J RandallNature Conservancy

Non-native Common Reed

Literature Cited:

A Guide to the Control and Management. INVASIVE PHRAGMITES, http://www.michigan.gov/documents/deq/deq-ogl-ais-guide-PhragBook-Email_212418_7.pdf

Phragmites: Common Reed, Morphological Differences (this text is at least partially authored by Dr. Bernd Blossey, Cornell University) http://www.invasiveplants.net/phragmites/phrag/morph.htm

Science Daily 2007. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071012084128.htm

Common Reed, Missouri Department of Conservation, Invasive Species Coordinator, P.O. Box 180, Jefferson City, MO 65102-0180

Swearingen, J. and K. Saltonstall. 2010. Phragmites Field Guide: Distinguishing Native and Exotic Forms of Common Reed (Phragmites australis) in the United States. Plant Conservation Alliance, Weeds Gone Wild. http://www.nps.gov/plants/alien/pubs/index.htm

Wisconsin Wetlands Association http://wisconsinwetlands.org/phragmites.htm#invasion

J. MillerUS Forest Service

Native Lineage: Phragmites australis subsp.americanusSaltonstall et al. 2004. SIDA 21(2): 683-692

Gulf Coast Lineage: Phragmites australis subsp.berlandieriSaltonstall et al. 2004. SIDA 21(2): 683-692

Introduced Lineage: Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. Ex SteudSaltonstall et al. 2004. SIDA 21(2): 683-692

Non-nativePhragmites

Upland Site

J. RandallNature Conservancy

Leslie J MehrhoffU Conn, Bugwood.org

Stolon

Rhizome

Ohio State Weed Lab

Roots

Allelopathy – production of biochemical substances that influence other organisms

• Common reed releases gallic acid• Dissolves roots of nearby competitor plants• Non-native form contains elevated levels

compared to native form of Phragmites• Competitive advantage

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Leslie J. MehrhoffUniversity of ConnecticutBugwood.org

Mono-cultures reduce diversity• Degrade wildlife habitat• Alter local hydrology• Obstruct vistas/reduce

recreational value• Increase fire danger

Economic costs of non-native species introductions in the U.S.

• Damages and control of all species combined may be up to $219 billion/year (Pimentel 2011)

Plant Conservation AllianceAlien Plant Working GroupFact Sheet

Plant Conservation AllianceAlien Plant Working GroupFact Sheet

Seedhead in winter

R.E. Meadows

Native

Non-native

R.E. Meadows

Non-NativeNative

R. E. Meadows

Native Non-native

Sludge Disposal Beds

Vegetation Control

• Disking – can spread plant fragments• Mowing – should not be used by itself, but may facilitate

follow-up treatments after herbicides have killed the original stand. Use care so as not to spread seed or live stolon/rhizome fragments

• Flooding – use only as a follow-up to herbicides• Traditional drawdowns (moist soil mgt.)– may increase

non-native Phragmites• Spring fire – encourages non-native Phragmites

Methods to avoid

Vegetation Control

• Herbicides – always follow the label and current laws regarding use.• Imazapyr - can be absorbed by tree

roots if applied to overlying soil. Foliar app. mid-June-early October.

Methods to use

Vegetation Control

• Glyphosate – Glyphosate- mid-August through early October. Application rates are 4-6 pints (64-96 oz.) per acre or use at 1.5% solution. A methylated seed oil or non-ionic surfactant should be added at 1% v/v as a surfactant.

• Imazapyr at 1.25% + glyphosate at 1.2% with 0.25-0.5% NIS v/v. Late June-October

Vegetation Control

• Imazamox at 1% v/v + glyphosate at 1% v/v + 1% MSO (info@cwc-chemical.com) Foliar apply August through early October.

This would be a safer method to use where valuable landscape trees are present. However, this mix is still non-selective.

Vegetation Control

• For combinations of herbicide and fire see: A Guide to the Control and Management. INVASIVE PHRAGMITES

A common method is to use fire during July-August one year after herbicide treatment, followed up by additional herbicide efforts as needed.

Before Herbicide

3 Years After Herbicide

Untreated

2 Weeks Post Rx

Follow-up by Monitoring

Questions???