Non-Ruminant Animal Feed Management Issues and

Practices

CNMP Core Curriculum

Feed Management – Section 6.3

CNMP Development Core Training Curriculum

These course materials have been developed as a cooperative effort between five land-grant universities and The Natural Resources Conservation Service.

Ames, Iowa 50011, (515) 294-4111.

Copyright © 1995-2006, Iowa State University of Science and Technology. All rights reserved.

Copyright Information

Objectives

• Review the digestion process and excretion of N and P

• Become familiar with how the nutrient requirements of swine and poultry vary

• Understand the issues related to feed management with swine and poultry

• Provide you with strategies to encourage producers on reducing nutrient excretion

Supplemental Materials

• NRC Nutrient Requirements of Swine • NRCS Nutrient Management Technical Note 3• LPES Lesson No. 10 Reducing the Nutrient

Excretion and Odor of Pigs Through Nutritional Means NRC Nutrient Requirements of Poultry

• NRCS Nutrient Management Technical Note 4• LPES Lesson No. 11 Using Dietary and

Management Strategies to Reduce the Nutrient Excretion of Poultry

Feed

Enzymes & Gastric juices

Absorption

Lean tissue development

fecesurine

Saliva

Water

Stage of growth• Lower protein contents in diets as pigs

and poultry mature• Lower P content for animals later in

growth• More P in diets for replacement animals• More fiber (soy hulls; wheat mid; sugar

beet pulp) in gestation diets• Increased energy (corn) in lactation diets• Increased Ca content for layer diets• Milk and by-products in weaning pig

diets

Feed

AA+peptides

AA, peptides, NH3

Lean muscle (protein)

fecesurine

CP+AA

NH3, MCP

(urea)

Overfeeding Nitrogen

• Difficult to balance amino acids in diets with typical feed ingredients

• Variation in available amino acid content of feeds

• Genetic potential of pigs vary• Environmental stress (heat or cold

temperatures) can affect nitrogen utilization

• Sufficient available energy is needed for efficient N utilization

TSP Questions for Producer

• Is the operation using synthetic amino acids in their current pig rations?

• Are the rations reformulated when there are different ingredient changes especially with by-products?

• What is the laboratory analysis schedule for the feed management plan?

Strategies for Swine Improving N

management

Synthetic amino acids

Phase feeding

Split-sex feeding

Improving P management

Phytase; available P

Phase feeding

Split-sex feeding

Contributions of amino acids from corn and SBM, relative to the requirement of a 88 lb pig

050

100150200250300350

Arg His Ile Leu Lys M+C P+T Thr Trp Val

Corn SBM 48%

Corn (74.1% of diet) + Soybean meal (24.3% of diet)

Contributions of amino acids from corn and SBM, relative to the requirement of a 88 lb pig

050

100150200250300350

Arg His Ile Leu Lys M+C P+T Thr Trp Val

Corn SBM 48% Syn AA

Corn (84.1% of diet) + Soybean meal (12.9% of diet) + Synthetic Lys, Met, Thr, Trp.

Dietary Effects on N Excretion*

Diet conc. 14% CP 12% CP +lys 10% CP + lys, thr, meth, tryp

N intake, g/d 67 58 50

N dig & abs, g/d 60 51 43

N in feces, g/d 7 7 7

N retained, g/d 26 26 26

N in urine, g/d 34 25 17

N excreted, g/d 41 32 24

Reduction N, % ---- 22 41

Diet cost, $/lb 0.064 0.063 0.069

Change in cost, $//b

---- -$0.001 +$0.005

* Based upon 200 lb pig

Nitrogen Inputs From Feed

N from FeedDiets (lb/year) Ratio

Corn-Soy 162,230 100

Corn-Soy+ Lysine 140,845 86.8

Corn-Soy+ 4 amino acids 120,489 74.2

4,000 Spaces; Feeder-Finish

Nitrogen Manipulation

• For 1% reduction in CP and AA addition, reduce total N and ammonia excretion by 8% - 10%

• Practical experience has shown must adjust AA levels for sexes and different genetic lines

Fiber Effects on Nitrogen

• Fiber addition -- shift in N excretion pattern from urinary N to fecal N

• Fiber and low CP/syn. AA diet reduced slurry pH, N excretion and NH3 emissions

• Examples: Dietary soybean hull; sugar beet pulp; wheat midds

TSP Questions for Producer

• Is the operation currently grouping pigs into separate sexes and feeding different rations?

• Are rations changed at different stages of growth (phase feeding) in the production cycle?

