 16+

Fertility of all eggs 95%

Hatchability of all eggs 85%

Squab mortality (up to market age) <5%

Adult mortality/year <5%

Marketable squabs 75%

Average squab weight 0.6 – 0.65kg

Squab hatched/egg laid 0.8

Squab marketed/egg laid 0.75

Daily feed consumption/pair 115 – 170g

Feed conversion (feed : squab) 7.5 : 1

Performance standards of pigeon

Composition of squab meat

Meat Water %

Energy kcal

Protein g

Fat g

Fiber g

Ash g

Total edible 58 279 18.6 22.1 0 1.5

Flesh and skin

56.6 294 18.5 23.8 0 1.4

Flesh only 72.8 142 17.2 7.5 0 1.2

Light meat (no skin)

74.0 125 20.7 4.2 0 1.2

Giblets 69.8 154 19.8 7.2 1.2 2.0

Ostrich Production

Nutritional requirement

Nutrition Starter Grower Finisher holding breeding

Energy (kcal/kg) 2465 2450 2300 2000 2300

Protein % 22 19 16 16 20 - 21

Ca % 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.4-3.5

P % 0.75 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.75

Per 100 g raw meat Ostrich Beef Chicken

Protein (g) 21.9 20.0 21.4

Fat (g) 1.0 15.6 2.6

Cholesterol (mg) 63.0 86.0 74.0

Energy (cal) 114.0 276.0 163.0

Calcium (mg) 5.2 9.0 13.0

Comparison of Ostrich meat

Comparison of Ostrich meat with some popular meat products

Minimum Fat level

Comparison of some parameters of cattle and ostriches

Ostriches Cattle (beef)

Gestation/ Incubation (days) 42 290

Offspring per year 40 1

Period from conception to slaughter (days)

407 645

Meat (kg) 1,800 250

Leather (m2) 50.4 2.7

Feather (kg) 56 -

non-ruminant animal production alternative poultry

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