Nomenclature in Sea Nomenclature in Sea AnemonesAnemones

Taras A. ZelenchukTaras A. Zelenchuk

Department of Ecology And Evolutionary BiologyDepartment of Ecology And Evolutionary BiologyKU Natural History MuseumKU Natural History Museum

Sponsored by Dr. Daphne FautinSponsored by Dr. Daphne Fautin

www.okono.com/art/wilds/SeaAnemone.jpg

www.infomotions.com

GeneralGeneral information about Seainformation about Sea AnemonesAnemones

• Solitary marine animals that belong to taxonomic order Solitary marine animals that belong to taxonomic order Actiniaria of phylum Cnidaria.Actiniaria of phylum Cnidaria.

• 1113 valid species.1113 valid species.

http://www.aiam.info/public/

International Commission on International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)

• Commission determines the laws and Commission determines the laws and writes them in the International Code of writes them in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.Zoological Nomenclature.

• Commission has plenary powers to Commission has plenary powers to interpret the Code. interpret the Code.

• It issues its rulings in the Bulletin of It issues its rulings in the Bulletin of

Zoological Nomenclature.Zoological Nomenclature.

Scientific NamesScientific Names

• Scientific name of a Scientific name of a species consists of three species consists of three partsparts– Generic name capitalized and Generic name capitalized and

italicized. Ex.: italicized. Ex.: AnemoniaAnemonia

– Specific name italicized. Ex.: Specific name italicized. Ex.: manjanomanjano

– Author and year as appears in Author and year as appears in the original publication of the the original publication of the name. Ex.: name. Ex.: Carlgren, 1900Carlgren, 1900

Anemonia manjanoAnemonia manjano Carlgren, 1900Carlgren, 1900

Hexacorallian Database

IssuesIssues ConcerningConcerning NomenclatureNomenclature

• Validity of PublicationValidity of Publication

• Type DesignationType Designation

• HomonymyHomonymy

www.classicnatureprints.com

Validity of PublicationValidity of Publication• Nomen nudumNomen nudum - a name that lacks a description that - a name that lacks a description that

makes it distinct from all other taxa.makes it distinct from all other taxa.• Sometimes Sometimes nomina nudanomina nuda also exist as descriptions of also exist as descriptions of

genera without a species.genera without a species.• Such names are ignored in nomenclature until a Such names are ignored in nomenclature until a

description is published or in the second case, a description is published or in the second case, a species is described in that genus.species is described in that genus.

Example of a Example of a Nomen NudumNomen Nudum

Ehrenberg (1834) Ehrenberg (1834) described a hypothetical described a hypothetical genus genus MesacmaeaMesacmaea. This . This name was a name was a nomennomen nudumnudum until Andres until Andres (1881) described a (1881) described a species species Mesacmaea Mesacmaea stellata. stellata. Andres gets the Andres gets the credit for describing the credit for describing the genus.genus. http://www.habitas.org.uk

Mesacmaea mitchellii (Gosse, 1853)

Type DesignationType Designation• The name-bearing type of a nominal genus or The name-bearing type of a nominal genus or

subgenus is a nominal species called the "type species" subgenus is a nominal species called the "type species" – ICZN Art. 67.1– ICZN Art. 67.1

• Type species is most commonly established byType species is most commonly established by– original designationoriginal designation

– monotypy monotypy

– subsequent designationsubsequent designation

Example of Type DesignationExample of Type Designation

• Genus Genus TealiaTealia Gosse, 1858. Gosse, 1858.

• Type species Type species Actinia felina Linnaeus, 1767.

• Subsequently designated by Carlgren (1949).

• 89 years and 69 publications after first description. http://www.mer-littoral.org/

Urticina felina (Linnaeus, 1767)

HomonymyHomonymy• Two or more taxa of the same rank in the same Two or more taxa of the same rank in the same

kingdom that have the same name.kingdom that have the same name.

• Usually resolved by the Principle of PriorityUsually resolved by the Principle of PriorityThere are two types of homonyms: junior and senior.There are two types of homonyms: junior and senior.

The valid name of a taxon is the oldest available name applied The valid name of a taxon is the oldest available name applied to it, unless that name has been invalidated or another name is to it, unless that name has been invalidated or another name is given precedence by any provision of the Code or by any ruling given precedence by any provision of the Code or by any ruling of the Commission. – ICZN Art. 23.1of the Commission. – ICZN Art. 23.1

Resolving Homonyms of GeneraResolving Homonyms of Genera

• Senior homonyms need no Senior homonyms need no action.action.

• A junior homonym must be A junior homonym must be rejected and replaced either rejected and replaced either by an available and by an available and potentially valid synonym potentially valid synonym or, for lack of such a name, or, for lack of such a name, by a new substitute name.by a new substitute name.

– – ICZN Art. 60.2ICZN Art. 60.2

Urticina felina by Danielssen, 1890

Example of Homonymy:Example of Homonymy:Genus Edwardsia has five homonyms:

Edwardsia andresi Danielssen, 1890

Crustacean genus Edwardsia Costa, 1834, has been suppressed under the plenary powers of ICZN.

Edwardsia w-album Tutt, 1907

Edwardsia brillians Neumoegen, 1880

Edwardsia vivus Koenen, 1865

http://www.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/

http://www.aquarium.co.jp

Edwardsia beautempsii de Quatrefages, 1842, was the first species was described in Sea Anemones

ReviewReview

• What goes into resolving What goes into resolving nomenclatural issues within a nomenclatural issues within a specific name?specific name?

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments

• Dr. Daphne FautinDr. Daphne Fautin

• Sigma Xi programSigma Xi program

http://www.allposters.com