Phase Feeding Impacts

• Reduce excessive nutrient excretion

• Reduce feed costs

• Reduce land application area and odor potential

• Increase nutrient efficiencies for production

Diet cost obtained using least-cost feed formulation for a varying number of phases in the feeding program.

$39

$40

$41

$42

$43

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13Number of phases

Die

t co

st p

er p

igPhase-feeding diets are also cheaper, but the extra hassle may outweigh the benefits

Feed

PP+nPP Lean muscle (protein)

fecesurine

PP+nPP

PP+nPP+MP

(urea)

PP+nPP

Corn

0.32% P .04 3515 samples

68% phytate (61 to 85)

Phytate

The dietary P issue

• Because pigs and poultry can not digest a major portion of the P (phytic P) in typical feed grains, supplemental P is added to the ration.

• As a result, total P is fed in excess of animal need and excess P is excreted in manure.

TSP Questions for Producer

• Is the operation currently using the enzyme, phytase, in the ration and reducing the level of P in the ration?

• Are by-product feeds being used in the ration?

Nutrition Approach• Feed pigs only the P that they need.

– Reduce over feeding of P– Formulate the diet on an “available P”

basis vs. “total P” basis– Phase feeding for P as well as N

• Manipulate dietary P concentrations to reduce total P excretion while maintaining productivity.– Supplement pig diets with phytase to help

animals break down phytic P– If available, feed high available P (HAP)

corn or soybean to replace conventional corn.

Dietary Effects on P Excretion*

Dietary P, %

P intake, g/d

Retained P, g/d

Excreted P, g/d

Change, %

0.70 21.0 4.8 16.2 +57

0.60 18.0 4.8 13.2 +32

0.50 15.0 4.7 10.3 0

0.40 (NRC)

12.0 4.5 7.5 -27

0.30 9.0 2.5 6.5 -37

0.30 + Phytase

9.0 4.5 4.5 -56

* Based upon 200 lb pig

Phosphorus Strategies

• Phytase studies showed reduction of P from 25 to 54%

• Phytase increased the availability of N, Zn, Cu, Mn, Ca

• HAP corn has been shown to reduce P excretion by 25 to 37%

Phosphorus Input From Feed

P from FeedDiets (lb/year) Ratio

Corn-Soy 31,674 100

a. reduced safety

margin 29,164 92

b. plus phytase 25,402 80

c. a+b 22,892 72.2

4,000 Spaces; Feeder-Finish

Combination of Technologies• Comparing a control diet to a reduced crude

protein diet with 5% soy hulls (fiber), HAP corn, phytase and low sulfur minerals resulted in:– Growth and carcass qualities were the same– Reduced ammonium and total N in manure

by 28-31%– Reduced P in the manure by 54%– Reduced ammonia emissions by 50%– Reduced hydrogen sulfide emission by 48%

Strategies for Poultry Nitrogen

managementAmino acids

Phase feeding

Phosphorus management

Available P

Phytase and Vitamin D

Phase feeding

Tracking N in Broilers

Feed N = 100%

Litter

Carcass

NH3-N

51.1%

18.3% 30.6%

TSP Questions for Producer

• Is the operation using synthetic amino acids in their current poultry rations?

• Are the rations reformulated when there are different ingredient changes?

• What is the laboratory analysis schedule for the feed management plan?

TSP Questions for Producer

• Is the operation currently grouping birds into separate sexes and feeding different rations?

• Are rations changed at different stages of growth (phase feeding) in the production cycle?

Nitrogen Strategies (poultry)• Reduce CP and add synthetic AA

– Reducing CP (15% to 10%) reduced N excretion 24% w/o affecting performance

– N excretion reduction 10 to 27% broilers; 30 to 35% in layers

• Must be careful that there is sufficient nonessential AA and no AA imbalances

• Phase feeding reduces N excretion about 10%

Tracking P in Broilers

Feed P = 100%

LitterCarcass

55.2%44.8%

TSP Questions for Producer• Is the operation currently using the

enzyme, phytase, in the ration and reducing the level of P in the ration?

• Is the operation currently using vitamin D3 in the ration?

• Are by-product feeds being used in the ration?

Phase Feeding Impacts in Poultry Feeding

• Phase feeding can reduce dietary non-phytate P levels by 5% (grower), 15% (finisher) and 40% (withdrawal)

• Estimate a reduction of at least 10% litter P with 4 phase program

• Meet bird P requirements

• Select feed ingredients with a high available P

• Use vitamin D

• Use phytase to reduce P excretion (20 -25%)

Phosphorus Strategies

Phosphorus Intake, Retention and Excretionin Broilers (g/bird)

272712.112.1

14.914.9

Industry Average (AgriStats 1999)

Average weight = 5.0 lb, 2:1 feed to gain ratio (50 d of age)

Phosphorus Intake, Retention and Excretionin Broilers (g/bird)

2727

12.112.1

14.914.9

23.3

Based on broiler nPP requirements, Angel et al, 2000

11.2

24% decrease

Average weight = 5 lb, 2:1 feed to gain ratio

Industry Average (AgriStats 1999)

Phosphorus Intake, Retention and Excretion in Broilers (g/bird)

2727

12.112.1

14.914.9

20.8

Based on broiler nPP requirements and use of phytase, Angel et al, unpublished

8.7

42% decrease

Average weight = 5 lb, 2:1 feed to gain ratio

Industry Average (AgriStats 1999)

Phosphorus Intake, Retention and Excretionin Broilers (g/bird)

2727

12.112.1

14.914.9

19.5

Based on broiler nPP requirements, phytase and 25OHD3 Angel et al, 2000

7.4

50% decrease

Average weight = 5 lb, 2:1 feed to gain ratio

Industry Average (AgriStats 1999)

Feed Waste: An Expensive Loss

of Nutrients

• Presuming 5% feed waste on average:– Responsible for 7.5% of N in manure.

– Similar contribution for copper, zinc, and P

– 35% of carbohydrates

• Major source of odor

Feed Management to Improve Efficiency• Diet formulation and management

– Evaluate diet content and reduce unnecessary feed ingredients

– Implement a routine chemical feed analysis program

– Apply stringent quality control feed preparation and delivery to animals

– Minimize feed wastage and check water– Implement phase feeding program– Implement split-sex feeding program

Feed Management to Improve Efficiency

• Improve nutrient utilization– Formulate feed based upon digestible

amino acids and available phosphorus

• Increasing digestibility (availability) of nutrients– choice of feed ingredients– enzymes; synthetic feed ingredients – feed processing technologies – genetically modified feed ingredients (if

available)

Class Exercise (Monogastrics)

• 4,000 head pig grow-finisher operation• What amount of phosphorus is generated by

the operation? Is it in excess of crop P205

removal?

• The P level in the grower diet is 0.50% and the P in the finisher diet is 0.40%. However, if the phytase enzyme is used, the P level in each diet can be reduced by 0.10%.

• What amounts of P excretion can be reduced by adding phytase to the pig’s diet?

Class Exercise (Monogastrics)

Formula to calculate the amount of P in the diet

• Tons of feed X 2000 lbs./T = lbs of feed X %P in the diet = lbs. of P fed

Formula to calculate the amount of P excreted

• Lbs. of P fed X 80% excreted by pig = lbs. of P excreted

Class Exercise (Monogastrics)Grower diet: • 1,200 T X 2000 lbs./T = 2,400,000 lbs. X .005 P =

12,000 lbs. P fedFinisher diet: • 2,270 T X 2000 lbs./T = 4,540,000 lbs. X .004 P =

18,160 lbs. P fedTotal: • 12,000 lbs. P + 18,160 lbs. P = 30,160 lbs. P fed.Excreted P:• 30,160 lbs. P fed X .80 = 24,128 lbs. P excreted.Conversion of P to P205 equivalent:• 24,128 lbs. P excreted X 2.29 = 55,253 lbs. P205

excreted• Since crop removal is estimated at 52,230 lbs. per

year, then there are 3,023 lbs. too much P205 excreted.

Class Exercise (Monogastrics)Grower diet: • 1,200 T feed X 2000 lbs./T = 2,400,000 lbs. X .004 P

= 9,600 lbs. P fedFinisher diet: • 2,270 T feed X 2000 lbs./T = 4,540,000 lbs. X .003 P

= 13,620 lbs. P fedTotal:• 9,600 lbs. P fed grower diet + 13,620 lbs. P fed

finisher diet = 23,220 lbs. P fed.Excreted P:• 23,220 lbs. P fed X .80 = 18,576 lbs. P excreted.

Conversion of P to P205 equivalent:• 18,576 lbs. P excreted X 2.29 = 42,539 lbs. P205

excreted

Class Exercise (Monogastrics)

Difference in P excretion

• 55,253 lbs. P2O5 excreted before phytase – 42,539 lbs. P2O5 excreted with phytase = 12,714 lbs. P2O5 less excreted

Reduction on acres needed

• 12,714 lbs. P2O5/ 65 lbs. P2O5 per acre = 195.6 acres less land needed for manure production on a P basis.